2008 zGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya'abmif;twGif;rS

wyfrawmf\ zuf'&,ftjrifoabmxm; ESifh

EkdifiaH &;tkdif'Da,mfavmf*sD avhvmjcif;
pma&;ol – Ekdifv0Datmif
zkef; - 09255948003
tD;rJvf – nailawe2006@gmail.com
vuf&Sjd refrmEkdifi\ H 'Drkdua&pDESifh a&S;qufEkdifiHa&;qkdi&f m toGiful;ajymif;a&;jzpfpOfrSm
wyfrawmf[m zGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya' cHwukwu f sif;xJrSm tckdiftrmae&m,lxm;NyD;?
2008 zGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya'[m “wyfrawmf&JUEkdifiHa&;tkdif'Da,mfavmf*sDaMunmpmwrf;
Political Ideology Manifesto” oabmrsKd; jzpfaewmukd avhvmawGU&d& S onf/ 2008
zGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya'&JU EdkifiHawmftajccHrlawGxrJ Sm EkdifiHawmf\ trsKd;om;EkdifiHa&;
OD;aqmifrI tcef;u@wGif wyfrawmfu yg0ifxrf;aqmifEkdifa&;wkdUukd tpOfwpkduf
OD;wnfaeonf[k twdtvif; a&;om;jy|mef;xm;cJhonf/ [tcef;(1)? tykd'f 6(p) EkdifiH
awmftajccHrlrsm;/] wyfrawmf&JU EkdifiHa&;OD;aqmifrItcef;u@ukd tmrcHcsufay;xm;NyD;
wyf&JUEkdifiHa&;yg0ifrIukdyg tao;pdwfjy|mef;ay;xm;wJh 'DtajccHOya'[m wyfuawmh
“Ekdiif Ha&;tkdi'f Da,mfavmf*sD” qkdwm aeUcsif;ncsif; ay:xGef;vmwmrsKd; r[kwyf g/ orkdif;
aMumif;eJUcsDNyD; jzpfxGef;vmcJhonf/ ppfwyfawG&JUEkdifiHa&;tkdif'Da,mfavmf*sDawGukd avh
vmwJh AGe'f Gef;ynm&Sifu “ppfwyfwpfck&JUEkdifiHa&;tkdi'f Da,mfavmf*sDqw kd m ppfwyfxu J
ay:xGuv f mwmrsKd; r[kwb f J? EkdifiHa&;vIyf&Sm;rIawGeJUacgif;aqmifawGqu D ae aygufzGm;
vmwmrsKd; jzpfw,f” [k qkdxm;onf/ [Doorn, 1971, p. XVIII]/ vGwv f yfa&;vIyf&Sm;rI
ESit fh wl arG;zGm;vmcJhwJhjrefrmhwyfrawmf&JU EkdifiHa&;tkdif'Da,mfavmf*sD[m 'DEkdifiHa&;vIyf
&Sm;rIBuD;uae pwifNyD; wjznf;jznf; jzpfay:wkd;wufvmcJhonf[k okH;oyf&if rrSm;yg/
Akdvcf sKyfBuD; ae0if;ajymcJhovkd – “wyfrawmf[m trmcHEkdiif Ha&;orm;awGeJU zGJUpnf;xm;
cJhwmjzpfNyD; pwifarG;zGm;vmcsdefuwnf;u EkdifiHa&;tcef;u@u uyfygvmcJhonf” [k
qkad eMuonf/ [Hnin Yi, 2014, p. 2014]/ 'DEkdiif Ha&;tcef;u@[m jynfwiG f;ppf? ulrif
wefusL;ausmfppfwkdufyGaJ wG wkdufcJh&wmawG? EkdifiHawmfwnfaqmufa&; State-Building
vkyfief;pOfawGrSm yg0ifaqmif&Gucf Jh&wmawG? EkdifiHa&;tmPmodrf;rIawGaMumifh wjznf;
jznf;eJUEkdifiHa&;tkdi'f Da,mfavmf*sDtjzpf BuD;xGm;vmcJh&jcif;? ppfwyfwpfc&k JUEkdifiHa&;tkdif'D
