Pilot Relaying Schemes, Differential

Protection , Rotating Machines

Protection, Transformer and Buszone
Protection
MODULE 3
Pilot Relaying Schemes
• For protection of transmission line sections

• Electrical quantities at two ends compared

• Interconnecting channel for communication – Pilot

• Types: Wire pilot, Carrier-current, microwave

Wire Pilot Protection
Circulating Current Scheme
Wire Pilot Protection
Balanced Voltage Scheme
Wire Pilot Protection
Transley Scheme
Carrier Current Protection
• Protection for EHV and UHV lines

• Frequency range: 50 kHz – 700 kHz

• Carrier blocking scheme

• Carrier intertripping scheme

• Operating Techniques – Phase comparison and

Directional comparison
Differential Relays
• The differential relay has at least two actuating quantities.
• The two or more actuating quantities should be similar i.e.
current and current
• The relay responds to the vector difference between the
two which includes magnitude and/or phase angle
difference.

• Types: Simple Differential Relays, Percentage (biased)

Differential Relays, Balanced (opposed) Differential Relays
Simple Differential Relays
• Normal Condition
Simple Differential Relays
• During Internal Fault
Characteristics of Simple Differential Relays
Internal Fault Characteristics
External Fault Characteristics
Percentage (Biased) Differential Relay
Characteristics
Settings

• Basic or Sensitivity Settings: Minimum current in the

operating coil which will operate the relay.
• It is expressed as % of rated current.

• Bias Settings
Balanced Voltage Differential Protection
PROTECTION OF GENERATORS
Stator Protection
(a) Percentage differential protection
(b) Protection against stator inter-turn faults
(c) Stator-overheating protection
Rotor Protection
(a) Field ground-fault protection
(b) Loss of excitation protection
(c) Protection against rotor overheating because of unbalanced
three-phase stator currents.
Miscellaneous Protection
(a) Overvoltage protection
(b) Overspeed protection
(c) Protection against motoring
(d) Protection against vibration
(e) Bearing-overheating protection
(f) Protection against auxiliary failure
(g) Protection against voltage regulator failure
Percentage Differential Protection
Normal Condition During Internal fault
Restricted Earth fault protection by Differential
System
Percentage Differential Protection for Star
connected Generator
Protection against stator inter-turn faults
Stator-overheating protection
Field ground-fault protection
Loss of Excitation
Protection against rotor overheating

The unbalanced condition may arise due to:

• Fault in stator winding
• Unbalanced external fault
• OC of a phase
• Failure of one contact of CB.