diiized by GOORTE éG O0Q oe' PREFACE BY THE AMERICAN EDITOR. "Tus numeroas and extensive ditions of Brck’s Theological pee, Ure ee Christian’ public, ‘The Fame, caves tet Hepertaltg Sviacas Sgather in the salootion tad ‘ine articlos, embracing, as they field of TI j, didactic and polemic, Ecclesiastical Polity, Church Hi a Metaphysical Philosophy, and Biblical Literature, together with a copious ls ences to the most valuable authorities in each department, are universally ‘So far as the merit of sterling util Dictionary ity can entitle any book to favourable acceptance, the of Mr. Buck claims which will not be contested. As a theological paeael aber ‘4 vast amount of nseful information in a moderate lesinstical ‘compast, and clearly and judiciously arranged, it would not be easy to designate its et while this tribute of desorved commendation is readily bestowed, it must still be suutted that the altogether adapted to the circunitances ‘the work hitherto has not becn gf our own country, or the wants, of the present day. Considered in this view the hours under manifold defects, which it would be as ‘Theological a it is cbyious to perceive. As might have been I, its local isla nste ean ate which shall be suit ligious opinion i ‘Christin community of the United States. Moreover, since the first Buck's work, changes have occurred in the 'religi have been made in cal as well as in natural science ; a fresh given to risen easy to», Google cze aie ae i 35 i au Hl i ne tF se i He aie “lt ase no ey eh ie aly aur i iad ; el ee ide I Ee pala Hs, a i sl i die ee aus pail! i a i dale deca aie nue ilearetlite oil Ba ths i ie ie iy ane ile up | fa nu : ee ol. ager fal nue a ne au ce ate ee as nei ou tea cae 2 | Hej Ba fall the dfs dae aithala bEnallidiayBe aai eee BG € Fa its rip He Fee a ae ennai ie ail HH ie Lia a ue 5 4 We eles elitr ee Hath # it ae i i le Suh tapi ai7i83 a : i ee ae a5 pie ip He Heh enue Hl inal Hau Hitbul eal f its ehtae aafa4 HueHe 2 2 iis 3% SEES 3 al pe sat a ieee Te ne i if ue ue nel 4 He; a? Uy put iu i od He bai a i ae ead ai sBh fee ie cee en i iC a ie a He peel ree e - i af Aacla tals sale 3 i i. ik ea aa al uHiFld =2 Ai 23323: S4geds8 a fal Bil Hee ie Seal ee Hatta it 2 his Rue eee heze es fae aay faa 5 i ie a ane Heat ap fe uu : Witney rift 3 ui he it afih a eae see ane ree lath Lo ae ty ua oe a An 2 ie oe tl Pe i ie i" 4 el i sll i ; tt he ul ae lis ae He ti alii i oo Pill L a lee uit ae eH ae a ‘.. Sn 2 2 ann Caachiya py spn ie pienal: ale ee aay f ce i sit ean i tn ne Ae Lee ad ae Se : ae nl i ieealed olds unite and ent yee St i ie a ihely ae a A ue i a CraclecATONEMENT us Christ giving himself « ransom for us, Bg the pena de toa nae tert us punishment which God imfict upon us, Rom. v.11. The signifies covering, and intimates a ‘atonement the arengihg iis of Gol Th anderstand the manner wherein Christ an “we should,” says Dr. ousider the allowing ‘Propositions, 1. & God having made man, appointed to ie ‘immortality, are the obedience but tri- the ap- ‘who violate this law, in his in Jon sinful man, without some compensa ia broken law; for, 1. If the great Ruler vid had pardoned the sins of men with- satiafsetion, then his laws might have ‘ot worth the vindicating.—2. Men would ‘2 temptel to persist in their rebellion, peat their old offences —3. His forma Ament among his creatures might have Vasa matter of small importance—4. ‘9 mind to make a very illustrious deplay ti justice and of his grace among man ‘three accounts he would not panion sin ‘2 mtiafaction.—A. Man, sinful mau, is to make any satisfaction to God for his punches by Bis Itoary nor by his wu Bob. 1, 6 9.—6. ‘Though man be in- 1 misty for hin own violation of the law, would not suffer all mankind to perish. — ee God intended to make a full dwplay srrors of his justice, and his divine re- 1 for the violation of hia law, therefore ‘ated his own Son tonatiafy forthe breach ‘becoming a proper mcridice of expiation ment, Gal. it. 10, 13.—8. ‘The Son of tg immortal, could not sustain all these Not the haw which man had broken with- Ag the mora ature nan upon him, ‘ecoming flesh and boo, Heb. ti. 13 The Divine Bring baving hwerived such ssifction for sin fy the sufferings of his ‘8 ean bonourably forgive his creature’ 23 was the tranagressor, Ror. ii. 25, 26, Mf his doctrine i true, will appear, if we 5 1. That an atonement for sin, or an i ethod to aupwer the demamle of an Got, ist t blending: guilty adn need of Min, 6,78. he very ‘oreries of grace which were made to man "Bil iinplied in them something of an st fr i, and pointed to the ri ‘wsnow made, Gen, ii. .—3. The train unies which were appointed by Gad in ish church are plain vignifcations of such sment, 2 Cor. iti, Col. i. 7,89. Heb. Soine of the prophecies confirm © Get promise, at sliow that Crist was fan atoning sacritice for the xing of men, 3-5. dn bit —5, Our Saviour hin | he us the doctrine of the atonement for death, Matt. xx. 24. Jolin vi, SL “The terror of saul, the con- inl agonien which tr blemed ATONEMENT sufficient proof that he endure! punishments m hia soul which were due to sin, Mark xiv. 33. Heh. ¥. 71—1. This doctrine is declared, and confined, and explained at large, by the apotioe in their writings, 1 Cor. xv. 3. Eph. i.7. 1 John HL 2, &e. &e-—& This was the doctrine that vas itpomed to the wor by the amazing gia of the Holy Ghost, which attended the Gospel. [See the Acts of the Apostles.) | The inferences and weee to be derived from this doctrine are these: 1. How vain aré all the labours and pre- tences of mankind to serk or hope for any better religion than that which is contained in the Gos- pel of Christ! It is here alone that we can find the solid and rational principle af reconcilintion to an offended God, Heb. iv. 14—2 How strange and untensonable is the doctrine of the opih church, which, while i profes to be. lieve the religion of Christ, yet introduces many other methods of atonement for sin xis the sufferings of the Son . ‘above. How int ol dation, on whic the prcicet of sinners may hoye for acceptance wl Goh 1 i. 154. This doctrine should be used ax ‘a powerful motive to excite repentance, Acta ¥. 31—5. We should use this atonement of Christ ‘as our constant way of accras to God in ail our prayers, Heb. x. 19, 92—6. Aleo ua a di fain guint ain, Rom, vi 1. As an argument_of prev be used in prayer, Rom. vii. 32—8. Asa of Joe to Gch and to bia Bon Jeaus Chia, 1 john iv. 10.—9, As @ strong persuasive to t Jove and pity which we should shoor on all occa- sions to our fellow eraturen Jobu iv. 1110 It ebould excite patience and hoy Joy under afr tions and earthly sorrows, Rom. v. 1 to 3—II. ‘We should consider it as an invitation to the Lord's Supper, where Christ is set forth to us in the of his propitiation—12, Awa moet effectual defence aguinst the terrors of dying, and ‘as our joyful hope of « blewsed resurrection, 1 Cor, xv. 60.—13. Lastly, as a divine allurement to the upper world.” See TWatte’s Ser. ser. 34, ‘35, 36, 37; Evans om the Atonement ; Dr. Owen ‘on the Satinfaction of Chriat; West's Seri Doctrine of the Almements Hereo/s Theron « dial, 3; Dr. Magec's Discourses on the Atonement; Jerram’s Lellers on dite. [The Chrintian doctrine of Atonement, consi dered expecially in respect to its nature and ez- feng, as in ar own country uengone great liscission, und given rie to a diversity of opi nions, since Mr. Buck's work was first publish Of the leading views entertained) among the or thodox on this wuhject, it will be proper to give brief notice. ‘These may be classed under the hela of te general or inden und the imited ordefnite scheme. ‘The ulvocates of the former ‘maintain, that the atonement ia to le viewed dise tinct fro its application—that the sufferings of ‘Christ were of auch w nature that they constitute ‘8 real utonement though we should suppose that none should ever uetuslly repent and be muved— that the grand design of the Saviour’ eutlerings was to wake a dixplay of the evil of win and of the divine justice, and therely to remove the ob- ttacle in the way of the sinner's valyation—that in consequence of the death of Christ, God can. ‘now considently with all hin perfections and the honour of his law, exercise his sovercign mercy ined e little Defure hia death, were a tnd bestow eternal ife_upon whom be pleases ©ie i i mea att banged > il fl ee ee ap if cet ied Bast tee mie ue ale al i a as ine ip ae i ia ae i Ld a a tea Es ne ae 1a a He : pei z 2 Hi 2 Hl [bi [Pant a ae il fal ib i a Huy Fi i itt (ie ee ae ta erate ci iia i ail ceil ratty iii 15 nee an ie cae i les fis e aphia el fh Caacle2sOOQ oreHepes ERT att | ce ee oe 7 ‘ : fag. . 3588 * L ie ee He We uy ne Hee i ee a Sie ee dua i el al eh i HE site re : is 23 a iM Ba i aa HH a * ues ls ile el Mu wat i a Caacls —-* nil; Pas an ae ba ae Hi Aaa st if ro a el a ao Li td a ae A etait ar tee sae Hci all ee a a tat te a nel ie aut a ie % un ip ne da A > z ibe and ba fy Ae Ce a a i lcm = 4 . ft f , < ania a ne fat ia ge . Hele ae ae i ae ia ny a if Hat ia la! i a a i ee | ables Wee up paul fei Hutt el quelle 3 a puaepalii art Ha iah a A tee _ ie fal ih Fa au ie ee : ie a a oo AE if fat ar ite i i fen ue Aiea nay a ne He He f ae ane Hine feet He Hh it a ChallHT tne Hh Ha eG rll A Me a i c 3 ae tne ee ae ie ee i a8 pea a ie ae BE: meh nn Hl id 1h al ee TE ui EE LNs i Ev uh Hi i Q ae int af ae bi Hi ce Le e z i = eeu HTH aH P il Lae te ible ne aa uf uae settle wv Hi Hilene cd set ae aa We as i tile Cues 2 3 3 j dig : feat sae an sh jee La l el Bua.Bg ! if ea i Tippee ge ae a a 4 ee te 1G Gen i a3 a3 A bait a ENE 4 ce Pn a ie a ae il 3 i ad seats ead i te Lee ea i iH Cee Ge a aR a nat aIOOG ore* Sd Lompe: the most valuable of John ever published. — Edwards Welle se em Wiison—Parr—Schnidius—Fry,. | COMMINATION, Sano, Conentian Engl aypated ‘Storr, (Opusenla,) —Krawe.