a,mfavmf*sDrSm “EkdifiHa&; oabmw&m; Political Doctrine” ESifh “EkdifiHa&; tusKd;pD;yGm;
Political Interest” qkdwJhrsufESmpmESpfzuf&dSaewmukd okH;oyf&ayonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh
rdrdom EkdifiHukd u,fwifo?l rdrdom EkdifiHukd yJhudik fay;Ekdifol Guardianship qkdwhJt,l
tq[m ppfwyf&JUEkdifiHa&;oabmw&m;yJ jzpfayonf/ vGwv f yfa&;eJUtwl pwifcJhwJh
jynfwiG f;ppfukd umvMum&SnfwkdufcJh&ovkd ulrifwefjynfyusL;ausmfppfudk wkdufckduf
atmifjrifcJhww Jh yfrawmf[m rdrdom ru,fwif&if wkdi;f jynf[m tpdwfpdwt f ykdi;f ykdif;
NyKduGJNyD; tcsKyftjcmtmPmvnf; qkH;&IH;&r,fqdw k Jh uifw,f&SifwkdU&JUtjrif 0ifvmwm
tJ'Dvykd J EkdifiHa&;&JUtm;enf;vSwJhtajctaet&yf&yfaMumifh EkdifiHawmfukd pwifxal xmif
uwnf;u EkdifiHawmfwnfaqmufa&;vkyfief;pOfrSm xJxJ0if0ifyg0ifywfoufcJh&ovkd
1958 rSmqkd&if EkdifiHawmf&JUtajctaeaMumifh t&yfom;tpkd;&taeeJUwyfudk tmPmtyf
ESif;cJh&jcif;? 'DjzpfpOfawG[m wyfrawmfxJrSm olwdUk [m EkdifiHawmf&JUyJhukdio f lawGjzpfonf
[kt,ltqxGef;um;atmif wGef;ykdUay;cJh&jcif;? 'gawGESifhtwl 1962 rSm ppftmPmodrf;
NyD; umv&SnfMum tkyfpkd;fcJhNyD;wJhaemufrSm tusKd;pD;yGm;awGudyk g ,SOfwGJjzpfxGef;vmcJhMu
onf/ 'Dvo kd abmw&m;ESifh tusKd;pD;yGm;wkdUukd qkHpnf;rdwtJh cg wyfrawmf&JUEkdifiHa&;
tkdi'f Da,mfavmf*sD[m BuD;xGm;cJh&onf/ acwftqufquf wyfrawmfacgif;aqmifawGu
wyfrawmf&JUEkdifiHa&;tcef;u@ESifh EkdifiHa&;tkdif'Da,mfavmf*sDukd wyfrawmftwGif;rSm
pdrfh0ifysHUESHUapzkdUtwGuf tpOfwpkduf oabmw&m;oGwfoGif;cJhovkd wyfrawmf&JUynm&yf
taqmufttkaH wG? wyfrawmftwGif;u vlrIqufqaH &;jzpfpOfawGuvnf; ,if;oGwf
oGif;rIjzpfpOfudk ckdifrmtm;aumif;apcJhonf/ wyfrawmfumuG,af &;OD;pD;csKyf AkdvfcsKyfrSL;
BuD; rif;atmifvIdifuawmh – “jrefrmhwyfrawmfu ckdifrmtm;aumif;wJhtrsKd;om;EkdifiH
a&;tiftm;pkjzpfNyD; acwftqufquf jrefrmEkdifiH&JUEkdifiHa&;vrf;aMumif;rSm eufeuf&Idif;
&Idif;ukd yg0ifaqmif&GufcyJh gonf” [k rSwfcsufjyKajymMum;cJhonf/ [Myawaddy, 9
November, 2016]/ 'DEkdii f Ha&;tkdi'f Da,mfavmf*sDudk 2008 zGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya'xJrSm
w&m;0if xnfhoGif;jy|mef;vkdufaMumif;? wyfrawmftaeeJU ra&&mraocsrIrsm; BuD;pkd;ae
wJhtoGiful;ajymif;rIumvrSm udpöwikd f;vkdvkd olU&JUEkdifiHa&;tkdi'f Da,mfavmf*sDjzpfwJh 2008
zGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya'txkdiu f ae csOf;uyfaqmif&Gufaewmukd txift&Sm;awGU&onf/

