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Galore International Journal of Health Sciences and Research

Vol.4; Issue: 2; April-June 2019


Website: www.gijhsr.com
Review Article P-ISSN: 2456-9321

Shadrasas (Six Types of Tastes) According To Different Ayurvedic Texts -


A Literary Survey
Dr. Umakant N. Rabb

Assistant Professor, Department of Dravyaguna Vijnana, Acharya Deshbhushan Ayurveda Medical College and
Hospital, Shamnewadi-Bedkihal, Tal: Chikkodi, Dist: Belagavi, Karnataka, INDIA.

ABSTRACT 3. Rasa[3] as one of the pharmaceutical


preparation i.e. the juice which is
The word Rasa comprises different meanings as expressed through the machine.
per classics. Among them, the one which is 4. Rasa[4] as Mansa Rasa
perceived through the tongue is known as Rasa, 5. Rasa[5] as Taste perception
which is Pradhana Rasa ie primary taste or 6. Rasa as Interest or Abhiruchi.[6]
main taste. Whereas that which is perceived
Here in this context the word Rasa is taste
after a small period of time called Anu-Rasa.
The Anu-Rasa also called as Uparasa or perception. And it is felt by an individual
secondary taste. The taste of the wet drug is through the Rasanendriya ie tongue. As per
always considered as Anu-Rasa whereas the Ayurveda there are six types[7] of Rasa. Viz;
taste of dry drug is Pradhana Rasa. The Rasa Madhura- Sweet, Amla- Sour, Lavana-
and Anu-Rasa concept is based on the Taste Salty, Katu- Pungent, Tikta- Bitter, Kashya-
threshold. The intensity and its determination is Astringent. Acharya Sushruta clarifies that
entirely depends upon the ecological condition. different combination of Mahabhuta [8] leads
The soil, temperature, rain fall, sun light etc to the formation of six Rasas. All the six
factors are mainly take part in the growth and Rasa have Mahabhuta but the predominant
development of the plant. The soil nutrients like Mahabhuta determines the Pradhana Rasa.
potassium, phosphorous, sulphur, calcium,
The Anu-Rasa is the secondary taste
magnesium etc salts affects the taste of the drug.
The present study reveals that the six types of perception which is perceived after primary
tastes, determination, Guna, Karma, Ati taste. The Rasa is Stable in dry state.
sevanajanya vikarasa, Rasa-Dosha relation, and Whereas Anu Rasa is unstable. As per
some modern aspects. The further scope of the modern science taste organ is nothing but
study is to evaluate the controversial aspects of the Taste buds. Each taste bud is made up of
tastes of the drug which are enumerated in 100-150 receptors. The life of each receptor
classics along with comparative study with the is one to two weeks, after these receptors
modern science. are replaced by the other receptors.
Keywords: Ayurveda, Shad Rasa,
DISCUSSION
Atisevanajanya Vikara, Anu-Rasa, Taste
All the Dravyas are said to be made up of
threshold etc
Panchamahabuta, the Panchamahabhuta
INTRODUCTION which are non-living entities combine by
The word Rasa can be attributed in different permutation and combination by certain
contexts. Viz; chemical reactions give rise to Tridoshas.
1. Rasa [1] means the Rasa Dhatu which These Tridoshas have some basic chemical
circulate all over the body. structures which further give rise to the
2. Rasa [2] is Parad (Mercury) as per dominant Rasa. Therefore the Doshas can
Indian Alchemy. only be understood through Rasa. Eg. The
combination of Panchamahabhuta took

