HYDRAULICS

Hydraulics is the branch of science and technology concerned with the

conveyance of liquids through pipes and channels, especially as a source of
mechanical force or control.

HYDROLOGY
a science dealing with the properties, distribution, and circulation of water on and below the
earth's surface and in the atmosphere

TOPICS a) Minor and Major Losses in

1. REVIEW ON FUNDAMENTAL Pipes

PROPERTIES OF FLUID b) Reynold’s Number

2. ORIFICE c) Laminar and Turbulent Flow

5. PIPE NETWORK
a) Instantaneous Velocity and
Discharge in an orifice a) Parallel Pipes

b) Discharge in an Orifice with b) Pipes in Series

Constant Head 6. PUMPS AND TURBINES

c) Discharge in an Orifice with

Falling Head 7. RESERVOIR

d) Submerged Orifice a) Three Reservoir

3. WEIR 8. WATER HAMMER

9. OPEN CHANNEL FLOW
a) Rectangular Weir
b) Triangular Weir a) Hydraulic Radius

c) Trapezoidal Weir b) Boundary Shear Stress and

d) Circular and Semi-circular Weir Specific Energy

e) Weirs with Falling Head c) Non-uniform flow in Open

Channels
4. PIPE FLOW
 10. ALTERNATE DEPTHS OF FLOW IN OPEN b) Hydraulic Jump in Trapezoidal
CHANNELS Channels
a) Critical Flow 13. MOMENT AND FORCES in FLUID FLOW
11. EFFICIENT SECTIONS a) Force by Horizontal Jet
12. HYDRAULIC JUMP b) Force by Vertical Jet
a) Hydraulic Jump in Rectangular c) Force upon Horizontal Bend
Channels d) Force upon Vertical Bend

DEFINITION OF TERMS:
1. FLUID DYNAMICS – the natural science of fluids in motion
2. HYDRODYNAMICS – study of liquids in motion
3. HYDRAULICS – concerned with the practical applications of fluids, primarily liquids in motion. It
deals with such matters as the flow of liquids in pipes, rivers, and channels.
4. FLUID FLOW – continuous deformation of fluid upon the application of shear force

CLASSIFICATIONS OF FLOW:
1. REAL FLOW – considers energy losses in the flow
2. IDEAL FLOW – neglects the effects of viscosity and friction in fluid flow, thus no energy losses
are considered
3. UNIFORM FLOW - flow velocity and cross-sectional area of flow at a given instant do not change
with distance
4. NON-UNIFORM FLOW – flow velocity and cross-sectional area of flow varies with distance
5. STEADY FLOW – flow velocity and area of flow do not change with time,
6. UNSTEADY FLOW – flow velocity and area of flow varies with time,

KINDS OF FLOW:
1. LAMINAR FLOW – the fluid particles move along smooth
layers
2. TURBULENT FLOW – occurred most commonly in engineering
practice. The fluid particles move in erratic paths causing
instantaneous fluctuations in the velocity components.
VOLUME FLOW RATE or DISCHARGE
The amount of fluid passing a section of a stream in unit time is called discharge. If v is the mean
velocity and A is the cross sectional area =, the discharge, Q, is given by:
𝑸 = 𝑨𝒗
This follows from the equation of continuity which states that during the streamline flow of non-
viscous and incompressible fluid through a pipe of varying cross section, the product of area of cross
section of that pipe and the normal fluid velocity remains constant throughout the flow.

BERNOULLI’S ENERGY EQUATION

Bernoulli's Equation is derived for ideal fluid flow along a streamline. This equation is valid only if
the conditions that were assumed during its derivation hold good while it is applied to a problem.
Bernoulli's theorem states that the total energy of the fluid, under particular conditions as stated in the
previous article, along a streamline remains constant and that where the velocity is high, the pressure is
low and where the velocity is low, the pressure is high.