-Lelman, ee Se ' ‘introduction slain aetna nC hondlen- 5) Seat pre on : eee this old that thet ecu “oot errno, — Tarncetus— Locke | yf the Lord s and that |< =Chenater, eT eee n i Pr ‘i | Plerce.—Tarnovius. the pop e 1. avo IL, Titessicowians. Stitoted this office Bp. Sewell. —' moviBy : ie i nul pul a PH He ie ela He | a 1a inl ae ] oe | 3 eal s Hat ea ees = 23 ee i Hh al 4 He i a Tc | HH HUE Hi di HAUS Hae itaie | fl a id Ah Hf ih ae i ea te i at i a 2 ie A uiaht enh i a a ves ie i ane an Tae cP ea 5 byiyigiaa di VF ie Deg tai it a ni Ue ay willis puuelal dl ae Hy ia RY fle EB Hid i ao i Fit i, i He : nay ins THU ial cae ; ae 2 =BOOT oFFUNERAL fo wventy during which tne they em- CTA ‘Beto he eal wee alow tae deposited in the tomb they underwent penn julgment. Ifany one rth, ace Cmte rd prone ht terran tad meri fife, the judges pronounced sentence, 21 ebay was precluded from burial, Even their genie anierwent this judieatne; and Dio- des Siculus ormerts, that imany kings had heen depived of the honou's of burial, and that the {tron of rah a. fate hal a valutary influence on the virtue of their kings. ‘The funeral rites among the Hebrews were tsean and magnificent. “The relations and finds rent their clothes; and it was ieunl to ‘en the deal person's thumb into the hand, and tw faten it in that posture with # string, be eae the thumb then having the figure of fhe name of God, they thought the devil wold adaprronch it. “They made a funeral oration ihe grove, after which they prayed; then, turing the face of the deceased towards heaven, er cid, Fo in peace.” ‘The Greeks used to put a of money in tte mth of the deceaned, which was thought the fare over the infernal river: they ah- ‘Ciaal from hanquete; tore, cut, or shaved their bar; sometimes throwing’ theinselwen onthe ‘and rolling in the dust; beating 1 = ‘and even tearing their flesh with their ‘The faneral rites among the Romans were Mey sumerous.—They kept the deceased reven day with hot water, i portly he might he « (my now and then his friends, meeting, made ‘shout with the sume view ; but if ther fant be did not revive, he was dreseed and em- ‘with a performance of a variety of nin- wemonies, and nt lust brought to the fune- ple and uray after which his aahen were rntbered, inclooed in an urn, and deposited in thre of tomh. ancient Christians testifal their abhor- ure of the pazan custom of burning their dead, ad always depewited the body entire m the 4; amv] it was usual to bestow the honour "embalming upon the martyrs, at lent, if not pon others» ‘They prepared the hoy for burial fwashins it with water, and drewing it in iperal attire. ‘This wag performed by neat re tons, or persona of such dignity as the cireum- anes of the deceared required. Pealmaly, or a lms, wan the great ceremony Use aig of pin wan the al roy ian, In the Romish charch, when a person in dead, wash the body, and put a erucifix in his uml At the fect stands vewel of holy water, and inkler, that they who come in may sprinkle Sheamelive and the deceased. Inthe mean me some priest stants by the corpee, an prarn wetbe deceased EM iti laut in the Perth Uo the mera don the exorrist walks first, carry- ig the holy water: next the croes bearer; after- ‘ards the rest of the clergy : and, last of all, the Giciating priest. They all wing the miserery, tad some other pealms at the end of ear salma roquiem. It that the fers of de- tesed layinen most be tarned towanly the altar ‘are placed in the church, and those of | w 51 ly in a slumber; and | bi PUTURE the clerzy towanls the people. ‘The pled in the church, atrreunded. with Ugh tapers. After the office for the dead, mase ssh; then the officiating priest spr corpse thrice with hols water, and as often incener on it. ‘The body being laud in the grave, the friends and the relations of the deceased sprinkle the grave with boly water, “The faneral cercinonies of the Greek church ave much the samme with thoee of the Latin. Tt nents ante to he obwerved, that, after the funeral service, they Kiet the crucifix, and salute the moth and fal ofthe deceealy ar ehi each of the company ents a bit drinks « glim of wine in the church, the soul a good renee, and the afficted family all Salton Hingham Ani 2 Bre ‘Brits urtor® Syma. 5 OECIE SE RTE: term made ove of fn relation to the existence of the soul after death. ‘That there in such a state of existence, we have every reamn to believes. for if we supposs” raya gon writer, ‘the events of this Hife to have pe mffrenee to aheher the whole date of man romes not only inexplical le, bet contradictory and inconsistent. ‘The powers of the inferior aimals are perfectly. outed to the stalin, ‘Thev know nothing higher than their present conttion, Tn gratiffing thei appetites they fall their destiny, and pass away.—Man, alone, comes forth to act a part which carries no meaning, and ae if tends to no end. Endowed with capacities which extend far beyond his present ted by his rational mature for running the race of tality, ho is hort in the very ent i couree, Fle wjuanders hie sctvity on pur suits which he discerna to be vain. FYe lang for knowledge which is, placed bevond his reach. Tle thirsta after a happinces which be is Joomed never tgenjey. He arey and laments the dra term of his atate, and yet, upon thix supposition, ccan find nothing to remedy them. [Tw the eter. nal God any pleature in sporting bimself with rach a scene of minery and Slly, as this if (if i had no connexion with another,) must exhibit to hiseye? Did he call into existence this magnify. cent universe, adorn it with eo much beauty and splendour, snd surround it with those glorious luminaries which we behold in the heavens, only that some generations of mortal men might arise to behold these wonders, and then disappear for ever? How unmuitible in this case were the habitation tothe wretched inhubitant! How ine consistent the commencement of his being, and the mighty preparation of his powers end facub ties, with his despicable end!” Hew contradic tory, in fine, were every thing which concerns he tate of an, othe winons and perfection of in Maker: Rut that therein such astate inclear from many of the New ‘Testament, John v. 94% Acta vii, 9; Rom, viii, 10, 11; 9 Cor. v. 1, 9 alee, "Hat enn tie tas poe he ping te. But thoagh these texts prove yet some have doubled whether there be any ‘where in the Old Testament any reference to a fature state at all, The cose, i is anid, this: the Monmic covenant contai ines directly re.ating to a future state: Entiy, as Dr Warhurton ‘amerta, and argon ef large, because Monee was secure of an cqwal prov m0 ‘pro- tnd ther-are needed not subsidiary san0-GLASSITES Church in Germany, ‘They remained in a seat- tered ntato, till 1746, when the Rev. Schlatter, who was vent from Europe for the purpone, collected them 7 They are found pineal in. Pennayivani; fo in Marylas, ‘rginia, Ohio, and other atuter. ‘Their church government is essentially presbyterian, thoogh their highest judicature is termed a syno. aynod of the’ German Reformed Church ia com port! of seven, claaee—east, Pennsylvania, Lex snon, Susquehanna, west Pennaylvaniy, Zion, Maryland, and Virginia, The aynod of Ohia, tuot fn immediate connexion with the general nod, on account of its distance, have in their connexion 1 ordained ministers,’ and one exndi- date, an about 100 avnod congregations, There 's, in addition, an independent body, called a sy- nod of the German Reformed Church, in extern part of PenneyWania.—B. GHOST, HOLY. See Hoty Gnosr. GIFT UF TONGUES, an ability given to the spon of rely am intelligiby speaking a variety of languages which they fad never arnt, ‘This was a wont glorious and important atteata- tion of the Gospel, as well as a suitable, and, deed), im their circumstances, a necessary furni- ture for the miaiion for which the apmdies and theie assistants were designed, Nor is there any Fearon, with Dr. Middlcton, to understand it an merely an ootasional gift, a0 thut m might speak a langaage mow flumtly ove hour, and be| Mi entirely ignorant of it in the next; which neither rece with what ia mai of the abuse of it, nor tld bave been suffic pore. See Acteii, See on the Gift of Tongues; Wi : fig vol. p. 370; Doddridyge's Lect, ee. U4. VHLBER EINES, «reli onder ‘thus called foun St, Gilhert, of Semjringlan, i L 1 the namie about Hl. St, Gilbert sien of this onde ine for men and them Aweaty five house of this oaler in England ant GLASSITES, The Ghawi M al hin followers are more gonerall out of Scutlaud, by the appellation of niang from Mz. Robert Sandeman, See Sax- Destastase, : ‘Mr. Glug about the year 1727, having offend. ren by certuin peculiar Do- ing faith, and of the nuture| ony a beings not of thin world, was arraignial us an olfender before the presby- tery of wich oe wan emer, and aflerwans prnecuted he provincial yt gus End Mearns; and having been th the couree of hari “Te it your opinion that j winolly oma GLASSITES of the national religion ; e.g. being interroges $ . there is no, warrant fa national church wnder the New Testament he answered, “It ia ay opinion ; for Icanere! churches instituted by Christin the New Test ment, beside the universal, but is churches. Neither do T sce that a nation cam} ieee a “jq it your opinion that a sing! teleeremy with thee : corleatastical fu rior chareh judicatures, nor censurabic by