C# Programming L3- Structures in C# Dr. Asmaa S., Dr.Bassim J., & Lectrurer Nada Th.

Structures in C#
In C#, a structure is a value type data type. It helps you to make a single
variable hold related data of various data types. The struct keyword is
used for creating a structure.

Structures are used to represent a record. Suppose you want to keep track
of your books in a library. You might want to track the following
attributes about each book: - (Title, Author, Subject, and Book ID).

Defining a Structure

The keyword struct can be used to declare a structure. The general form
of a structure declaration in C# is as follows:

<modifiers> struct <struct_name> { //Structure members }

Where: the modifier can be private, public, internal or public.

The struct is the required keyword.
For example

1. struct MyStruct {
2. public int x;
3. public int y;
4. }

The objects of a strcut can be created by using the new operator as

follows.

1. MyStruct ms = new MyStruct();

The individual members of a struct can be accessed by using the dot (.)
operator as showing below.

1. ms.x = 10;
2. ms.y = 20;

The strcut object can also be created without using the new operator.
MyStruct ms;
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C# Programming L3- Structures in C# Dr. Asmaa S., Dr.Bassim J., & Lectrurer Nada Th.

But in this case all fields of the struct will remain unassigned and the
object can't be used until all of the fields are initialized.

Remember that inside a struct, we can only declare a field. We can't

initialize a field inside a struct.

Example1:

1. using System;
2. struct MyStruct {
3. public int x;
4. public int y;
5. }
6. class MyClient {
7. public static void Main() {
8. MyStruct ms = new MyStruct();
9. ms.x = 10;
10. ms.y = 20;
11. int sum = ms.x + ms.y;
12. Console.WriteLine("The sum is {0}", sum);
13. }
14. }

Example2: here is the way you can declare the Book structure:

struct Books {

public string title;

public string author;

public string subject;

public int book_id;

};

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C# Programming L3- Structures in C# Dr. Asmaa S., Dr.Bassim J., & Lectrurer Nada Th.

The following program shows the use of the structure:-

using System;
struct Books {
public string title;
public string author;
public string subject;
public int book_id;
};
public class testStructure {
public static void Main(string[] args)
{
Books Book1; /* Declare Book1 of type Book */
Books Book2; /* Declare Book2 of type Book */
/* book 1 specification */
Book1.title = "C Programming";
Book1.author = "Nuha Ali";
Book1.subject = "C Programming Tutorial";
Book1.book_id = 6495407;
/* book 2 specification */
Book2.title = "Telecom Billing";
Book2.author = "Zara Ali";
Book2.subject = "Telecom Billing Tutorial";
Book2.book_id = 6495700;
/* print Book1 info */
Console.WriteLine( "Book 1 title : {0}", Book1.title);
Console.WriteLine("Book 1 author : {0}", Book1.author);

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C# Programming L3- Structures in C# Dr. Asmaa S., Dr.Bassim J., & Lectrurer Nada Th.

Console.WriteLine("Book 1 subject : {0}", Book1.subject);

Console.WriteLine("Book 1 book_id :{0}", Book1.book_id);
/* print Book2 info */
Console.WriteLine("Book 2 title : {0}", Book2.title);
Console.WriteLine("Book 2 author : {0}", Book2.author);
Console.WriteLine("Book 2 subject : {0}", Book2.subject);
Console.WriteLine("Book 2 book_id : {0}", Book2.book_id);
Console.ReadKey();
}
}
The output of the above code is:

Book 1 title : C Programming

Book 1 author : Nuha Ali

Book 1 subject : C Programming Tutorial

Book 1 book_id : 6495407

Book 2 title : Telecom Billing

Book 2 author : Zara Ali

Book 2 subject : Telecom Billing Tutorial

Book 2 book_id : 6495700

Example3:

// C# program to illustrate copy the structure

using System;
namespace ConsoleApplication {

// Defining structure
public struct Person

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C# Programming L3- Structures in C# Dr. Asmaa S., Dr.Bassim J., & Lectrurer Nada Th.

{
// Declaring different data types
public string Name;
public int Age;
public int Weight;

class PG {

// Main Method
static void Main(string[] args)
{

// Declare P1 of type Person

Person P1;

// P1's data
P1.Name = "Keshav Gupta";
P1.Age = 21;
P1.Weight = 80;

// Declare P2 of type Person

Person P2;

// Copying the values of P1 into P2

P2 = P1;

// Displaying the values of P1

Console.WriteLine("Values Stored in P1");
Console.WriteLine("Name: " +P1.Name);
Console.WriteLine("Age: " +P1.Age);
Console.WriteLine("Weight: " +P1.Weight);
Console.WriteLine("");

// Displaying the values of P2

Console.WriteLine("Values Stored in P2");
Console.WriteLine("Name: " +P2.Name);
Console.WriteLine("Age: " +P2.Age);
Console.WriteLine("Weight: " +P2.Weight);
}
}
}

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C# Programming L3- Structures in C# Dr. Asmaa S., Dr.Bassim J., & Lectrurer Nada Th.

Output
Values Stored in P1
Name: Keshav Gupta
Age: 21
Weight: 80
Values Stored in P2
Name: Keshav Gupta
Age: 21
Weight: 80

Nesting of Structures:
C# allows the declaration of one structure into another structure and this
concept is termed as the nesting of the structure.
Example:
// C# program to illustrate Nesting of structures
using System;
namespace ConsoleApplication {
// first structure defined with public modifier
public struct Address
{
// data member of Address structure
public string City;
public string State;
}
// Another structure
struct Person
{
// data member of Person structure
public string Name;
public int Age;
// Nesting of Address structure by creating A1 of type Address
public Address A1;
}

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C# Programming L3- Structures in C# Dr. Asmaa S., Dr.Bassim J., & Lectrurer Nada Th.

class Prog1 {

// Main method
static void Main(string[] args)
{
// Declare p1 of type Person
Person p1;
// Assigning values to the variables
p1.Name = "Raman";
p1.Age = 12;
// Assigning values to the nested structure data members
p1.A1.City = "ABC_City";
p1.A1.State = "XYZ_State";
Console.WriteLine("Values Stored in p1");
Console.WriteLine("Name: " +p1.Name);
Console.WriteLine("Age: " +p1.Age);
Console.WriteLine("City: " +p1.A1.City);
Console.WriteLine("State: " +p1.A1.State);

}// End of Main Method

} // End of class Prog1
}

Output:
Values Stored in p1
Name: Raman
Age: 12
City: ABC_City
State: XYZ_State

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