Ekid fiHa&;jzpfay:ajymif;vJrIawGtm;vkH;ukd 2008 zGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya'rlabmifxJukd oGwf

oGif;zkdUvnf; zdtm;ay;wJhenf;eJUa&m? qGJaqmifpnf;&kH;wJhenf;eJUyg tpOfrjywf BuKd;pm;
aewmukd awGU&ayonf/ 'Dtcif;tusif;rSm acwfopfjrefrmhEkdifiHa&;orkdi;f wpfavQmuf
tjiif;yGm;p&m jzpfcJh&wJh zuf'&,foabmw&m;ukd 2008 zGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya'rlabmif
xJudk oGwo f Gif;zkdU xyfrHBuKd;pm;wmuvnf; odyfthMH op&m rvkyd g/ 'DvkdoGwfoGif;&mrSm
yxrykdi;f rSm wyfrawmfumuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfu tckoGm;aewJhvrf;aMumif;[m zuf'&,f
vrf;aMumif;jzpfNyD; zuf'&,fudk tajccHwJhjynfaxmifpkpepfukd tajccHOya'xJrSm jy|mef;
xm;onf[k qkdwJhoabm;w&m;ukd awGUqkHar;jref;cef;awGxJrSm ajymqkdcw Jh m&dSayonf/
21 &mpk-yifvn kH DvmcHxJrSmvnf; wyfrawmfom;ukd,fpm;vS,af wGu – “2008 zGJUpnf;
ykHtajccHOya'xJu zuf'&,ftoGifvu©PmawGtaMumif;ukd wcrf;wem; zGifhqkdwifjy
cJh&aMumif;? 21 &mpk-yifvn kH DvmcH rusif;yrD wyfrawmfykdif jr0wDowif;pmrSmvnf;
avhvmolwpfOD; qkdwJhtrnfeJU jynfaxmifpk or®w jrefrmEkdifiHawmf 2008 zGJUpnf;ykH
tajccHOya'wGif yg&dSonfh zuf'&,fpepf\ 0daoovu©Pmrsm; qkdwJhaqmif;yg;&Snf
BuD;wpfyk'f xnfhoGi;f azmfjycJhonf” [k avhvmawGU&onf/ [avhvmolwpfOD;? 2016
Mo*kwfv 10 rS 14 &uf/] 2016 ckESpf Mo*kwfvrSm pwifusif;ywJh 21 &mpk-yifvkHnD
vmcHrSmvnf; tJ'Daqmif;yg;ukd pmtkyfuJhokdU ykHESdyNf yD; wyfrawmfu a0iSc&Jh jcif;? wyfr
awmfom;awG wifoGif;cJhwhzJ uf'&,fpmwrf;[mvnf; tJ'Daqmif;yg;ukd tajccHxm;wm
jzpfaMumif; okH;oyfrdygonf/ 'gukd Munfhjcif;tm;jzifh wyfrawmfu ususeejyifqif
xm;NyD; olwkdU&JUoabmw&m;a&;&mcif;usif;jycJhwmukd txift&Sm;jzpfayonf/ wyfr
awmfbufrS wifoGif;cJhwJhpmwrf;awGudk a,bk,stm;jzifh avhvmMunfh&if .........
“zuf'&,fynm&SifwpfOD;jzpfwJh a&mfe,f0wfpf Ronald Watts &JU zuf'&,f
0daoovu©PmawGukd tajccHxm;NyD;? 2008 zGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya'[m
zuf'&,f0daoovu©PmawG yg0ifaeaMumif;qkw d mukd oufaojyzkdU
BuKd;pm;wmjzpfayonf/”

a&mfe,f0wfp&f JU “zuf'&,fpepf EIdif;,SOfavhvmjcif; Comparing Federal System” qkd

wJhpmtkyfrSm zuf'&,f\ t"du0daoovu©Pm&yf (6)csufukd atmufygtwkdif; xkwf
EkwNf yD; wifjyay;ygonf/ [Ronald Watts, 2008]/
• tenf;qkH; tpkd;&tqifhESpfqifh &dS&rSmjzpfNyD; wpfqifhu zuf'a&;&Sif;BuD;wpfckvkH;
twGuf aqmif&Guaf ewJhA[kdtpkd;&jzpfNyD; tjcm;wpfqifhuawmh a'oqkid f&m,lepf
awGtwGuf aqmif&GufaewJha'oqkid f&mtpkd;& jzpfonf/ tpkd;&ESpf&yfpvkH;[m
EkdifiHom;awGtwGuf pDrHaqmif&Gufay;Muonf/
• Oya'jyKa&;ESifh tkyfcsKyfa&; tmPmESpf&yfukd zGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya'u w&m;0ifoD;
jcm;owfrSwfykdif;jcm;ay;xm;ovkd tpkd;&tqifhEpS fqifhMum;rSm b@ma&;t&if;
tjrpfpDrcH GJrIukdvnf; zGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya't& ykdif;jcm;owfrSwfay;xm;onf/
tJ'Dvkd ykdif;jcm;owfrSwf&mwGifvnf; tpkd;&tqifhwpfqifhpD&JU ppfrSefwhv
J Gwfvyf
pGm pDrHcefUcGJaqmif&GufykdifcGifhukd tmrcHcsufay;xm;ygonf/
 • zuf'&,ftpk;d &&JUrl0g'csrSwfwJhtifpwDusL;&Sif;awGxrJ Sm a'oqkdif&mtjrifawG
ukd ukd,fpm;jyKcGifh&zkdUtwGuf owfrw S fjy|mef;ay;xm;onf/ ykHrSeftm;jzifhuawmh
wpfEikd fiHvHk;ESifhoufqkdifwzJh uf'&,f 'kwd,vTwaf wmf (a'oawGukd ukd,fpm;jyK
ay;Ekdiw f JhvTwfawmfwpf&yf)xm;&dSavh&So d nf/
• pmjzifh a&;om;jy|mef;xm;wJhEkdifiH&JUtjrifhqkH;tajccHOya'&dSNyD; tJ'DtajccHOya'ukd
zuf'&,ftqifhwpfqifhxu J wpfzufowf jyifqifvkdU r&Ekdib f J? yg0ifzGJUpnf;
xm;wJah 'oqkdi&f m,lepfawG&JUowfrSwfxm;wJhtcsKd;tpm;u oabmwlnrD Som
jyifqifEdik fayonf/
• (tpkd;&tqifhEpS fqifhMum; tjiif;yGm;rIu)kd tNyD;owftwnfjyKqkH;jzwfay;EkdifwJh
(ckH&kH; okrdY [kwf 'DvkdudpörsKd; ajz&Sif;zkdUtwGuf txl;tcGit fh mPmtyfESi;f xm;wJh
vTwaf wmf? okdYr[kwf qE´cH,lyJG jyKvkyfNyD; owfrSwfjy|mef;csuf ... pwJh)tmPmykdif
vkyfxkH;vkyfenf;? tzGJUtpnf;wpf&yf &dSonf/
• tpkd;&&JUwm0efawGukd tpkd;&tqifhEpS fqifhtMum; rQa0aqmif&Guf&mrSmyJjzpfjzpf
'grSr[kwf rvGJra&SmifomvkUd xyfaewJhwm0efawGukd tpkd;&tqifhESpfqift h Mum;
yl;aygif;aqmif&Guf&mrSmyJjzpfjzpf ulnyD Hhykd;ay;EkdifwJhvkyfief;pOf? tifpwDusL;&Sif;
awG&MdS uayonf/