Galore International Journal of Health Sciences and Research (www.gijhsr.com) 42


Vol.4; Issue: 2; April-June 2019
Umakant N. Rabb. Shadrasas (Six Types of Tastes) According To Different Ayurvedic Texts - A Literary Survey

place in order of evolution, ie, Akasha Kshara. He mentioned kshara because it


Mhabhuta is combined with Vayu the kshara gives perticular type of
Mahabhuta produces Tikta rasa, which sensation on the tongue.
further give rise to Vata Dosha. Then Vayu 8. Maharshi Badisha Dhamargava who
Mahabhuta combined with Agni Mahabhuta enumerated that Rasas are eight in
produces Katu Rasa, which in turn produces number, viz; Madhura, Amla, Lavana,
Pitta dosha. Then the Agni Mahabhuta Katu, Tikta, Kashaya, Kshara, and
combined with Apa produces Lavana Rasa Avyakta. Avyakta he specified because
which in turn produces Kapha Dosha. Thus some tastes cannon be perceived
all the three Doshas are produced. through the organ tongue.
There are some controversial views related 9. Maharshi Kanakayana Balhika Bhishak-
to Rasa accoding to different Ayurvedic He told Rasa are innumerable because
Acharyas. To rule out the controversy the degrees and intensities of each Rasa
Maharshi Atreya called a symposium which constanly changing. So the Rasas are
was held about three thousand years ago. innumerable.
The Rishis[9] and scholors came to attend the 10. Maharshi Punarvasu Atreya- He Heard
seminar from all around the world to put all the scholors opinion and came into
their views on the Rasa. Viz; conclusion that Rasa are only six in
1. Maharshi Bhadrakapya viewed that number, viz; Madhura, Amla, Lavana,
number of Rasa is only One, because the Katu, Tikta, Kashaya. Rest all the are
Apa Mahabhuta only nature and the actions of these Rasas only.
responsible for to taste perception.
2. Maharshi Shakunteya Bramhana- He According to Acharya Sushruta[10] Jala
told that the Rasa are two in number; Mahabhuta when combines with different
Chedaniya and Upashamaniya. The Mahabhuta produces six Rasa, ie Madhura,
earlier one does Apatarpana because Amla, Lavana, Katu, Tikta, Kashaya.
Lavana, Amla, and Katu Rasa are Acharya Vagbhata[11] has the same opinion
responsible for this particular Karma, that Rasa are six in number; Madhura,
and the later one is Santarpana because Amla, Lavana, Katu, Tikta , Kashaya.
Madhura, Tikta ,Kashaya are
responsible for this particular Karma. The inter-ralation between Rasa and
3. Maharshi Purnaksha Maudgalya- He Mahabhata- (Manifestation of Rasas)[12]
enumerated the Rasas are three in Madhura- Jala + Prithvi
number viz; Chedaniya, Upashamaniya, Amla- Pritvi + Agni according to Acharya
and Sadharana. Charaka, Vriddhavagbhata, and Vagbhata
4. Maharshi Hiranyaksha Kaushika- As Jala + Agni according to Acharya
per his view the Rasas are four viz; Sushruta
Swadu Hita, Swadu Ahita, Aswadu Hita, Lavana - Jala + Agni according to Acharya
Aswadu Ahita. Charaka and Vagbhata
5. Maharshi Kumarashira Bharadwaj- He Prithvi + Agni according to Acharya
enumerated Rasas asper Mahabhuta, viz; Sushruta
Parthiva, Apya, Agneya, Vyavaya, Agni + Jala according to Maharshi
Antarisha/Akasha. Nagarjun
6. Rajarshi Varyovida- He listed the Rasa Katu - Vayu + Agni
are six viz; Guru, Laghu, Sheeta, Ushna, Tikta - Vayu + Akasha
Snigdha, Ruksha. He divided Rasa Kashaya - Vayu + Prithvi
interms of Gunas.
7. Maharshi Vaideha Nimi- He explained Difference between Rasa and Anu-Rasa-
Rasa are seven viz; Madhura, Amla, Rasa is primary taste, perceived
Lavana, Katu, Tikta, Kashaya and immediately, distinctly, and completely, and

