Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Mohit Hambardikar
(CORE ENERGY SYSTEM PVT. LTD)
(QA Engineer)
Thermodynamics
Thermodynamics is the study of the
effects of work, heat, and energy on a
system.
Thermodynamics is only concerned with
macroscopic (large-scale)µscopic
changes and observations
The Laws of Thermodynamics:
Summary
Zeroth Law
If two systems are each in thermal equilibrium with a third,
they are also in thermal equilibrium with each other.
First Law
The increase in internal energy of a closed system is equal
to the difference of the heat supplied to the system and
the work done by it: ΔU = Q - W
Second Law
Heat cannot spontaneously flow from a colder location to
a hotter location.
Third Law
The entropy of all systems and of all states of a
system is smallest at absolute zero
3
Thermodynamic Systems
5
Thermodynamic Processes
Isobaric process : the pressure is constant.
Isochoric process : the volume is constant.
Isothermal process :the temperature is constant.
6
The Ideal Gas Law
Ideal gas law : PV = mRT or Pv = RT,
where m is the no. of kmoles, v is the volume per kmole, T is the
absolute temperature in K, and the gas constant R = 8.314 x 103 J/
(K.kmol).
For a constant quantity of gas, P1V1/T1 = P2V2/T2.
Avogadro's law : For a given mass of an ideal gas, the volume and
amount (moles n) of the gas are directly proportional if the temperature
and pressure are constant. V is proportional to moles n
v/n=k
P P V P increasing
T increasing
V increasing
V T T
The energy balance for a steady-flow
device (nozzle, compressor, turbine and
pump) with one inlet and one exit is:
Fluid Moving Equipment
Type of
compressor
Positive
Dynamic
displacement
Isothermal Efficiency
IsothermalPower
Isothermal Efficiency =
Actual measured input power
Volumetric Efficiency
Free air delivered m 3 /min
Volumetric efficiency =
Compressor displacement
Compressor Displacement = Π x D2 x L x S x χ x n
4
D = Cylinder bore, metre
L = Cylinder stroke, metre
S = Compressor speed rpm
χ = 1 for single acting and
2 for double acting cylinders
n = No. of cylinders
Reciprocating Compressors
Types
1. Single acting
The working fluid compressed at only
one side of the piston
2. Double acting
The working fluid compressed
alternately on both sides of the piston.
Frame HN2T - 150NP
1Frame
Assly.
2Inner Head
Assly. (LP)
3Cylinder
Assly. (LP)
4Outer Head
Assly. (LP)
5Inner Head
Assly. (HP)
6Cylinder
Assly. (HP)
7Outer Head
Assly. (HP)
Frame, Cross Slide, Crank shaft and
Connecting rod assembly 1. Breather
22. Crosshead
23. Cross Head
Nut
35. Connecting
Rod
40.Big End
Bearing
36. Connecting
rod Bolt
28,29. Stud,Nut
Breather: A vent or valve to release pressure
or to allow air to move freely around
something.
1.Piston
Assembly
2.Rider
Ring
3.Piston
Ring
4.Sleeve for
piston
Piston Ring: Piston rings, mounted on
the pistons of lubricated or non-lube
(oil free) compressors, are designed to
ensure that the gas is compressed and
to provide a seal between the piston
and the cylinder.
Decades of innovation
1901 Chicago Pneumatic Tool Company is incorporated, after Duntley
persuades young steel magnate Charles M. Schwabto invest in the
company
1925 CP seals an agreement to manufacture the Benz diesel engine ,
used in various racing cars in Europe at the time.
1930s Chicago Pneumatic construction and mining equipment is used in
the building of the
Lincoln Tunnel, New York
Triborough Bridge, New York
Chicago subway system
Boulder Dam, Arizona
Grand Coulee Dam, Washington
Eight dams comprising the Tennessee Valley Authority flood control and
power generation project
Golden Gate suspension bridge, San Francisco
1940s In response to war effort demands, CP develops the “hot
dimpling machine,” a device that heats rivets to 1,000 degrees
Fahrenheit
1960s Chicago Pneumatic customizes tools for the production of new
aircraft designs: the Boeing 737 and 747,
1987 Atlas Copco acquires Chicago Pneumatic Tool Company
Chicago Pneumatic Competition
ElgiEquipment
Ingersoll rand
Revathi Cp
Definition
An apparatus or machine for raising, driving, exhausting fluid,
by means of a piston, plunger, or set of rotating vanes
Principle of operation
Centrifugal force
(throwing)
Positive displacement
(physically pushing)
Type of Pumps
Pump Classification
Classified by operating principle
Pumps
Pump curves describe head delivered, pump efficiency, and net positive suction
head (NPSH) for a properly operating specific model pump.
Centrifugal pumps are generally used where high flow rates and moderate head
increases are required.
Terms to be familiar with
Impeller-
transmit energy
to pressure
Volute- water
passes and
pressure is
increased
Centrifugal Pumps
This machine consists of an IMPELLER
rotating within a case (diffuser)
Reservoir 100
of Fluid feet
43.3 PSI
Pressure
Gauge
Head
Head and pressure are interchangeable
terms provided that they are expressed
in their correct units.
The conversion of all pressure terms into
units of equivalent head simplifies most
pump calculations.
Conversion Factors Between Head
and Pressure
Head (feet of liquid) =Pressure in PSI x 2.31 / Sp.
Gr.
Pressure in PSI = Head (in feet) x Sp. Gr. / 2.31
PSI is Pounds per Square Inch
Sp. Gr. is Specific Gravity which for water is
equal to 1
◦ For a fluid more dense than water, Sp. Gr. is
greater than 1
◦ For a fluid less dense than water, Sp. Gr. is less
than 1
Centrifugal Impellers
Impeller
Vanes
“Eye of the
Impeller” Thickness
Water of the impeller
Diameter of
Entrance
the Impeller
Two Impellers
within a single
housing
◦ Allow delivery in
Volume(parallel) or
Pressure (series)
Thrust balance in a multi-stage pump
Positive Displacement Pumps
To move fluids positive displacement pumps admit a fixed volume of
liquid from the inlet into a chamber and eject it into the discharge.
Positive displacement pumps are used when higher head increases are
required. Generally they do not increase velocity.
Reciprocating Pumps
• Piston type
Vertical& Horizontal & double acting
• Plunger type
• Diaphragm pump
Reciprocating pumps