þtcsuf (6)csufudk rlwnfNyD; jynfaxmifpkzuf'&,f ppf^rppfqw kd mukd qef;ppfzkdU

tajccHtcsuf (5)csufudv k nf; xyfrHxkwfjyxm;ayonf/ [wyfrawmf ukd,fpm;vS,f?
tzGJU-1? jynfaxmifpk Nidrf;csrf;a&;nDvmcH-21 &mpk yifvkH? 2016? pufwifbm? pm-2/]
,if;wktdY m; .........
1/ jynfaxmifpkESifh jynfe,frsm;tMum; tmPmcGJa0yk/H
2/ pmjzifh a&;qGJjy|mef;xm;aom zGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya' &dS^r&dS/
3/ tkyfcsKyfa&; tpkd;&ESpfrsKd; &dS^r&dS/
4/ w&m;&kH;csKyfpepfEpS frsKd; (jynfaxmifpkw&m;&kH;csKyf? jynfe,fw&m;&kH;csKyf)
&dS^r&dS/
5/ jynfaxmifpk zGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya'ESifh jynfe,f zGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya'
okrdY [kwf jynfaxmifpk zGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya'wGif jynfe,frsm;twGuf
jy|mef;csufrsm; tusKH;0ifonfh zGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya' &dS^r&dS/

wyfraawmf&JUpmwrf;rSm txufazmfyg tcsufawGudk tajccHNyD; 2008 zGJUpnf;ykHtajccH

Oya'rSm jy|mef;xm;wJh (1) EkdifiHawmf&JUzGJUpnf;wnfaqmufykH/ (2) wkdi;f &if;om;rsm;&JU
wef;wltcGiht
f a&;/ (3) Oya'jyKa&;/ (4) tkyfcsKyfa&;/ (5) w&m;pD&ifa&;/ (6) EkdifiHom;
&JUtcGit fh a&;/ (7) tmPmcGJa0usifhokH;ykH ...... ponfh u@ (7)&yfukd csdefxkd;NyD; avhvm
Munfyh gonf/ [wyfrawmf ukd,fpm;vS,f zufMum;aom pmwrf;? tzGJU-1? jynfaxmifpk
Nidrf;csrf;a&;nDvmcH-21 &mpk yifvkH? 2016? pufwifbm? pm 2-3/]/

'Dvkd avhvmMunfhNyD;awmh “2008 zGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya'[m zuf'&,f0daoovu©Pm