Galore International Journal of Health Sciences and Research (www.gijhsr.com) 43


Vol.4; Issue: 2; April-June 2019
Umakant N. Rabb. Shadrasas (Six Types of Tastes) According To Different Ayurvedic Texts - A Literary Survey

remains stable in dry state also, whereas the changes into sour taste when kept for
Aun-Rasa is secondary taste, perceived after longer duration.
some time, and not distinctly perceived, but 2. Patra- Dravyas kept in certain metallic
perceived partly but not stable in dry state. utensils changes its taste. Eg: Curd kept
in bronze utensil turns pungent taste.
Relation between Rutu, Mahabhuta and 3. Samyoga- When the drugs are combined
Rasas formation- [13] it changes its taste. Eg: Tamarind is
1. Shishira Rutu- Vayu + Akasha forms combined with Lime turns into sweet
Tikta Rasa taste.
2. Vasanta Rutu - Vayu + Prithvi forms 4. Paaka- A drug which is exposed to heat
Kashaya Rasa changes its taste. Eg: Tamarind when
3. Grishma Rutu - Agni + Vayu forms heated changes into sweet taste.
Katu Rasa 5. Atapa- Certain drugs when exposed to
4. Varsha Rutu - Agni + Prithvi forms sun leads to change in taste. Eg:
Amla Rasa Tumburu Phala is exposed to sun light
5. Sharat Rutu - Agni + Jala forms its Kashaya Rasa changes into sweet
Lavana Rasa taste.
6. Hemnatha Rutu - Prithvi + Jala forms 6. Bhavana- A drugs when triturated with
Madhura Rasa. certain drugs or single gives rise to
The disturbance in the seasons may affects different colour. Eg: Tila when it
the Mahabhuta also, which may further triturated with Yasthimadhu gives rise to
affects the permutation and combination of sweet taste.
the Mahabhutas, and there is variation in the 7. Desha- Taste of the drugs may differ
Rasa perception. according to Desha (Region), Eg: Tulasi
grown in hot climatic conditions are
Rasa Upalabdhi- (Perception of Taste)- some different taste which is grown in
According to Badhnta Nagarjun the taste cold climatic condition.
can be perceived through three Pramanas 8. Kaala- After some time the taste of the
viz; Pratyaksha - By direct perception from drug may vary. Eg: The unripe banana is
sense organ. Eg: Tikta Rasa of Kirata Tikta, astringent, after some time it changes
Vasa, Guduchi etc into sweet taste.
Anumana- Through inference. Eg: All types 9. Parinaama- Transformation of the drug
of poisonous drugs cannot be perceived from one form into another form can be
directly. seen change in the taste. Eg: Curdling of
Aptopadesha- Through ancient literature. sweet milk becomes sour.
Eg: The Rasa of Gold, Mala, Mutra, their 10. Upasarga- Worm infestation may leads
action cannot be perceived through the change in the colour. Eg: Infested
Pratyaksha and Anumana. It can only be sugarcane turns in to sour.
reviewed through the classical literature. 11. Vikriya- Drugs subjecting into specific
methods leads to change in taste. Eg:
Rasa Rupantarana- (Transformation of Talaphala when rubbed turns bitter,
Rasa) - Panasa squeezed in hands becomes
According to Badhant Nagarjun, Rasa can Amla.
be changed under the influence of Sthana,
Patra, Samyoga, Paaka, Atapa, Bhavana, Rasa Prayoga-
Desha, Kaala, Parinama, Upasarga, The usage of the Rasa in food consumption
Vikriya. are;
1. Sthana- Dravyas kept unaltered for Pratahama- Madhura Rasa Dravyas,
longer duration the taste will change. Madhyama- Amla and Lavana Rasa
Eg: Madhura Rasa of cooked rice Dravyas,

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Vol.4; Issue: 2; April-June 2019
Umakant N. Rabb. Shadrasas (Six Types of Tastes) According To Different Ayurvedic Texts - A Literary Survey