thes either as to’ Char wieh ka prea iin is Secon ist, with its yy in, in ite sbjoc 10 n0 Jude Hea “AR ing intergatcd, Do gou think yout bligad in conaciente to teach and. publish thn ions, ditfering from the reerived da trines of this church, unto the people’ he = swered, “I think myself obliged in comecience | declare’ every truth of Chri and keep otha hace Les fo reek oll the roess of as life; an to teach his people to observe all things whatscew Koumamnn to far an'T can anermand: ‘that notwithstan-ling of others differing from ‘and my being expoecd to hazard in the declaria of them.” For these, and other opinions of a ram lar nature and tendency, the srnod (Glan from the exercoe of his offie, in A Four op 72%; and, in the same year, be published “s explication of that prepoattion;” contained in foregoing anewer, "a congregation, or church ¢ Jesus Christ with its presbytery a vline, subject £0. no Jutieliction under: beaves, Mr, Gas having’ permed, ot only in the e ervise of hia as a piinister of Christ, ao ‘withetanding the sentence of suspension, but alt in the opinions expreesed in his anewers abe referred to the nynesl of Angus arn) Mearns, af a grat deal of previous procedure, by «ph ‘but not without protests entere wy some of their br thren, in October [PR Hd vir in fon the ofl of the by xsi probibiting and discharging linn to exerrise ame, or any part thereof, i all tinse coming, a der the painvol the highest ensures of the chureb, ie wentence” Mi, Glee appealed to the 9f the church of Seotland. Lm iuued the exervise uf bis elit imiong his numerous felowen iy us then great, notwithstaad ing the eel" mea Ui op) ci ai farmed a congregution on his own pari’ near Dundee, of which be had el pate ‘in the year 1739, Mr, Glas published a testi entitled The Teatimony of the King of Mer tyra, as expreascd in the unwwer of Jenus Chit toPilite, My kingdom is not of this workl” ft ‘hat teatise he has pretty fully ilustrates! bi set timents on the points of dinpute between the & nod and bina, ‘app mod being ferred to the cummbwion of ‘morabls, tte rption, Mi of hin ministry, th dand not only ‘orasonally brine:pal towne of Seutland, but erected churchGNOSTICS lberever he found a competent number of tam who adopted and cornea with his opinions, im indication of this course he alleged, that his ‘hrint to h the of the'church at Fon sone, arian dias ee la ei &e, "Glas, ax his been ea Taety of tncts ond trotines at diferent I of them discovering talents of the ler; and among others who were led of his arguments to adopt his pecu- was i Robert Sandeman, ori- educated and destined for the ministry of lished church, who baving embraced Stu's principles, the church at Perth, from whence he af. | moved to Edinburgh, He soon entered into controversy with Me. Tlervey andl and. becat uapicuous then his and in woe points has evidently pasbed Ghats peculiar sentinents to a greater ex- ian be ever carried them if we fay judge paMished works, For the distinguishing tenets urually sreribed to the Glassites, ala aurea ne val. fi. —B. praise, or honour, attributed to G er worship. ‘The state of felicity ‘ty righteous, See Hraven. ry God ia the manifevtation of the in creation, providence, aod be said to give gry to God eur sing, when we love him su- 1 We commit ourselves to him, are service, iinprove our talents, walk fally_ and cheerfully before him, proclaim, or ect forth hia excel SHEET Se eS if a FI S # a TEAST F F, E a F fl fi Gl ine uit, t #4 Fl if : : f z E rcless labour han Practice of m al ty, aad Bk med thowe who aimed at ting it by a now it Into the d he = tnyrterin of en simachi were the very reverse the Gnostics, 7 GNOBTICS, (fiom rrersues, knowing.) an- ct famou: from the first rise of Chris. Sty principally in the east It appears from rent of Seriytare, particularly 1 John UB, Pron wi 205 Col dy that mang per- teas ware infected with the Gnostic hereay in the centerr; though the sect did not render : picuous, either for numbers or reputa- lin, before the time of Adrian, when some wri- tm erroncously ute it : rise. The iam = ‘dopted by this sect, on the presumption that tl tee the only persons hs had the true know. edge of Christianity. Acconlingly they looked Snel other Clits simple ignores, end if od, | would hover alter a whit of hsm tense the father tare Seton hich they reated | Or GNOSTICS darbarous perrons, who explained and mterpre- ted the sacred writings in low, literal and un- edifying signification. At fire, the ‘Gnostics were the only philosophers and wite of thoee Himes who formed for themacves a peculiar sym tem of theology, agrecuble to the phy of Bythogoran 6 Dlstoy to which they ecco dated all their interpretations of Scripture. But Gnostics afterwanls became a generical namic, Jcomprehending diveze sects and parties of here- tien, who rue in the first centutics; and why, though they differed among themselves as to cir- cumstances yet all {a some comunon pri ciples. ‘They corrupted the doctrine of the Cow. pel by a profune mixture of the tencts of the ‘oriental philosophy, conceming the origin of evil and the creation of the with “its divi truths. Such were the Valentinians, Simonians, Carpocratinns, Nicolaitans, Ac. Gnowtics sometimes also vceurs in a good sense, in the ancient ecclesiastical writers, jar ticalarty Clemens Alexandrinus, whe in the jrr- son of his Gnostic describes the characters snd qualities of a perfect Christian. ‘This point he Inboure in the seventh bok of his Sromata, where he shows that none but the Gnostic, oF learned person, has any true rvigio, He affirms that, were it powsible for the know of God to be separated from eternal rlvatien, ti Gnostic would make no ecruple to chone the Knowledge; and that if God would promise him impanity i ny thing he has once spoken against, or m beaven on those terns, o in the tion to the heretics of the same name; affirming that the true Gnostic is grown old in the stuly of the holy Seripture, and that he preserves the ortho- dox doctrine of the apostles and of the church wrvereas the flee Gnostic sbandons al the apn tolical traditions, as imagining himself wiser than the apostles. 5 Gruatie was sometimes also more particularly wed for the saccemor of the Niolsitam an “urpocratians, in the second century, upon theit laying aride the names of the first nuthirs, Such a would be thoroughly aeqosintd with al thet doctrines, * ns, may consult St, Irenaeus, Tertullian, Clemens Alezandinus igen, and St. E'piphanis ieularly the fird of these writers, who relates their sentiments, at large, and confutes them. Indeed he dwells moreon the Valentinians than any other set of Gnontics; hut he shows the general princi whereon all their mistaken opinions were fo ei and the method they followed in explaining Scripture. He accuses them of introducing into religion certain vain and ridiculous genealegics, era Kind of divine processions or emanations, ‘which had no other foundation tut in their own ‘wild imagination. The Ginowtica confessed, that these tone, of emanations, were no where preadly delivered in the sacred writivas; but sted that Jesus Christ had intimated them in ables to such ascould understand them. ‘They it theis ‘not only on the Goapels and the epistles of St. Paul, but also on the law of Maca and the prophet, ‘These lat were pe culiarly vervicechle to them, on account of the al ‘end allusions with which they abound, teh ape capable of diferent nteretationas ‘though their doctrine concerning the crvation ofJEWS . multitude, He now calla himseli. ‘Solomon; one who can command of angels; and iver of life to whomeo- tor he pleascth ; the Son of God, and who shall ‘ikon his glorious throne to judge the world : nt tie tithes we. find him embracing young chil- tea; not lifting up his voice in tho streets, ne hing the su@oking fax; calling his disct- Risact srvants but Giends and brethren, end them with an exuberant and parental ‘ection. ” Let us pauro an instant, and fill our ‘with the idea of one who knew all thi feerchod and laid open rectified e1 Jeter uml removed every mistake of « moraland igor kind; by a word exercised a sovereignty wetallnature, penetrated the hidden events of futarty, gave promises of ailmixsion into a he} imontalfy, tad the keys of life and_desth, chined an union with the Father; and yet was. Yom mid gentle, bumble, affable, mci, bene: ‘nla fren-lly, and affectionate. Such a charno- krinhirer than the morning star. Each acpa- ‘hie Fite in raade stronger by opposition and een ch Bly repent the gory of a ich fily represents the glory of tes Ged "who inbabieth light inaccessible,” See Rebinson’s Plea for the Divinity of Christ, frawtich ‘above remark are talon; Bults Judgment of the Catholic Church + Waterland, Hawker, and Hey, on the Peay of Chris Reader, Seckhowse, anni Deyleys Lives of Christ ; Dr. Jamieson's View the Dectrine of Scripture, and the Primitine emncerning the Deity of Chriet; Owen the Christe ‘Pereon; Hurrion's rit 1, Bishop Newcombe's Obserea- few en our Lord's Conduct ; and Paley's Eei- exes of Christianity. + JEWS, a name derived tnd given to the descendants of Abraham ‘on Iypac. We shall here present Header with as comprehensive a view of this Tetry of the—The. Alright 5 —' ighty pro- Sed Ababa ‘hat te would rendoe bis ered ‘mumerous: this promise to be faded ta Jacob's twelve suns. In about two Imadred and fifteen years they increased in from seventeen to between two and three ten, women, and children, While Jo- SMpblived, they were’ kindly used by the Egyp- fee but soon iter, from a i ‘would become too strong for the natives, yee ‘condemned to slavery; but the — were oppressed, the more they grew. ives, and others, were therefore ordered to E from the patriarch Ju- nin at- After sews thig, wo find them in a dry and barren dover without any provision for thetr journey, hat God ssupplird them with water from s rock, and a from heaven. A little afler they the Amalckites, who fellon their rear. In mess God delivered them the law, and the confirmed the authority of Moees, ‘Three thou- sand of them were cut off for worshipping tho golden calf; and for loathing the manne, they ‘rere puniated with a months eating of fsb, til plague broke out among them’; and for their rah eed ‘the eas oy and the con tempt cf the promised lan entirely de- stroyed therm, Itad not Moses's prayers prevented. ‘They were cor however, to wander in ea till end of co = o that wi -neratic except Caleb ar joshua, thoula Fe ent by death. Here they were often punished for their rebellion, idolatry, whore dom, &c. God's marvellous Tivours, Kowever, ll continued in conducting and sopplying ith meat ; and the streame issuing the rock of ae followed their camp about thirty-nine their clothes never waxed old.