awGyg0ifaeonf” [k qkdwmukd oufaojyoxm;ygonf/ t"dutcsufawGtaeeJU
2008 zGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya'rSm atmufazmfjyyg tcsufawG&dSwJhtwGuf zuf'&,f0daoo
vu©PmawG&dS[k xkdpmwrf;rS okH;oyfxm;wmukd awGU&onf/
1/ pmjzifh a&;om;xm;wJhzGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya'wpf&yf &dSonf/
2/ Ekid fiHawmf e,ferdw?f wkdi;f a'oBuD;ESifh jynfe,fwdY&k JUtrnf? e,ferdwfukd
jynfaxmifpk tpk;d &&JUoabmqE´oufoufeJUajymif;vJvkdY r&yg/ wkdif;a'
oBuD;? jynfe,fESifh ukd,fykdiftkyfcsKyfcGifh& pD&ifpkawG&JU e,ferdwfwnfwhH
ckdiNf rJrIukd tmrcHcsufay;xm;onf/
3/ wkdi;f &if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;&JUtcGifhta&;ukd tmrcHcsufay;xm;onf/
4/ jynfaxmifpk vTwfawmf? wkdif;a'oBuD;vTwaf wmfESifh jynfe,fvTwfawmfwkdU
zGJUpnf;xm;NyD; zGUJ pnf;ykHjy|mef;csufeJUtJ'DvTwfawmftqifq h ifhudk Oya'jyK
a&;tmPm cGJa0tyfESif;xm;onf/ jynfaxmifpkvTwfawmfrSmvnf; vlrsKd;pk
vTwaf wmfvkdU ac:qkdEkdifwJh trsKd;om;vTwfawmfukd jynfolUvTwfawmfeJU
wef;wltcGifhta&;ay;xm;onf/
5/ jynfaxmifpk vTwfawmf Oya'jyKEkdicf GifhtmPmukd Z,m; (1)? wkdif;a'oBuD;
jynfe,fOya'jyKEkdicf GifhtmPmukd Z,m; (2)? ukd,fykdit f kyfcsKyfcGih&f wkdi;f ^
a'o OD;pD;tzGJU\ Oya'jyKcGiht f mPmukd Z,m; (3)eJUowfrSwaf y;xm;
onf/
6/ Z,m; (1)? (2)? (3)rSm azmfjyrxm;wJhtjcm;udpö&yfawGtwGuf MuGif;usefwJh
Oya'jyKcGit fh mPmukd zGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya' jy|mef;csufeJUtyfESif;xm;yg
onf/
7/ A[kdtpkd;&ESifh wkdi;f a'oBuD;^jynfe,f? ukd,fykdiftkycf sKyfcGifh&wkdif;ESifh ukd,f
ykditf kyfcsKyfcGifh&a'oqkdwJhtpkd;&ESpf&yf &dSonf/ tJ'Dtpkd;&ESpf&yfukdvnf; zGJU
pnf;ykHtajccHOya'eJUykdif;jcm;owfrSwfay;xm;onf/
8/ jynfaxmifpk tpkd;&ESifh wkdi;f a'oBuD;? jynfe,ftpk;d &rsm;tMum; b@ma&;
obm0o,HZmwrsm; cGJa0okH;pGJrIukd ykdif;jcm;owfrSwaf y;xm;onf/
 9/ oufqkdif&mwkdif;a'oBuD;ESifh jynfe,frsm;rSm zGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya'u
jy|mef;xm;wJhvlOD;a&tcsKd;tpm;ukdufnD&if a&G;aumufcHNyD; wkdif;&if;om;
a&;&m0efBuD;tjzpf cefUtyfcGihf ay;xm;onf/
10/ w&m;pD&ifa&;tmPmukd jynfaxmifpk&JUtpdwftykid f;toD;oD;ukd cGJa0tyf
ESif;xm;NyD; wkdif;a'oBuD;ESifh jynfe,fw&m;vTwfawmf (w&m;olBuD;)awG
[m w&m;pD&ifa&;tqifhqifhrSm&dSwhJ w&m;&kH;awGudk BuD;Muyfyikd fcGifh&o
dS nf/
Oya'rlabmiftaeeJU jynfe,fwkdif;a'oBuD;tm;vkH;u jynfaxmifpk&JU
wpfcw k nf;aom w&m;pD&ifa&;pepftwkdif;yJ aqmif&Gu&f ygonf/
11/ jynfaxmifpk? wkdi;f a'oBuD;? jynfe,frsm;tMum;\ tjiif;yGm;rIukd ajz&Sif;
ay;zktdY wGuf EkdifiHawmf zGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya'ckH&;kH xm;&dSay;xm;onf/

þtcsufawGtjyif wyfrawmf&JUpmwrf;xJrSm olwdUk &JU&yfwnfcsufawGudv k nf; aqG;aEG;

xm;wmukd awGU&onf/ wyfrawmftaeeJUwkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pkrsm;tMum; wef;wlnrD QrI
&dSwhJ jynfaxmifpkwpfckjzpfa&; “rl” ukd uefUuGupf &m r&dSvkdU ajymqkdcho
J nf/ [wyfrawmf
ukd,fpm;vS,?f jynfaxmifpk Nidrf;csrf;a&;nDvmcH-21 &mpk yifvkH? wyfrawfmrS wifjycsuf
rsm;tm; tusOf;csKyfNyD; wifjyay;xm;jcif;? 2016? pufwifbm? pm-4/]/