Antima- Katu, Tikta and Kashaya Rasa


Dravyas. [14] Katu Rasa Karma-[19]
Bhavamishra [15] has different opinion that 1. Nadi Samsthana- Indriyottejaka,
one has to consume Madhura Rasa first Sajnasthapana
which can overcome Vidaha caused by 2. Pachana Samsthana- Mukha Shodhaka,
Ushna Guna Yukta Rasas like Lavana, Amla Deepana, Pacahana, Krimighna,
and Katu. Rochana, Grahi
3. Raktavaha Samsthana- Hridayottejaka,
Qualities of Rasas- Raktasravakara
1. Madhura Rasa - Snigdha, Sheeta, Guru 4. Shwasana Samsthana- Kaphagna
2. Amla Rasa - Snigdha, Ushna, Laghu 5. Mutravaha Samsthana- Mutra
3. Lavana Rasa - Snigdha, Ushna, Guru Sangrhaniya
4. Katu Rasa - Ruksha, Ushna, Laghu 6. Prajanana Samsthana- Avrushya
5. Tikta Rasa - Ruksha, Sheeta, Laghu 7. Twacha- Kusthagna, Kandugna
6. Kashaya Rasa - Ruksha, Sheeta, Guru.
Tikta Rasa Karma- [20]
Actions of Rasas - 1. Pacahana Samsthana- Rochana,
Madhura Rasa Karma-[16] Krimighna, Trishna Nigrahana,
1. Nadi Samsthana- Alhadakara, Shad Deepana, Pachana, Purisha Shoshana
Indriya Prasadakara, Medhya, Tarpana 2. Raktavaha Samsthana- Rakta
2. Pacahana Samsthana- Anulomana, Prasadana, Ahridya
Trishna Nigrahana 3. Shwasana Samsthana- Kaphagna
3. Raktavaha Samsthana- Sandhaniya, 4. Mutravaha Samsthana- Mutra
Hridya Sangrahaniya
4. Shwasana Samsthana- Kanthya 5. Prajanana Samsthana- Avrushya,
5. Mutravaha Samsthana- Mutrala. Stanyashodhana
6. Prajanana Samsthana- Vrushya, 6. Twacha- Swedana, Kandugna,
Garbhasthapana, Stanyajanana Kusthagna, Dahashamana, Sthirikarana
7. Twacha- Dahashamana, Twachya, 7. Tapakrama- Jwaragna
Keshya, Varnya.
Kashaya Rasa Karma-[21]
Amla Rasa Karma-[17] 1. Pachana Samsthana- Sthambhana
1. Nadi Samsthana- Manaprasadana, 2. Raktavaha Samthana- Sandhaniya,
Indriya Sthairyakara Ahrudya
2. Pachana Samsthana- Lalasravakara, 3. Shwasana Samsthana- Kaphagna
Rochana, Deepana, Pachana, 4. Mutravaha Sansthana- Mutra
Anulomana. Sangrahaniya
3. Raktavaha Samsthana- Hridya, 5. Prajanana Samsthana- Avrushya
Raktapittakara 6. Twacha- Peedana, Ropana,
4. Mutravaha Samsthana- Mutrala. Scarnikarana
5. Prajanana Samsthana- Shukrgna
Actions of Rasas on Dhatus-
Lavana Rasa Karma- [18] 1. Madhura - Sarva Dhatuvardhana,
1. Pacahana Samsthana- Kledana, Balya, Jivana, Ayushya,
Deepana, Pachana, Rochana, Stanyavardhana
Lalasravajanaka 2. Amla Rasa - Brimhana, Balya,
2. Raktavaha Sansthana- Rakta Kopaka Shukraha
3. Shwasana Samsthana- Chedana, 3. Lavana Rasa - Dhatunashana,
Kapha Nissaraka. Daurbalyakara, Avrushya,
4. Mutravaha Samsthana- Shikraghna Shaithilyakara

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Vol.4; Issue: 2; April-June 2019
Umakant N. Rabb. Shadrasas (Six Types of Tastes) According To Different Ayurvedic Texts - A Literary Survey

4. Katu Rasa - Dhatunashana, Lekhana, Avrushyakara, Trishna,Murcha, Santapa,


Avrushya Vidara, Mamsakotha, Kustha, Visha,
5. Tikta Rasa - Dhatunashana, Avrushya, Shopha, Dantachuti, Napumsakata,
Meda, Vasa, Majja, Lasika, Shoshana Indiyanasha, Indralupta, Palita, Khalitya,
6. Kashaya Rasa - Sarva Dhatu Shoshana, Raktapitta, Amlapitta, Visarpa, Vatarakta,
Lekhana. Vicharchika etc.