“ On their entrance into Canaan, God ot- dered them to cut off every idolatrous Cannanite 5 but ‘vast numbers of them, who en- ticed them to wickednow, and were scmetignee Gotta tod to aris them For nny ogc they enje lit rity, and often fo ah iolatly, oral ing Baslim and Ashtaroth. Micah and the ites introduced it not after Joshua’s death. About this time the lewinese of the men of Gibeah occa sioned a war of the eloven tribes against thelr brethren of Benjamin: they were twice routed by the Benjamites, and forty thousand of them were slain. In the third, however, all the Ben jamites were slain, except six hundred. Vexed for the loss of a tribe, the other Hebrews pro- Viled wives for there six hundred, at the expence of eying, moet of the inbabitante of Jebesh, ‘ocir relapees into idolatry also brought ao eran eter then among oraroand them. Sec books of Joxges and Samuel, Having been ee by ter about thre bundeed nd forty years ator Soo Seath of Joshua, they took a fancy to have a king. Saul was their fn sovereign, under whose reign thoy struggles wi Rixmomtce "Moaktey and Phikiiines Afet about seven yeare struggling between the eleven tribos that clave to Ishbosheth, the eon of Saul, and the tribe of Judah, which erected themselves intoa kingdom under’ David, Davill became sole monarch. Under him they sabdued their neigh: ours, the Philistines, Edomites, und others and took of the whole dominion which has been promised them, from Exgryt to the benks of the Euphratce, Under yn they had little war: whcn be died, ten of the Flebrew tribes formed « kingiom of tsmeel, ‘or Ephraim, for themselves, under Jerobeam, the ton of Nebat, in opposition to the kingdom of Ju- dah and Benjamin, ruled by the family of David. “Phe king:lom of Istacl, Ephraim, or the ten tribes, had newer wm much as one pious king : idolatry was ulwaya their established religion “ihe ing- dom of Sutat: had pious and wicked a hy turns, though they often relaywed into idolatry, which brought great distress upon them. See Books of Semon, ingy, end Chroniciog, NotJEWS enly the kingdom of Israel, but that of Judah, ee rea to the wry brnk of ruin aftr the death of Jehoshaphat.” After various chances, ae the ee for the. swore, Jared was lah, two Blundied and ify-four years after its erection, by Soy king of Egy, and Halmenoecr, king of ‘Assyria, who Beli ant destroyed moat of the . Ge eer Sennacherib ; a piety, and Teal er, Were the means of thir preserataon. bun Gace Se, nasseh, the Jews abandoned thermselvea to horrid) ing f which they wer punised Sy Esa “Assyria, who invaded ani. re-| dvced Tag tbgion and cred ‘Manasseh pri- to Babylon. pented and the all, Josiah, however, aguin promoted it, it to a higher pitch than in the reigns od Solomn, Afct Jodeh weasina Ekypt, the people re- idolatry, and Grd gave them Upto fanisand Chaldeans, (he fate dings Jehous, Jehoiakimn, Jchoiachin, and. dah, was unhappy. Provoked by Zesickia ‘Nebuchadnezzar invaded the kingdom, Yast numbers, and reduced thein 10) ity. Thus the kingdom of Judah was| out there hundrel and ‘Years afer its division from that Tn the seventicth year from the ty, tho Jews, acrording to the evict ‘king of Persia, who hu overturned the Chaldca, returned to their own coun- - See Nebemiah, Ezra. Vast numbers of who had agreeable rcttlements, reinaincd on. Afr theie return they rebuilt the z il if F cy i sn ui a ‘and city of Jerusalem, put away th renewed their covenait with ie ig i E or 3546, they escaped the ruin ‘Haman, About 4053, Daria Persia, ravaged part of Judea, great many prisoner. Wh inder was in Canaan, about 0, he cut firmed to them all their prin having built Alerandria, he set there. About fourteen years after, Ptolemy 1 the Greek king of Faypt, ravaged Jude and carried one hundred thousand prisoners to ‘ut used thein kindly, and assigned them many places of trust, About cight years alter, | fl ki 8 i i privileges, eator, ha mettle 1 Philadelphus, of Fgypt, ubout 3 tafe Sn aA, iy about 3KH, enraged with them for rejoicing at the report of his death, and the peculiar form of their worship, im hia retur from Egypt, forced his way into munderd forty thousand of years after he ordered his trons to pillage the ‘cities of Judea, and munier the men, and eel! ‘the women and children for slave Mt, were killed, and ten thousard prisoners Off: the temple was dedicated to Olympiug an iol of Greece, and the Jews exposed to the JEWS his sons, chiefly Judes, Jonathan, am who weye called Maccabees, bravely { their religion and liberties. Judas, whe oat hia father aboot 2840, gave Neane i terrible regained Pie’ and dediatal it owe" rotated worship, aud repaired Jerusalem, w almost in a ruinous heap. After bis det ‘than and Simon, his brethren, success ceeded him; and both wisely and bea moted the welfare of the church a Simon wan mucceeded by his won Hires subdued Idumea and reduced the 8a Tn 3899 he wag succeeded by his son ‘who reduce the Philistine, the co the capi the widow of Janneus, the nation was almost ruined with civil | 3099, Ariitobulusinvited the Romans to: against Hircanus, his elder brother.‘ try wax quickly reduced, and Jeruaalen forces and Popes, and a number of Bi pushed their way into the sanctuary, if the Holy of Holien, to view the furnitur Nine years after, Crastus, the Roman pillaged the terme of its valunblen” AB iad for more than thirty year cen @ ravage and blood, and twenty-four of w been oppressed by Herod the Great, F himself hnsalled in the kingdom, “Abot year, before fale Saviour rth, i jews! conwnt, to build the temy thin time the Jews had hopes of the : and about A.M. 4000, Christ, actus whom [Herod (instigated by the foar of | throne) sought to murder.” ‘I'he Jews, afew excepted, rected the Mewiah, an to death, ‘The seeptre was now wholly from Judah; and Jude, about twenty-ae before, reduced to a prosinew. ‘The Je that time, have been eeattered, conten seeuted, dnd enelaved among’ all nat xed with any in the common manner, xl as a ody dintinet by theme eres, ne ntiments of —The Jews ¢ reckon but fourteen urticles of their ait mouides a funous Jewish rabbi, reduce this number when he drew up their ¢ about the end of the eleventh centur eas generally ree All the Jewaa to lise and die in the len which are xs follow all things hing, und shall eigrnally Godalonought tse werctpec ana It by the prophets is_ true inthe bead and father of ull cont Tived before 9. T eset treatment. Mattathiag, the rie with God will give no other.—10. That Gadhere still an closely to the ‘as their dispersed and de- it them. "Tei of prayers, Fone They repeat bminge an paricupe femple. They re a abeets God, not only in their prayer but ou ‘xcdental occasions, and in almost all their wcioog ‘They go to prayers three times a day fa thir eynageguca, ‘Their sermons aro not maiein Hebrew, which few of them now per- fey understand, but. in the langunge of the where they reside. ‘They are forbidden ivan swenring, and pronouncing any of the tmas of God without necessity. They abstain fa meats prolibited by the Levitical law ; for ich mason, whatever they eat must be drvased blows and after manner peculiar to them- ‘eh “Av soon us a child can speak, they teach into rrad and translate the Bible into the lan- of the country where they live, In gene- ‘ifieyobwerve the sume cereinonics which were {Ree by their ancedtory, in the cvleration of “They acknowllge a two-fold law ‘¢ written and an unwritten one; the 5 the Pentatcuch, oF five fosca; the latter, they. pretend, was God to Moves, and handed down oral tradition, anid now tu be receiv- edatef eqaal authority with the former. ‘They Seibert of the aw, together wih friction. y deny the accomplishment « ica inthe temo of Clabes ae Messiah in not yet come, cS that he appearance with the greatest dy pomp and granu, subduing all nations Nee him, and subjecting them to the house of Since the prophete have predicted his ‘ma condition and. suffering, they confidently ‘tukkoftwo Messiahs ; one ‘Hon-Ephra ‘hota at to be a person of a mean and afflicted in this workl; and the her, Ben- who shall be a victorious and powerful au, pray Sor the souls of the dead, be ‘suppose there bs a paradine fort feb of rod men, where they enjoy glory in the Pear of God. "They belive that the souls of ‘wicked are tormented in hell with fire and is that some are conilemned to er fur ever, while otbern emtizne only for a lintel time; and this they ll purgatory, which is nut diflerent from hell = of the pace, but ofthe daration. ‘They no Jew, unless guilt yy OF ce fait crimes ‘specificd by the tabbing, shall co tinue in purgatory above a twelvemonth ; and = there are but few who sulter etemal panish- Almost all the modern Jews are Phavinees, eal aro us much attached to tradition os their an- exstors were; and amert, that whonver ejecta the oral law deserves death. Hence they enter- 1 #: HERS JEWS adhere to the text of Moses, rejecting the rabbi nistical interpretation. See Canarrea. ‘There aro will some of the Sadducces in Afri- ca, and in several other places; but they are few in'number: at least there are’ but very few who the | declare openly for these opinions, ‘There are to this day some remains of the an- thea of Mosen bat ave detpaed Wythe Jew, the law of Moses, but are despi because they reesive only the Pentateuchy and observe different cerrmonies froin theirs. declare they are no Sadducers, but acknowledge the spirituality and immortality of the soul— ‘There are numbers of this scct at Gaza, Damas- ‘cus, Grand Cairo, and in some other places of the cast; but especially at Sichem, now called Naplouse, which is risen out of the’ ruins of the ancient Samaria, where thes sacrificed not many ears ago, having a plnce for this purpose on Mount (trim, __ David Levi, a learned Jew, who, in 1796 lished “ Dimertations on the ies of the Gd Testament," observes in that work, that. deinm and infulelity have made such large strides in the world, that they have at length reached erento the Jewish nation; mane of whom, ro at this time so greatly with scepticiem, Teuling Bolingbroke, Ttume, Voltae, Ge. that they searcely believe in a revelation ; mach Jens havi they any hope in their futur ‘3. Jews, calamities of —All history cannot farnish us'with a parallel to the calamities and miveries of the Jewa; rapine and murder, famine and pestilence, within: fire and sword, and all the errors of war, without. | Our Saviour wept at the firesight 6f these calamities; and it iment imporaile for persone of any humanity to real the account without being alfected. ‘Tho predictions concerning them were remarkable, ‘and the calamities that caine upon them were the id ever maw. Deut. xxviii, xxi ne lat einaye sin oe ‘uch heavy ji ts Can any other be assigned than wha the Serpe ture assigns? UTheas ii 15, 16. "They killed the Lond Jesus and their own pr fant persecuted the aportles: and a filled up their wing, and wrath came upon them to the utterinont.” Tt is hanily to consider the nature and extent of their sufferings, and not conclute the Jews? own improcation to be larly fulfilled upon them, Matt xxvii, 25. 4 Lod be on us and our children.” “At Ceaaren twenty thourand of the Jews were killed by the Syriana in their mutual breils At Damascus ten thousand unarmed Jews were killed ; amd at Bethshan the heathen inhabitunts caused their Jewish neighbours to awist them against their brethren, and then niuniered thirty thousand of these inhabitanta, At Alexandria the Jews mur- dered multitudes of the heathens and were murdered in their turn to about fifty thousand, ‘The Romans under Vospesiau invaded the coun- te id took the cies of Galileo, qa ibmaida, Capemnaum, &. where Deen eeperisly rejected, and murdered nombers ‘ofthe inhabitants, At Jerusalem the sceno was nmiost wretched of all, “At the possover, when there méght be two or thrve millions of in the city, the Romane surrounded it with tron ‘trenches, and walla that none might escape. —.lLhr, ain - three diflerent factions within ‘one ag:JEWS other, Titus, one of the most merciful generals ij oll im his power to per. suade advantageous surrender, but they scorned every proposal. ‘The multitudes of unburied carcasea corrupted the air, aud pro- duced a pestilence, ‘The people fed on one an- ‘and even ladies, it is said, broiled their sucking infants, and ato them. After a siege of six months, the city was taken, They murdcr- Jew they met with, ‘Titus was save ‘Temple, but could not: there thousand Jews who had taken shelter in it, all burnt or murdered! The outcries of the | herds, Jewa when they saw it, were most dreadful: the whole city, except three towers and a small Dart of the wal were razd tothe ground, and foundations ‘of the teaiple and other places JEWS Egyit, Canaan, and Syria, the en harassed them.” Provoksd with the ning after pretended Mi a scarce left any of them alive in his d ‘Mesopotamia. In Persia, the Tarta them in mollitudes. In ‘Spain, Fer ‘secuted them furiously. About 1349, massacre of them at. Toledo forced ma to munler thenuelves, or th About 1253 many were murdcrod, ‘banished from France, but in 1275 1320 and 1330, the croimdes of the f who wasted the south of F sqered them ; benides fifteen handre murdered on, another occaion. In ‘were totally banished from France, few of them have entered that countr king Edward expelled them from Eng number of one hundred and sixty th the fitcenth, sixteenth, and sevente: rie, their miseries continued. In have been terribly used: from’ 1663 of | muner of them was so universal, thi ‘two hundred and fifty thousand that were cut off, besides vast numbers sent to Egypt to labour as ‘slaves. About fifty years after, the Jews murder- ‘ed about five hundred thousand of the Roman sub- fur which they wore severely punished by ‘rajan. About 130, one Barocaba pretended that ‘he was the Mewsiah, and raised a Jewish army of ‘wo hundred thousand, who murdered all the ‘beathens and Christians who camne in their way ; ‘but he was defeated by Adrian's forces. In t ‘war, itis said, about sixty thousand Jewn were nd perished. Adrian built a city on Mount Calvary, and erected @ marble statue of swine over the gate that led to Bethichem. No Jew ‘was allowed to enter-the city, or to look to it at a distance, under pain of dent's, Tu 360 they be- gan torebuild their city ain! temple; hut a terrible earthquake and flames of tire issuing from the earth, killed the workmen, and scattered their materials, Nor till the seventh century dunt they 20 much aa creep over the rubbish to bewail it, without bribing the guarls, In the thin, fourth, and fifth centuries, there were many of them furiously haramed and munlered. In the sixth century twenty thousand of them were slain, and aa many taken and wold for slaves. In 608 they were severely punished for their horrible ‘qmaseacre of the Christians at Antioch. In Spain, in 700, they were ordered to be enslaved. In the righth and ninth centuries they were greatly de- Tiled and abused : in some places they were made to wear-leathern girdles, and ride without Tupe on asses and mules, In France and Spain were much ineulted, In the tenth, eleventh, rela centuries their miseries ater in: creancd:: they were greatly persceuted in Egy. Bosides what they suffered in the East by ‘Turkish and sacred war, it is shocking to think ‘what multitudes of them the cight crobades mur- dered in Germany, Hungary, Lewer Avia, and elsewhero. In France multitudes were burnt.— In England, in 1020, they were banished ; and ut the coronation of Richanl 1. the mob fell upon them, and murdered agreat many of them. Atuut ‘ona thousand and five hundred of them were ‘burnt in the palace in the city of York, which they set fire to, themeclves, ufter killing their wives and children, In the thirteenth and four- teenth centunes their conuiuion was no better. In | exaped to Turkey, In Portugal and hhave bren miserahiy handled. Abot or eight hundred thousand were bat Spain. Some were drowned in thet Alrieas some by hard urage ; and mt carcames lay in the fields till the wik voured them, In Germany they ha many hankships, They have been ba: Bohemia; Bavaria, Cologne, Nurem ind Vienna : they have beem & ‘Moravia, and plundered ic 4. Jews, preserevtion of — of the Jews,” says Basnage, inerica which they have undergone € i they triuniph und they languish and vi Paganism Y with sinking 1 ‘which once covered the « Christian church, glor swan considerably dimink fo which it Was exposed: ir the breaches in it mm ice. But here we behok hated and persecuted for 1700 yeurs, « taining iteelf, and widely extended. often employed the severity of edicts ar of executioners to ruin it, ‘The sedi tudes, by munters anu masercres, have outrages against it still more violent Prinees snd peuple, Pazans, Mahomet tiang, disagreeing in vw many things, | in the design of exterminating it, am been able to nucceed. ‘The bush of rounded with flames, ever burns, ar cunaumed. The Jews have been € ferent times, from every art of fh hath only served to spread thet gion. From age to age they have be to misery and nd in spite of the ignominy sil the hat hath porsoed them in all places, wbilat |JEWS fallen, and nothing remains of oh “ whiel people ae terrible, extending to, the Be ante Sera ceremonies essential to their jean no more be observed : the ritual law, on the national worship, the Pagune ao moch that they sent victima to Jet for they have no temple, no oy Their land iteclf seems to lie anever-ceasing curse, Pagans, Christians, ina word, aluiost ‘all nations, bare bs tuyos aeized and held Jerusalem. ‘To the Jer only hath God refused the possession of this ‘wal trct of ground, 90 supremely neccesary for since he ought to worship on this mountain. A Jewish writer hath affirmed, that it ix long tar any Jew has heen seen settled near Jerusa- ‘ay sarely can they purchase ther sx fort of ‘urying-place. ae : sie a cen out Known flcterand fat fom nay the eat devign to tave'an odicm agninet ‘te naion froin ite. miseries, L conclude that it Rebs looked upon as one of thee protigies we admire without comprehending: since, ‘amit of evils so duruble, atid a patiene wo long itis ed hy a purticular prov fine. The Jow ought to be weary of expecting ‘tMeaiah, who #0 unkinully disappoints his vain layer: and the Christian onght to have his atten- i tnd hie regard excited towards men’ whom eserves, for. so great a length of time, un- et camities ‘which Frould he ‘been the total ‘in of uny other people.”” 