wifjy&vQif “t&ifu wkdi;f &if;om;pnf;vkH;nDnw G fa&;ukdyJ t"duxm;ajymqkdcJhaomf

vnf; tckawmh wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pkrsm;tMum; wef;wlnDrQrIqkdwmukd ajymqkdvmjcif;”
jzpfayonf/ wef;wlnDrQrI&dSwhJ jynfaxmifpkukd wnfaxmifvQif 2008 zGJUpnf;ykHtajccH
Oya' rlabmifxJuaeyJ xlaxmif&rnf[k ajymqkdcJhjcif;? vuf&dS 2008 zGJUpnf;ykHtajccH
Oya'rSmvnf; zuf'&,f0daoovu©PmawG yg0ifNyD;om;jzpfwJhtwGuf zuf'&,f
rqefb;l vkdU ajymaernfhtpm; b,ftcsufawG[m zuf'&,f ykdqefNyD;? b,ftcsufawG
u zuf'&,fpepfeJUrukdufnDbl; ... qkdwmukd tao;pdwfusus twdtusaxmufNyNyD;
jyifqifoGm;zkdU vkdtyfaMumif; [wyfrawmfukd,fpm;vS,f? jynfaxmifpkNidrf;csrf;a&;nDvm
cH-21 &mpk yifv?kH wyfrawmfrS wifjycsufrsm;tm; tusOf;csKH;wifjyjcif;? 2016? pufwif
bm? pm-4/]/ okdUaomf jyifqifwJhae&mrSmvnf; zGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya'&JU tcef; (12)
jyifqifjcif;tcef;rSm yg&dSwhtJ csufawGtwkdif; jyifqifoGm;&rnf[k qkdxm;jyefonf/
'Dvkd jyifqifzdkUuvnf; jynfoUl ukd,fpm;vS,fawG&JUoabmwlnDcsuf oufoufeJUrjzpf
Ekdib
f J wyfrawmf&JUoabmwlnrD I ygrSyJ jyifqifvkdU&rSm jzpfEkdifygonf/ wkdif;&if;om;
vlrsKd;awGtaeeJUvnf; zGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya'u ay;tyfxm;wJhtcGifhta&;awGudk xdxd
a&mufa&muftokH;csNyD; Oya'yg jy|mef;csufrsm;ESifhtnD jynfolUukd,fpm;vS,ftjzpf
uk,
d fwdik fyg0ifaqmif&Guf&if; zGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya' jyifqifwmawG? rdrda'o? rdrdvrl sKd;
wkd;wufa&;ukd qufvufaqmif&GufoGm;zkdUukdvnf; wkdufwGef;xm;wmukd avhvmawGU&
ayonf/ [wyfrawmf ukd,fpm;vS,?f jynfaxmifpk Nidrf;csrf;a&;nDvmcH-21 &mpk yifvkH?
2016? pufwifbm? pm-3/]/ qkd&ifawmh 2008 zGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya' rlabmifxJuae
jzpfxGef;vmwJh EkdifiHa&;upm;uGif;xJokdU 0ifa&mufzkdUukdyg qufNyD; wGef;tm;ay;oGm;wJh
oabmrsKd;&dSaewmukdvnf; okH;oyfrdygonf/

Rohan Edrisinha ynm&Sifu a&mfe,f0wfppf&JUzuf'&,f0daoovu©PmawGudk tajccH

NyD; 2008 zGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya'ukd avhvm&mwGif – “wpf0ufwpfysufzuf'&,f Quasi-
Federal toGijf yifvu©PmtcsKdU yg&dSaeaomfvnf; wpfjynfaxmifpepfuy kd J tajccHxm;
onf” [k okH;oyfcJhygonf/ [Edrinsinha, 2014, p. 5]/

Marcus Brand ynm&Sifu “a&mfe,f0wfpf&JU zuf'&,f 0daoovu©PmawGudk ukdipf GJNyD;

2008 zGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya'ukd csOf;uyf&mrSm ykdNyD; taumif;jrifaewmukd awGU&NyD;?
2008 zGJUpnf;ykt H ajccHOya'taqmufttkHukd wpf0ufwpfysufzuf'&,fvdUk qkdvnf;
þzGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya'xJrSm xif&Sm;wJhzuf'&,ftoGifjyifvu©PmwcsKdU yg&dSae
aMumif;” [k rSwcf sufjyKcJo
h nf/ [Brand, 2012]/

xkdynm&Sif ESpfOD;&JUokH;oyfcsufawGukd Munfhvkduf&if 2008 zGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya'xJrSm