Actions of Rasas on Mala-


1. Madhura, Amla, Lavana - Srishta Vin Katu Rasa Atisevana Janya Viakara-
Mutra Maruta Glani, Krashata, Kampa, Angashula,
2. Katu, Tikta, Kashaya- Baddha Vin Avrushyakara, Murcha, Bhrama, Daha,
Mutra Maruta Daurbalya, Trushna, etc.

Actions of Rasa on Doshas- Tikta Rasa Atisevana Janya Vikaras-


1. Madhura Rasa- Vata, Pitta Shamaka, Kharatwa, Glani, Murcha, Dhatu shoshana,
Kapha Vardhaka Daurbalya, Bhrama, Mukhashosha,
2. Amla Rasa- Vata Shamaka, Kapha-Pitta Vatavyadhi
Prakoapaka
3. Lavana Rasa- Vata Shamaka, Kapha- Kashaya Rasa Atisevana Janya Vikaras-
Pitta Prakopaka Mukhashosha, Hrudayashula, Adhmana,
4. Katu Rasa-Kapha Shamaka, Vata-Pitta Swarabheda, Shyavatwa, Napumsakata,
Prakopaka Visthabhi, Karshya, Glani, Sthambha,
5. Tikta Rasa- Kapha-Pitta Shamaka, Vata Pakshaghata, Apatanaka, Ardita,
Prakopaka Strotorodha, Avrushyakara, Vatavyadhi etc.
6. Kashaya Rasa- Kapha-Pitta Shamaka,
Vata Prakopaka CONCLUSION
Madhura, Amla, Lavana, Katu, Tikta,
Atisevana Janya Vikarasa of Rasas- [22] Kashaya are the Shadrasas. The present
Madhura Rasa Atisevana Janya Vikara- study revealed that the six types of tastes,
Sthaulya, Mardava, Alasya, Atiswapna, determination, Guna, Karma, Ati
Gaurava, Aruchi, Agnimandya, Mukha- sevanajanya vikarasa, Rasa-Dosha relation,
Kanthagata Mansa Vriddhi, Shwasa, Kasa, and some modern aspects. The further scope
Pratishyaya, Alasaka, Sheeta Jwara, Anaha, of the study is to evaluate the controversial
Mukhamadhurya, Vamana, aspects of tastes of the drug which are
Sajnanasha,Swarabhanga, Netra Rogas, enumerated in classics along with
Galaganda, Gandamala, Shleepada, comparative study with the modern science.
Prameha, Krimietc Kaphaja Rogas, .
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Vol.4; Issue: 2; April-June 2019
Umakant N. Rabb. Shadrasas (Six Types of Tastes) According To Different Ayurvedic Texts - A Literary Survey

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Vol.4; Issue: 2; April-June 2019
Umakant N. Rabb. Shadrasas (Six Types of Tastes) According To Different Ayurvedic Texts - A Literary Survey

Agnivesha, edited by Dr.Bramhananda Charaka Chandrika Hindi commentary of


Tripathi, Volume 1, Chaukhamha Agnivesha, edited by Dr.Bramhananda
Surabharati Prakashana, Varanasi, Reprint Tripathi, Volume 1, Chaukhamha
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Sutrasthana 26th chapter, Shloka No-43/6, 

Charaka Chandrika Hindi commentary of How to cite this article: Umakant N. Rabb.
Agnivesha, edited by Dr.Bramhananda Shadrasas (six types of tastes) according to
Tripathi, Volume 1, Chaukhamha different ayurvedic texts - a literary survey.
Surabharati Prakashana, Varanasi, Reprint Galore International Journal of Health Sciences
2002, Page No- 484. & Research. 2019; 4(2): 42-48.
22. Acharya Charaka, Charaka Samhita,
Sutrasthana 26th chapter, Shloka No-43,

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