4 des, number and dispersion of —They sarledad apon to be as numerous at present a they were formerly in the land of Canaun, Some. hve nted them at three milliona, ana others ‘mow than double that number, ‘Their dispersion buruarkable particular in this _ They Mmm all over the cast, and are settled, it it ma ia the remotest parts of China. ‘The ‘Turkis! ‘ape abounds with them. ‘There are more of ea at Constantinople and Salonichi than in Say otier place: they’ are spread threngh meet of lemons of Europe and Afriew, and many fami- esol them are established in the West Indi ‘to mention whule nations boning: on Pree ea go some diacovere in the in: america, if we may give any credit 8 WSirown writers” Their being alway in re ‘elinas (as Addison observes) while they had the Hay Temple in view, has excited mont iations to them. Besides, the whole people are now See of such merchants as are wanderers Peierion; and at the raine time are in most, if ‘tin all incapable of holding either lands them tomakeany part In addition to thi, we ‘consider what providential reasons may be for their numbers and dispersion. Their] EK fim adherence to their religion, and being dis- Premed all over the earth, has furnished every age ad nation with ‘the strongest arguments) fr the Christian faith; not only as these very ‘wticulars are foretold of them, bot as they them- sives are the depositaries of these and ull other rophecies which tend totheir own confusion and ssemaldishment of Chriaianty. ‘Their number JOACHIMITES farnishes us with a sufficient cloud of witnesses that attest the truth of the Bible, and their dis- persion spreads these witnesses through all parte of the world. 6. Jeses, restoration of —From the declarations lof Scripture we have reason to wuppose the Jews shall be called toa participation of the Heesin ‘of the Gospel, Rom. xi.; 2 Cor. ili 16; Hos. 1, ‘and some suppose shall return to their own land, Hon iii, 5; In Iv. 19, &.; Fark. xxxvi, Ag to the time, some think about 1866 or 2016, but this, perhaps, is not so cass. to determine alto- | getter. though i ie problieit will not be before the fall of Antichrist and the Ottoman empire, in their way. , avoid putting stunbling-blocks ; Tf we attempt any thing for their conversion, let it be with peace anil love. Let us, says one, propose Christianity to them, as Christ [propowed it to them. Let us lay before them their prophecies. Let us ehow them their accor P! i Let us applaud their hatred Of idolatry. Let. us show them the morality of Jems in‘our lives and tempers. Let uv never abridge their cicil likerty, nor ever try to foree their consciences. Josrphiue's Hist of the Jews ‘pect, No, $6, vii: Lene Ceremonies of the lewish Religim; Bustorf de Synagoga Sue nto: Spencer de Learns ed. Ri; Newion on Proph.; Warburton's Addrese to the Jews, ‘in the Dectication nf the 3d rel. of hin Legation y Sermon, prewhed tothe Jes at Berry Steet by Dr. Haweis and others ; an Orckley's Hist. of the ewe; Shaw's of Judaism ;-Fartiry on tan, wo ok ik p45, 7 Bichenu Thiet. of the Jeves ; Pirie's Pusth, Works, "ullera Ser, on the Mrasiah, HIN r ora, cian monk, and 9 great preter He relates of i in the church of that cit to him, by infusion, the knowledge ing and of the Holy Seriptures, mt Lombard, the nawter of the Sentences, who had maintained that there was Dut one ewence in Cod, though then: were three perons; and he pretended, that since there were {hee perwny there mnuet be three esencen, Hi Hie fllowery, the Joucinite, were. parti of certain fernariea,. “The F peratel from the Ve coming of the Son; the Son tron that ny viz. the year 12th; und the Fluly 8yirit hen fook it ap and om manner of living, into three the thre yersne of the ‘frat ternary wax that of nen in, the first class was that ed me which bad lasted during the who Jot th Father: the recund wan that of which lasted daring the time of the ‘was that of monks, wherein 1 mon effusion of grace by the Lely SpiritJUBILEE socond. was that of doctrine, viz. the Old TTeaament, the New, and the evetlasting Goe- they ascribed to the Father, the Son, and the third to the Holy Spi- ternary consisted in the manner of ‘under the Father, men lived according + under the Son, they lived according ‘and the spirit; and under the Holy hon they ere olive according tothe siitonl. JOHN, ST, CHRISTIANS OF. Sco Canteriaxe, JOY, « delight of the mind arising from the cousieration of» promot acre ‘approaching Possession of a future good. sn it is inod it in called gladness; when raid on a n to the highest degree, it is then exultation oF transport ; when we lint our desires by our possessions, itis contentment ; whon our desires fare raised high, and yet accomplished, thia is call- ed satisfaction ; when our joy is derived from ‘some comical occasion or amusement, it is mirth ; if it arise from considerable opposition that is vanquished in the pursuit of the good we desire, it is then called ériumph ; when joy has 90 long possessed tho mind that it is scttied into. tempet, we call it cheerfulness ; when we rejoice upon the account of any good which others obtain, it may be called sympathy or congratulation. ‘This ia natural joy; but there ig—2. A moral joy, which is a’ selfapprobation, or that which afives from the nce of any good actions; thin is called pence, or rerenity of conscience: if the action be honourable, and the joy may be called glory.—3. There {s also ‘py wich the Scripture cals a ii,” Gal, v.25, the Joy of fh,” Phil i. 98; and “the rejolcing of hope,” Heb, ii, 6 The objects of it are, 1. God himself, Ps. xi Je Ini. 10.—2, Christ, Phil fi. 3; 1 Pet. i, 8— 3. The promis, Px. cxix. 162—4. ‘The admin- intration of tho Gospel, and Goxpel ordinances, Pa Ixxxix. 15.—5. The prosperity of the intercst of Christ, Acta xv. 3; Rev. xi, 3.17.6. The happiness of a future state, ise of this joy —2. It is unknown 1 Gi UL Bnd vo. Breit; Grore's Mor. p. 356. Y OF GOD relates, 1. To the delight placenes he has in himerlf, his own na- —2. He rejuives in hisown 1.—A, In his Son Chriet Jews, 17.4. In ‘the work of redemption, 3 he subjects of his grace, Ps, fi. 175 Pas extix, 4, a public fewtivity.—Among the dovery 42Hh or ith yeur. I wl of ram? hore Sn wa mits the fan ay unl what grew of iteif belonged to the poor a Deeds fwhntever dchts the Tielavws uwed to one another were wholly remitted; hired ax well a8 bond seroanta of the Hebrew race oltwined their Bherty; inheritances reverted to their original See the 2th chap. Leviticun. - Ju- in a more modern sense, denotes u grand church solenmity or ceremony celebrated at hil. | kind a Rome, wherein the pope grants a plenary indul- tence oa inners; ak ent to ax many a vt JUDAISM the churches of St. Peter and St. Pan! at Rag VIL. in. 1300, which was only to return en Jpundred yegrs ; but the first celebration in wuch store of wealth, that Clement VI. 1343, reduced it to the periud of fifty year. V ban ‘VI. in 1389, appointed it to be ‘bed ew thirty-five year that bring the age of our £ viour; and’ Paul IT. and Sixtus £V, in Drought it down to every twenty-five, that ew son might have the benefit of it ‘once in| life. Bonifice IX. granted the privilege of ba ing jubilees to several princes and moonastedi, for Instance, to the mouks of Canterbury, Ww hhad a jubilee every fifty years, when flocked from all purta to visit the tam meas Becket, Arad julie Fane cnt : there ia generalls-one at the inangat tion of a new pope; and the pope grants them: ofien as the church or hima hase oceanoa 4 them. "To be entitled to the privileges of the Vile, the bull enjoins fisting, alu, anal peuyer It give the priests a full power to abwolve ine cus, ven thane oherwit reserved to the pot to make cominutations of vows, &c, in fers from a plenary indulgence, "During time of julilee, all other indulgences are pended, One ‘of our kings, siz. Edward I ‘caused his birth-day to be olwerved in the mans of alae, wen he became ity year fog in tater tere or afi, "Tih releasing prisoners, pardoni fence, €: cept tray rain god ay nd graatie many privileges to the people. In 164i ctlebratad a eolentn jubilee at Rome te being the centenary, or hundredth year fromthe institution ; and the same ceremony was obweret in all their houres throug! Supalst of thie denomination is placed under the nign¢ Adrian, For when this emperor had at leagy razed Jerusalem, entirely foundations, and enacted hws of the severe: le the sreatent part Jn’baletine, to prevent their bring, coufoanbe the Jews, ahandoned enti nd chove a bishop, namely, Mark, « # fon, und an alien froin the emma Those who were strong Joie rites separated five brvthren, and founded at Pera, a cou etn the neishhouring, parts, jattirala f Mewes maintaioe their rites and: rio, and distingn the names of New renea and Ehionite JUDAISM, the reli jescenniuts of Abraham. J dinpemsation, and 7 + at loud the ceremonial port of & a if of the Mewiah, Phe principal = the Jews were the Pharisees, who religion in external ceremony ; the who were remarkale for their incredulity; the Exeenes, who were distinguished fir austere sanctity. At present, the Jews have ®t sects; the Caraites, who admis no rule of religet——— 3 sre rrieeen nt tae JUDGMENT ‘of Moses; and the Rabbinista, who ote! the traditions of the Talmud. See ticles, cnd books recommended under ar- in thia work. ING, RASH, the act of carelessly, pre- ‘wantonly, of maliciously censurin; oo ‘is an evil which abounds too muct Inost all classes of men, ‘Not content. ! ing in the right ourselves, we must find | inihe wrong. We claiin un exclusive’ ‘of grodness and wisdom; end from; warmly of those who join us, we pro- | Seoclenn ‘with much acrimony, tot only | ‘pincipicg, but the characters of those frum ‘whoa wo differ. Wo rushly extenil to overy Gvilual the severe ‘which we have un- ‘warnntably conceived of a whole body. This man intfa party whore principles we reckon slavish ; ee ray are corny ted, fan belouge to rlifous art which we serseadmaed to deem bigoted, and therefore he iniacapable of any generous and Tiber though Anaher is connected with a sect, which ‘een tinght to account relaxed, and therefore can hereno sanctity, We should do well to consi- 1 Ths this proctice ofr juding i ae Int orton the saeal Serius Slat £8 Wo thereby atthe atest rt on ue kind.