Effective rainfall

The storm hyetograph where the initial loss and

infiltration losses are subtracted from it , is
known as effective rainfall hytrograph (ERH).
It is also known as hyetograph of rainfall
. excess or supra rainfall
Rainfall Intensity (cm/
hr)

Excess Rainfall

Losses
Time (hr.)
 Unit Hydrograph
The concept of the unit hydrograph is one of the
most important concepts in relation to
estimating a runoff hydrograph from a rainfall
.hyetograph
A unit hydrograph: is defined as the hydrograph
of direct runoff from one unit depth of rainfall
excess occurring uniformly over the basin and
at uniform rate for specified duration (D
hours), the term unit refers to a unit depth of
.rainfall excess
The duration being a very important
characteristics and is used as a prefix to a
specific hydrograph. Thus on has a 6-h anther
.has a 12-h unit hydrograph
:Linear Response
The direct runoff response to the rainfall is
assumed to be liner. This is the most important
assumption of the unit hydrograph theory. The
assumption of linear response in a unit
hydrograph enables the method of
. superposition to be used to drive DRHs
 Proposition of Unit hydrograph
The following are the basic propositions of unit
:hydrograph
:Same runoff duration- 1
For all unit storms of different intensity, the time base is
approximately the same, although they produce
. different runoff volume
Proportional ordinates: For unit storms of different -2
intensities, the ordinates of the hydrograph at any
given time, are in the same proportion as the rainfall
.intensities
:Principle of superposition- 3
If there is a continuous storm or isolated storms of
uniform intensity net rain, they may be divided in to
hydrographs of runoff for each storm obtained and
the ordinates added with the appropriate time lag to
.get the combined hydrograph
:Limitation of unit hydrograph
Unit hydrograph can not be applied for basins larger
than 5000 km2 , for basins larger than 5000, unit
hydrographs of runoff for sub-basins are developed,
these hydrographs are then combined, to get the
. resulting hydrograph at the required section
 Unit Hydrograph from complex storm

Unit hydrograph from complex storms,

involving varying intensities of rain can be
obtained by considering the complex storm as
successive unit storms of different intensities
and runoff hydrograph (due to complex
storm) as the result of superposition of the
. successive storm hydrographs
 Ordinates of complex storm hydrograph

The Ordinates of each storm hydrograph are obtained

as the storm intensity times the corresponding
ordinate of the unit hydrograph. The unit hydrograph
ordinates u1,u2,u3,…. Are thus obtained by writing a
series of equations for each of the ordinates Q1,Q2,Q3,
of the unit hydrograph (due to complex storm) and
. successively solving them
Q1= xu1
Q2 = xu2+yu1
Q3=xu3+yu2+zu1
 Flood
A flood is unusual high stage in a river, normally the
level at which the river overflows its banks and
inundates the adjoining area, due to runoff from
.rainfall or melting snow in high quantities
In the design of practically all hydraulic structure the
peak flow that an expected with an assigned
frequency (1 in 100 years) is of primary importance
to adequately proportion the structure to
. accommodate its effect
Design flood: the maximum flood that any
structure can safely pass is called the design
flood. And it is selected after consideration of
.economic and hydrologic factors
The design of bridge , Culvert water ways and
spillway for dams are some examples wherein
.flood-peak values required
To estimate the magnitude of a flood peak the following
:methods are available
Rational method- 1
Emperical method- 2
Unit-hydrograph technique- 3
Flood-frequency study- 4
:The use of a particular method depends upon
The desired objective- 1
The available data- 2
The importance of the project- 3
)Time of concentration (tc
:There are a number of equations required for estimation of the tc
:U.S. A Practice- 1
For small drainage basin the tc is approximately equal to the lag time
of the peak flow. thus

tc = CtL (LL ca )n
s
n= 0.38
Ct = constant , L = length of the basin ,Ct = represent watershed slope
and storage.
S= slope.
watershed slope and storage.
=1.71 for mountain area
=1.03 for foot hill drainage area
= 0.5 for valley
2- Kripich Equation:
tc = 0.01947 L0.77 S-0.385
Tc = time of concentration (min).
L = Maximum length of travel of water(m).
S = Slope of the catchment.
.