zuf'&,ftoGifjyifvu©PmtcsKdU yg0ifonfukd oabmwlaewm awGU&onf/ 2008 zGJU
pnf;ykHtajccHOya'xJrSm zuf'&,foGifjyifvu©awG yg0ifaeygonf/ wpf0ufwpfysuf
zuf'&,foabmaqmifwt Jh ajccHOya'vkdU ajymEkdifaomfvnf; b,fvkd zuf'&,foGifjyif
vu©PmawGyJ aqmifaqmif 2008 zGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya'&JUjyóemwpfcku jynfoleJU
tpkd;&tMum;? wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pkawGtMum; aqG;aEG;wkdifyifNyD; oabmwla&;qGJxm;
wJhy#dOmOf Social Contract wpf&yfr[kwfb?J ppftmPm&Siftpkd;&uae twif;tusyf
twnfjyKjy|mef;vkdufwJhzEd SdyfrI jzpfaeonf/ tJ'DtwGuf 2008 zGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya'rSm
'DzGJUpnf;ykHudk 0da&m"djzpfp&m? tjiif;yGm;p&m zGJUpnf;ykHtjzpf &IjrifaeMuOD;rSm jzpfayonf/
t"dutusqkH;tcsufwpfcsufuawmh tifrwefrS BuD;pkd;vTrf;rkd;xm;wJhppfwyf&UJ tcef;
u@yJ jzpfayonf/ 2008 zGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya'rSm zuf'&,ftoGifo@mefawG yg0ifvkdY
taumif;jrifwhJ Marcus ynm&Siu f awmif – “2008 zGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya'&JUoD;jcm;
tcGit fh mPmtawmfrsm;rsm;ukd ppfwyfvufxJudk xnfah y;xm;NyD;? tJ'DtcsufaMumifhyJ
'Drkdua&pDrqefwJhzGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qkdNyD; t&nftaoG;usoGm;ovkd zuf'&,frqef
wJhzJUG pnf;ykHvnf; jzpfoGm;ygonf” [k a&;om;cJhygonf/ [Brand, 2012, p. 4]/ bmvkdU
vJqdak wmh ppfwyf&JUEkdifiHa&;rSm yg0ifrItcef;u@[m jynfaxmifpktqifrh Sma&m? wkdi;f
a'oBuD;ESifh jynfe,fawGrSmyg pepfwus yg0ifaevkUd jzpfayonf/ 'Dae&mrSm “'Drkdua&
pDESifh zuf'&,f” qkdwmukdvnf; tenf;i,faqG;aEG;zkdU vkdvdrfhrnf/ orkdi;f wpfavQmuf
jyefavhvmMunf&h if 'Drkdua&pDr[kwfwEJh kdifiHawGrSmawmif zuf'&,fpepfukd xGef;um;cJh
wmawGU&onf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh qkdA, D uf,leD,H? csufukdpvkdAufuD;,m;ESifh ,l*kdpvm;AD;
,m;wkdU jzpfMuonf/ tJ'Dawmh 'Drkdua&pDjzpfrS zuf'&,fjzpfrSm r[kwb f lvdkU qkd&onf/
'DEkdiif HawGrSm zuf'&,f[m a&&SnfrcHcJhwmukd owdjyKp&m aumif;ovkd aemufqkH; 'Drkd
ua&pDtoGiu f l;ajymif;rIjzpfpOf jzpfay:vmcsdefrSmawmh tJh'DEkdifiHawG[m wpfppD NyKducGJ Jh
wmukd awGUjrifae&onf/ oabmw&m;t& wifjyvQif ppfrSefwzJh uf'&,fpepfu A[kd
tpkd;&&JUvkyfykdifcGifhtmPmukd uefUowfxed f;csKyfxm;Ekid fygonf/ vpfb&,f'Dru kd a&pD
pepfuvnf; EkdifiHawmf&JUvkyfykdicf GifhtmPmukd tajccHOya'awG? tjcm;Oya'rlabmifawG
eJUwif;wif;MuyfMuyfuefUowfxm;NyD; tjyeftvSex f def;ausmif;rIpepfawG? tcGit fh a&;
umuG,af y;rIawG? tmPmcGJa0usifhokH;rIawGukd aqmif&GufMuonf/