—3. It often evidences our nul bigotry.—1. It argues u want of rile dlstinguishing feature of the hei eigion.—5. They who are most forwant sy are often mint defective then whee Barrow's Works, vol. i, ser. Sr. I. vol, jis Saurin's Ser. ser. 1 CUGMENTT is that uct of the Ha He cf! 7 > a dat at i | Ht RE Beever disapproves of an action, or an objet uideral an true or fale ft or unt, 3 e_Dr. Watts sives us the following: 8 was us in judgng nght, 1. We tanine all our ol afresh, a1 iat was the grou feat were built on just eid ‘Suall cart off’ all ‘loo judgm ferme heretolore. without die exainin 8 All var ideas of objects, concerning whic! {Bes jalzment, shouldbe etear, distinct, complete, extensive, and orderly. When eave sbtulued a eltar ileus ee we can th OFthe subject and predicate of « propesition, then {we must compare those ileas of the subject and Beedicaie together with the utmost attention, and Sbverve how far they agree, und wherrin ‘they ‘Giffer.—1. We mut search for evidence of cruth with, and honesty, and be heartily wady toreceive evidence, whether for the agreement oF dimgrocment of idens—5, We must suspend our por h we jedgiocas and nether ati nor deny Sl the ne Fore hae We runt judge of every peculiar means he evidence of it i to be vei JUDGMENT ment to every proposition bear an exact tion to the different d fe should keep teen iogeen cea 3 We ‘truth, and never set limite to our own improve- ment, Watt's Logic, ch 4, p. 331 pad Understanding, p. 22, 256, vali D ‘Pid tats Jogis, p. i Yaleliceaat Powers, &eo, JUDGMENT, "PAs I’, the sentence that wil pawl on ur actions af the last day, roufe of a general are justice of God requires ity for is in nt that thia attribute is not clearly displayed the dispensation of things in the state, ‘Thess, i. 6 7; Luke xiv. 26.—2, The ac- cunationa of natural conscience are testimonies favour of this belief, Rom. ii 15; Dan. v. ; Acta xxiv. 25.—3. It may be concluded from the relation men stand in to God, as creatures to 2 Crvator.| He bas a right fo give them «am fd to inake them accountable or the breach of it, Rom, xiv. 12.—1. The resurrection of Christ Seo Acta xvii 31; Rom. + Matt. xxv. 4,10; 1 These.'iv. 16, Il.’ Ae fo the Judge: the Bible declares. that judge the word by Jesus Chri Acta IL“ ‘The triune God” will be the Sua cl tor pee eed i ot aie t, acconling. to the Ne three divine. pereonm the’ wort amiizaed to the Son, Romans xiv. 9. and 10, im his human nature, Jobn 15 ith peat power and ‘thea. iv, 16,175 vale to evry, ere + penetrating heart, 1 Cor. iv. 5, Rom. i, 14) with full authonty over all, Matt vi aa ating with arictJoation 9 for the concern of ethers in ihe jig it gathering the elect, raising tho ‘Dut not an advising or judging. — Seints lye the world; not as. co-judges ist, but as approversof his sentence, and ly ives atu conversations. will rive up in judgment against their wicked neighbours, Wii"ae to the persons that will be judged + thew will be men and devila. ‘The probably will be tricd fire, wn: tin Matt, xxv. ‘They will be rained firs, though perhaps not a thousand years before the rest, as Dr. Gall ‘aupponca; since the resurrection ofall the bodies of the stints is spoken of wt ina in the twinkling of an eye, at the last trump, in order to their meting the Lonl in the air, and being with Thim not on earth, Wut for ever in heaven, T Cor. 1 Thess is. 16, 17. Here we may take notice of ficult question which is proposed by some, namely, Whether the ian af God's people shall be published in the reat day, though ts certain they ahall not bo alleged ngainst them to their condemnation ? Phig nen, De, Rd wbedum igley, is one of the seeret ‘Stenined, whicther if be aenm, cons ‘hinge whch belong to God wich, he han not Bs figence, reason, or tcrtimon + | fully-or clearly revealed tous in his word: and ‘useful to have some general principles of trutl:| therefore gre can say little more than what is ‘settled in the mind, whooe evidence ia grvat and | matter of conjecture about it. Some have thought vious, tat they nay alwara be realy at hand that the sine of tha golly though forgiven, whl to assist us f | be mide manifevt that #0 the glory of that gare aes se in Jaling of eg erp cay of which has pardoned them may appear more ilua-JUDGMENT trioas, and their to God for this further enhanced. | They that the justice of the ‘of that day roquires it, wince itis presuuned and known by the whole world that {hey were prone to sin, as well en others; an conversion, t sinners as any, m1 ster it their sing hed «peculiar aggravation. Therefore, why should not they be ame publi, tx a glory doe 10 the justice and boliness of Goi, ‘whose nature is opposite to all sin? And this they further suppose to be neceesary, that so the ‘impartiality of divino justice may appear. More- ‘over, since God, by redording the sins of his snints an Seriptore, bas ‘the knowledge there- ‘if its to their bonour that the ainn there montioned were tas well as forgiven, why rosy it not be sappored that the sins of be- Tievers shall be made known in the great day? And, esis, thie seme ugrcale 0 these ex- action, [ibe brought into judgment whither it be good, or gphether be bad, at hs “But it is sy ‘others, that though the making known ofsin that is subdued and forgiven, tenda to the advancement of divine grace, yet it in ficient to answer this end, as far as God de- signa it shall be answered, that the sins which havo heen subdued and forgiven, should be known to themselves, and thus forgiveness affort matter of praine to God. Again; the expressions of Scripture, whereby forgiveness of sin ix art forth, are much ns ecem to argue that those sine which were forgiven shall not he made manifest : thus they are enid to bo Wotted out, Isa. alii, 253 co- tered, Pa, xxxii 1; subdued ‘and cast into the JUDGMENTS V.. As to the time of judzment ; the x be either happy or raiserable immediate! death, but the general judginent will nat after the resurrection, Heh. ix. 27. The day appointed, Acts xvii. 31, but if is unl to ‘men, ‘VIL As to the place; this alo in une Some suppose it will be in the sir, héean Ture wil come in the clouds of henvem « ii ints will then be changed, and th saints raised, and both be caught up to wm Lord in the air, 1 Theas iv. 16,17. Othen it will be on the earth, on the neve earth, oo they will descend from the air with Chri, place where, however, is of no consequence, compared with the state in arhich we shall a And as the Scriptures represent it as a Koel. xi, 9; unirersah, 2 Cor. v. 115 Rom, ii. 5; decisiee, V Cor, xv. 525 a an toits consequences, Heb, vi, 2 let oat cerned for the welfare of our immortal int flee to the refuge net before ws, improve ou ions time, depend on the merits ofthe Red and adhere tothe dictates of the divine wos we may be found of bit i Works, p. 449; Bishop on the Last Judgment; play of tions, families, aint hale depths of the vea, Micah. vii. 19, and remembered xix. 3 . no mare, &e. Jer. xxxi. 31. Besides, Christ's | 7; her ©. 14, with chap. ¥ being a judge, doth not divest him of the character X12; Acta ¥. Lito] of an advocate, whove part is rther to conceal the VSam. xv. 95 | Kings sik i ‘crimes of thone whoae exuse he pleads, than to di- vvalge them ; and to this we may add, that the law which requires duty, and forbide the contrary ame in nat the tule ‘by which ther who are ‘hrist are to be proceeded against, for then t conld not stand in judgments hut they are dealt with acconling to the tenor of the Gospel, which forgives and covers all sin, And, further, it ix gr that the puis dciaing of all thet ing b the whole workd, notwithstanding their in- terest in forgiving grace, would fillthem with such uhame ax is hardly consistent with a state of per- fect biensednees, And, lastly, the principal argu- ment insisted on ix, that our Saviour, in Matt. xxv, in which he givesa particular account of the proceedings of that day, makes no mention ef the 1, but only commends the graces of lin saints.” ‘As to the wicked, they s! be julged, ‘and all thee thoushts wonls, fd dee | ‘rought into judgment, Ece. xii, 14. The fallen angela, also, ‘are said to be reserved unto the judgment of the great day, Jude 6. ‘They shall reccive their final sentence, and be shut upin the prison of hell, Rev. my Matt, viii, 29. i ". Aa to the rule of judgment ; we are in- formed the books will 4 ‘opened, Rev, xx. 12— 1. The book of divine omniscience, Mal. iii. 5; or remembrance, Mal, ii, 16.—2. ‘The book of conscience, Rom. i, 1.