rn aie Te Tg Torsion 245 Therefore, =7_5T GI 3GlIp J, is the polar moment of inertia about 0. The stress components are (7.39) = G0(3Ay*-3Ax"+ x) G82 + dax) (7.40) and " Q 8 se M2 \ s = (ara) (7.41) The largest shear stress occurs at the middle of the sides of the triangle, with a value = S@a (742) At the comers of the triangle, the shear stresses are zero, Along the x-axis, Ty = 0 and the variation of +,, is shown in Fig. 7.8. ,, is also zero at the origin 0. 7.6 TORSION OF RECTANGULAR BARS The torsion problem of rectangular bars is a bit more involved compared to those of elliptical and triangular bars. We shall indicate only the method of approach without going into the details. Let the sides of the rectangular cross-section be 2a and 2b with the origin at the centre, as shown in Fig. 7.9(a). y c >x t | ! | | ° | | Dik—2a—>1A (a) Fig. 7.9 (a) Cross-section of a rectangular bar (b) Warping of a square sectioneee Rea 246 Advanced Mechanies of Solids Our equations are, as before, ty at av ay | ox éy over the whole region 2 of the rectangle, and (Sym ' (z ' a a ey on the boundary. Now on the boundary lines x= +a or ABand CD, we have n,= +1 and n,=0. On the boundary lines BC and AD, we have 1,= 0 and n,= +1. Hence, the boundary conditions become ov Se Xn Xa 8a Ye ey ‘These boundary conditions can be transformed into more convenient forms if we introduce a new function y;, such that 0 x oon y. vay In terms of yj, the governing equation is a an an OM 9 er ay over region R, and the boundary conditions become Mr =0 on x=4a ox Mi 2x on y=sb ey It is assumed that the solution is expressed in the form of infinite series v= XX, ()% 0) ms where X, and Y, are respectively functions of x alone and y alone. Substitution into the Laplace equation for y; yields two linear ordinary differential equations with constant coefficients. Further details of the solution can be obtained by referring to books on theory of elasticity. The final results which are important are as follows: The function Jis given by J= Kab For various b/a ratios, the corresponding values of K are given in Table 7.1 Assuming that b > a, it is shown in the detailed analysis that the maximum.rn aCe ma ee Torsion 247 Table 7.1 bla K K, K, 1 2.250 1.350 0.600 12 2.656 1.518 0.571 15 3.136 1.696 0.541 2.0 3.664 1.860 0.508 25 3.984 1.936 0.484 3.0 4,208 1.970 0.468 4.0 4.496 1,994 0.443 5.0 4.656 1,998 0.430 10.0 4,992 2.000 0.401 = 5.328 2.000 0.375 shearing stress is at the mid-points of the long sides x = +a of the rectangle. On these sides Ta T =O and tae = Ky F rer imax = KF ‘The values of K, for various values of ba are given in Table 7.1. Substituting for J, the above expression can be written as where XK, is another numerical factor, as given in Table 7.1. For a square section, ie. bla = 1, the warping is as shown in Fig. 7.9 (b). The zones where u, is positive are shown by solid lines and the zones where u, is negative are shown by dotted lines. Empirical Formula for Squatty Sections Equation (7.32), which is applicable to an elliptical section, can be written as T_ «ab o__1 GAS O PsP” 4 f (a? +B) 4 of inertia. This formula is applicable to a large number of squatty sections with an error not exceeding 10%. If 47? is replaced by 40, the mean error becomes less than 8% for many sections. Hence, where A= ab is the area of the ellipse, and J, = Ais the polar moment T_ GA @ 407, is an approximate formula that can be applied to many sections other than elon- gated or narrow sections (see Secs 7.10 and 7.11)