Based on WORK-ENERGY THEOREM

𝑊 = ∆𝑘 + ∆𝑢
𝑊 = 𝐹𝑑
𝑊 = 𝐹1 𝑥1 − 𝐹2 𝑥2
 𝑊 = 𝑃1 𝐴1 𝑥1 − 𝑃2 𝐴2 𝑥2
𝑊 = 𝑃1 𝑉1 − 𝑃2 𝑉2

1 1
∆𝑘 = 𝑚𝑣22 − 𝑚𝑣12
2 2
∆𝑢 = 𝑚𝑔ℎ2 − 𝑚𝑔ℎ1
1 1
𝑃1 𝑉1 − 𝑃2 𝑉2 = 𝑚𝑣22 − 𝑚𝑣12 + 𝑚𝑔ℎ2 − 𝑚𝑔ℎ1
2 2

Considering that the fluid is incompressible

𝑉1 = 𝑉2 = 𝑉
Therefore:
1 1
𝑃1 𝑉 + 𝑚𝑣12 + 𝑚𝑔ℎ1 = 𝑃2 𝑉 + 𝑚𝑣22 + 𝑚𝑔ℎ2
2 2
When the equation is divided by volume V,
1 1
𝑃1 + 𝜌𝑣12 + 𝜌𝑔ℎ1 = 𝑃2 + 𝜌𝑣22 + 𝜌𝑔ℎ2
2 2

But 𝛾 = 𝜌𝑔, so if we divide the equation by unit weight, 𝛾

𝑃1 1 𝜌𝑔ℎ1 𝑃2 1 𝜌𝑔ℎ2
+ 𝜌𝑣12 + = + 𝜌𝑣22 +
𝛾 2𝛾 𝛾 𝛾 2𝛾 𝛾

𝑷𝟏 𝒗𝟏𝟐 𝑷𝟐 𝒗𝟐𝟐
+ + 𝒉𝟏 = + + 𝒉𝟐
𝜸 𝟐𝒈 𝜸 𝟐𝒈
and if ℎ = ℎ2 − ℎ1
𝑷𝟏 𝒗𝟏𝟐 𝑷𝟐 𝒗𝟐𝟐
+ = + +𝒉
𝜸 𝟐𝒈 𝜸 𝟐𝒈

where:
P1, P2 = Pressure
v1, v2 = velocity
𝜸 = unit weight
g = gravity
h1, h2 = height from a reference point
h = difference in elevation
PRACTICE PROBLEMS
1. Water is flowing in a fire hose with a velocity of 1.0 m/s and a pressure of 200000Pa. At the
nozzle the pressure decreases to atmospheric pressure (101300 Pa), there is no change in
height. Use the Bernoulli equation to calculate the velocity of the water exiting the nozzle. (Hint:
The density of water is 1000 kg/m3 and gravity g is 9.8 m/s2. (Pay attention to units!)
2. Through a refinery, fuel ethanol is flowing in a pipe at a velocity of 1 m/s and a pressure of
101300 Pa. The refinery needs the ethanol to be at a pressure of 2 atm (202600 Pa) on a lower
level. How far must the pipe drop in height in order to achieve this pressure? Assume the
velocity does not change. (Hint: Use the Bernoulli equation. The density of ethanol is 789 kg/m3
and gravity g is 9.8 m/s2. (Pay attention to units!)

3. A dam holds back the water in a lake. If the dam has a small hole 1.4 meters below the surface
of the lake, at what speed does water exit the hole?

4. A hose lying on the ground has water coming out of it at a speed of 5.4 meters per second. You
lift the nozzle of the hose to a height of 1.3 meters above the ground. At what speed does the
water now come out of the hose?

5. Water at a gauge pressure of 3.8 atm at street level flows in to an office building at a speed of
0.06 m/s through a pipe 5.0 cm in diameter. The pipes taper down to 2.6cm in diameter by the
top floor, 20 m above. Calculate the flow velocity and the gauge pressure in such a pipe on the
top floor. Assume no branch pipe and ignore viscosity.