Marcus Brand ynm&SifuyJ “ygupöwefEdkifiHrSm ppfwyfu 'Drkdua&pDrqefwJhtcGifhtm

PmawG ,lcw Jh JhtwGuf zuf'&,ft&nftaoG; usqif;oGm;cJh&wJhtaMumif;” ukd olU&JU
pmwrf;xJrSm axmufjycJhMuonf/ [Brand, 2012]/ wyfrawmf&JUpmwrf;awGrSm Budrfzef
rsm;pGm ukd;um;cJhwhJ a&mfe,f0wfpf axmufjycJhwht J csufwpfcsufudkvnf; owdjyKoifhyg
aMumif; - “zGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya'wpf&yf[m zuf'&,f jzpf^rjzpfqw kd mukd avhvmzkdU
zGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya'ykHpH Constitutional Form ukd avhvmzkdU vkdtyfovkd tJ'DzGJUpnf;ykH
tajccHOya'[m vufawGUrSm b,fvkd vnfywftvkyv f kyfaevJqdw
k t Jh &dSw&m;awGukd
vnf; avhvmzkdU vkdtyfygaMumif;” axmufjycJhayonf/ [Ronald Watts, 2008]/ zGJUpnf;
ykHtajccHOya'ykHpHukdyJ MunfhNyD; zGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya'xJrSm zuf'&,f0daoovu©Pm
awGyg&dSonfvkdU w&m;aoajymae&if ykHo@mef0g'D Formalist t&rf;qefveG f;ayonf/
tu,fí vufawGUrSm zGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya'ukd toufoiG f;NyD; vnfywfwt Jh cgrSm
zuf'&,fpHEeI f;awGESihfrukdufnDbl;qkd&if zuf'&,fjzpfonfvUkd ajymEkdifrSm r[kwaf y/
2008 zGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya'[m wyfrawmfom;ukd,fpm;vS,af wG ajymcJhovkd zuf'&,f
0daoovu©PmawG yg0ifaeonfukd rjiif;qefaomfvnf; zuf'&,frqefwJh0ad oo
vu©PmawG yg0ifaeonfukdvnf; xnfph Of;pm;zkdU vkdtyfayonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh 0efBuD;
csKyf&mxl;ukd oufqkdif&m wkdi;f a'oBuD;? jynfe,fvTwfawmfu ra&G;cs,fEdik fbJ or®wu
oufqkdif&m wkdif;a'oBuD;^jynfe,fvTwaf wmfu, kd fpm;vS,fawGxJuae 0efBuD;csKyfudk
a&G;cs,fcefYtyfxm;EkdifwmrsKd;awG? 0efBuD;csKyfawGudk zuf&Sm;EkdifwJhtmPmukdvnf; or®w
qDrSm tyfESi;f xm;wmrsKd;awG? wkdi;f a'oBuD;^jynfe,fawG&JU uGJjym;jcm;em;wJhtajctae
awGudk rlwnfNyD; ajymif;vG,fjyifvG,f&EdS kdifwJh tpkd;&tifpwDusL;&Sif;ykHpHrsKd; r[kwb f J
a'otpkd;&tm;vkH;ukd ykHpHwltifpwDusL;&Sif;awGtjzpf wif;MuyfpGm zGJUpnf;xm;wmrsKd;
awG[m zuf'&,f0daoovu©PmawG r[kwfyg/ tu,fí zGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya'ukd okH;
oyfwhaJ e&mrSm zuf'&,fqefwJhtcsufawGukdyJ ykHo@mefxkwEf kwfxm;NyD; zuf'&,f
rqefwJhtcsufawG? twm;tqD;awGudk csefvSyx f m;cJhr,fqkd&if b,fvkdrS NyD;jynfhprkH Sm
r[kwaf y/

ed*kH;csKyftaejzifh wifjy&if wyfrawmftaeeJUuawmh 2008 zGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya'[m

zuf'&,f0daoovu©PmawG yg0ifaeonfqkdwJh &yfcHrIuaeNyD;awmh vuf&dS Nidrf;csrf;
a&;jzpfpOf? toGifu;l ajymif;rIjzpfpOfawG tm;vkH;ukd csOf;uyfaqmif&GufaeqJjzpfayonf/
okdUaomf vuf&SNd idrf;csrf;a&;jzpfpOfeJUtoGiful;ajymif;a&;jzpfpOfrSmvnf;yJ zGJUpnf;ykHtajc
cHOya'u jyóemtpdwftykdif;wpfcktaeeJUukd &dSaeonfqw kd mukd arhxm;vkdU r&ay/
2008 zGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya'ukd avhvmcJhol tajccHOya' ynm&Sif &ufpf*dik f; Yash Ghai
u – “rSm;,Gif;aewJh rl0g'awG? taqmufttkHawGuaewpfqifh ykdrkd 'Drkdua&pDqefNyD;
wef;wlnrD QrI&dSwhJ vlUtzGJUtpnf;tjzpfokdU toGiful;ajymif;&mrSm tcuftcJawG awGU&
atmif zGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya'xJrSm &nf&G,fcsuf&S&d dSeJUxnfo h Gif;jy|mef;xm;csufawG yg&dS
aeygonf” [k rSwfcsufjyKcJhayonf/ [Yash Ghai, 2008]/

þzGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya'BuD;ukdom w&m;aoqufvufudik fpGJxm;NyD; toGiful;ajymif;rI

jzpfpOfukd qufvufykHazmfaeqk&d ifawmh a&SUqufjzpfxGef;wkd;wufrIawG qufjzpfEikd fygh
rvm; ... qkdwmukd pOf;pm;p&m &dSaeygonf/ xkdUtwl 2008 zGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya'[m
wyfrawmf&JUEkdifiHa&;tkdif'Da,mfavmf*sDukd w&m;0ifyakH zmfay;xm;wJhaMunmcsufjzpfaewJh
twGuaf Mumifh olU&JUEkdifiHa&;tkdi'f Da,mfavmf*sDudk rajymif;vJbJ zGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya'ukd
ajymif;vJzkdU pOf;pm;aewm[m vufawGUjzpfEkdifyghrvm; ... qkdwmukdvnf; ar;cGef;xkwf
p&m&dSaeaMumif; wifjy&if;? okH; oyf&if;eJUed*kH;csKyftyfygonf/