EXPERIMENT NO:1

Normal Three Zone Operation

In case of over current relay sever most fault is cleared slowest.
Even instantaneous relays are not much useful for system with
large source impedance and they suffer from the problem of
transient overreach. So to overcome the problem mentioned above
one of the way is the use of stepped distance characteristic of a
distance relay.
In stepped distance characteristics, first zone covers 80% of the
line section to be protected. It is done so to overcome the problem
of transient over reach. In this zone the relay operates
instantaneously. Second zone covers first line section plus
approximately 50% of the next line section. The same distance
relay operates after a pre-set time delay. The third zone
encompasses the full second line section. (Overloading should be
considered). The stepped distance characteristic is shown in figure
1.

Figure 1: Stepped distance characteristic.

In our simulation the first section is of 11.2 + j60 ohm impedance

(we have tried to maintain the actual field X L/R ratio of 4 to 5). The
second section is of 11.2+j172ohms (Here the ratio is not maintained
due to nonlinear behavior of the inductors installed in the laboratory.).

Figure 9: Impedance of line simulated in laboratory.

So we have done the settings as:

Setting for the first zone:
Zl1=11.2+ j60 (in primary)
zl1= Zl1*CTR/PTR
CTR=2
PTR=4
zl1=5.6+ j30 (in secondary)
Taking its 80% for the first section
z1=4.48 + j24

Second zone setting:

Taking full first section plus 60 % of the next section
Z2= (11.2 + j60) + (0.60) (11.2 + j172)
=17.92 + j163.2 (in primary side)
z2= 8.96 + j81.6 (in secondary side)

Zone three setting:

Considering up to full second line section:
Z3=22.4 + j 232 (in primary side)
z3= 11.2 + j116 (in secondary side)
We have 2 characteristics
1. Polygon
2. Circular
Both can be set independently.

Summarizing
For Polygon characteristics

ZONES RESISTANCE REACTANCE TIME

(OHMS) P-P (OHMS) (sec)
zone 1 4.48 24 0.00
zone 2 8.96 81.6 2.00*
zone 3 11.2 116 4.00*

Figure 3: Zone Settings of polygon characteristic.

For Circular characteristics
ZONES IMPEDENCE TIME
(OHMS) (sec)
zone 1 24.41 0.00
zone 2 84 2.00*
zone 3 116.5 4.00*
*It is kept so high just to make its operation differentiable in different
zones.
The different zone operations are simulated as:
Referring the figure 2 the panel is energized by adjusting the auto-
transformer to 230V (phase voltage). C1, C2 and C3 are closed. Now
the line is in energized condition. And now the fault can be created in
zone1, zone2 and zone 3 by switching ON Z1, Z2 and Z3
respectively. Z4 is provided for simulating out of zone fault. It is also
shown that third zone setting is done like, it is not effected by over
loading.
Results:
Values measured by the relay:
Zone Impedance Reactance Time of operation
(ohms) (ohms) (sec.)
zone1 23.2 22.9 0.05
zone2 41.4 31.7 2.06
zone3 88.3 86.4 4.08
How to perform the experiment:
1. Make the following settings at the given address location:
S ZONE REACTANCE RESISTANCE TIME
R. S REGISTER (OHMS REGISTER (OHMS REGISTER sec
N NO. ) NO. ) NO.
O
1 zone 1 1201 24 1206 4.48 1228 0.00
2 zone 2 1202 81.6 1208 8.96 1229 2.00
3 zone 3 1203 116 1210 11.2 1230 4.00
S ZON IMPEDANCE REACTANCE TIME
R. ES REGISTER OHMS REGISTER OHMS REGISTER sec
N NO. NO. NO.
O
1 zone 0423 0428 0421
1
2 zone 0423 0428 0421
2
3 zone 0423 0428 0421
3