—3. ‘The book, of Provi- dence Rom. ii. 4, 5.—4, The book of the Seri 1d Gospel, John xii 48; Rom. i. 163 oflife, Luke x. 20; Rev. ii, Tt becomes us, however, to be exceedi tious how we interpret the eexere and af dispensation of Prosidence. Dr. Jortin observes, thot there ix ustally much rashne presumption in pi of sinnere are particular j saith he, if trom aucted atul profine, from s and modern historiuns, a collection were o- all the cruel, pereecuting tyrants who. tig tonnenting their fell tures, und not the common death of all men, nor were alfcr the visitation of all men, bt w hose | were horrib atulstranse, even a sceyic w. ovedul the evidence, and would beat to that it was over», that the hand of God it, As Dr. Jortin was no enthusiast, Sho rout nt or incipally follow Tithe ‘most remarkable instances, Hered the Great wan the fast Christianity. He attempted to Christ himself, while he was yet bi for that wicked purpose slew all ‘dren that were in and about: Leia ‘wan the consequence? Josepliur hath Ihe had long and grievous sutferiny, a t fever, a voracious appetite, u difficulty of ing of ‘Mis Lube, thane within and without, breeding vermin, viol ments and convulsions, sv that be ender to kill himself, but was restrained by h ‘The Jews thought these evils to be divin ‘ments upon him for his wickednces, AnJUDGMENTS JUDGMENTS wall more remarkable in his case is, he left a/and, not being able to contain himeelf, he leaped ‘smerous family of children and grand-children, | out of hie bed, as if he were tortured with fire and thagh be hed put some to ‘and yet in| put tothe rack. His distemper inereaned till his ‘dot the space uf one hundred years the whole | entrails were all corrupted, and came out of his fenily was extinct. body; and thas he perished, an signal an exam- ‘Berod Antipes, who beheaded John the Bap-| ple as ever was known of the divine justice ren- ‘it ond Sai Chr cones when dering to fhe wicked ‘according to their deeda, ‘brought before him, was defeat ‘aius, the Roman emperor, was a great perse- th lcutor of the Jews and Christians, and a blasphe mouth. Upon which the apostle said, eae the, Pow hed all Whe paka thar frogbetialy ook, me Sica to may; tat bean i at wen ine tter be was alain, together with his brother, by ioe ‘Annoy, the high priest, slew St. James the hich and other outages be was de ihe Vounget a red fs a Len denrortn of Jorn, ry in the year sixty-four, turned his rage het ‘Christians, and put to deuth' Peter and with many others. ‘Four years after, in his ga be, attempt to kill bine alts ‘but Epehaitel td uty abe wa 1, be F elal and crue, be lial not the resolution go do het pice of jintice to the world, and was forced ‘hey amisance. Denitiun persecuted the Christians also, It ‘endl be threw St.John inton caldron of boiling $3 ool afterwards banished him into the isle of ‘Patmoa, In the following year this inonster of was murdered Uy his own people. ‘The Jewish nution persceuted, rejected, and Shi the Lont of glory. Wohin afew years ‘der, their nation was destroyed, and the ‘ade their plagues wonderful. nor of Egypt near the time lent persccutur Catullus was governor of Libya shout the Parenenty ihtee’ He was alot ctunl perme tor of the Jews, and he died miserably. For be was only turnout of his alfoe by tho Rewans, yet he fell into a complicated at funlte diseas, being sorely tormented both in boly and mind. He was dreadfully ter ified, out that he was haunted in-| livered upon the best autho mer of the God of hicaven. Soon efter his atrock ties, however, he was murdered by one of his own people. i Severus, emperor of Rome, was a violent and erual of the followers of Christ. He, also, and all his family, perished miserably, about ‘the year two hundred aller our Saviour. ‘About the same time, Saturninus, Africa, persecuted the Christians, and put seve- aaa death, | Soom after, be ment ind fun, the exaperor, brought a new to Rome, and would needs compel all his sub- jects to worship him. "This was sure to have ‘ended in & persecution of the Christians. But, foot afer, this vile moneter was slain by hia own soldiers, about the year two hundred und twenty- two, Claudius Herminianus waa a cruel persecutor of the Christians in the second century, and be ‘was eaten of worms while ho lived. Decius persecuted the church about the year foo hundred and fy he was wom afer kill in battle. Gallus succeeded, and continued the perveeu- tion, He, too, was killed the yeur fllo ‘Valerian, the eraperor, had many good qual ties: hut yet he was an implacable enemy to the Lord Jewoa Christ and his Gospel. | Some time after he eae tote throne, he wan takn prisoner by Sapor, king of Persia, and used like « slave ba dogs for the Deretin. metre, fron tie to time, ob eiuperor to bow well down, and offer h ruck, on whieh to act hia fixd, in order to moult his chariot oF hia hore. Ife died in this miserable wlate of ty. “mor of about two hun. ent ponmceutor of le was woul afer strane gled by onler of the emperon : “Avian, the empenrn, just intending to begin a pervecuticn again’ the fllowens of Christ, was Killed inthe year two hunulred and seveut Masininuy wae a perccutor of the He reygnel only thrve years, and then fell undet the hats of vekewce, ‘About the year three hundred was the greatest possible contest between Christ and the Pinpeturs which should have the dom ‘Thewe Mlustrious wretchen seemed deteriined to Mot out the Clhriatian race and nan feom under bewsen. ‘The persecution, wun fur pore fierce fand brutal thant hod eset been, TL war time, therefore, for the Lord Jesu Chiat the great ia ot ey tar andl i enusey und oy indeed, he did. ‘Lhe examples fre have mentioned ure drewlfal: these that fae Tow ore not lene astonishing, and they are all de- Digcletian persecuted the chureh in three hun dred and three. Al ‘ever prospered, with him, He unde yy troubles: his byte phewes SC eet won, bo had spared sensesbecamse imyaired,JUDGMENTS Severus, another persecuting emperor, was overthrown and put tu death in the year thre hundred and seven, ‘About the rame time, Urbanus, govemor of Palestine, who had signalized himself hy torment- ing and destroying ‘the disciples of Jesus, met with his due reward; for almost immetitely af ter the erucltics cominitted, the overtook him. He was unexpectaily d and deprived of all his honours; aud, dejected, diaspirited, and meanly boyzing was put to death hy the samo hand that raised hisn. Firmlianug ancther perweuting governor, _Marimianan Urol another of the wretch all persecuting emperors, was compelled to bang, Limelf, in the year thrre hundred and ten. ‘Murimianus Galerit, of all the tyrants of time the mont cruel, was seized with a grievous and horrible diseese, and tormented with worms and uleers to such a degree, that they who were ‘gnlered to attend him could’ no bear the stench, ‘Worm proceeded from his body in a inost fearful manners and several of his phyvicians were put to death because they could not endure the smell, and others because they could not cure him, ‘This happencd in the year of our Lonl thre bunilred and eleven. ‘Maxentiug, another of the inhuman monsters, was overthrown in battle by Constantine; and in is light he fell into the Titer, und wax drowned the year three hundred and twelve. us put out the eyesof many ina. Soon after the comm gad a hie ‘Valens wis imate emperor i a Christian hinwelf, he in foutscore preahsters,,who differed from him in opinion, to be put to wa, ancl urnt alive in the hip. Afterwants in a battle with the Goths, he was defrated und womuuly, and fled to u cote tage, where he wae humt alive, as most histori ane felate: all ugrve that be perished, ‘The last Payen prince, who enemy to Christianity, was Rad Of the Gotha He invaded with an army of 100,000 1 408, and vowed to merifice all the Rema to Galt The Romany however, fought his, und | slow that it was a chvire punishinen JUDGMENTS cltained a complete victory, taking blm and tonn prisoners, whom they put to death. Tiunneri, the Vandal, thoogh =. Chie srov u nnd cruel pernecuter of toe who di from him in o hout the year of our I 181. He npared not even those of his own suanion, neither his friends nor his kindred, Trigned, however, not quite eight earn, and wih to the eatectoune ic sopra jilian the ayostate greatly oppressed tianas and he feriahed soon wher, in hia ah peat inet the Persians. eral of thowe who were employed er] mitted hy Julian to persecute the Christians sail to have perished nuiserably and remartal Twill here relate the fate of a few of thom happy wretches in the wonls of ‘Tillemoat, fully cllected the account from the wpe “We have olwerved,” saya that learned m “that Count Julian, with Felix, superiniendt of the finaners, anit Edpiding, ‘emperor, apestates all three, liad reccived ond to go and seize the effects of the church at A toch, and carry them to the teerars. , They it on the day of the martyrdom of St and drew up an acrount of what they hed sein But Count J ‘not content with taki | vemels of the church, and p them hy his impure hand greater lengths the outrage he was doing to. hhrist, he overturned amt flung them dows: the ground, and sat upon them in a most crim smanner: ailing to thi all the banter and canis that be coukd devise against Chris a Iguinat the Christiuny, who, Be atk, weve at tendent, Agnalized tims + for as he was views inward parts being corrupt il his exeremenite nt Tstwetgen, but fron. his nieent uth, which head uttered so many bss, Lea His secret parts, und oll the flewfi rout abe them, corrapted alse, and brad worn the onfina all the Ind eo coutkl give inn no relief. he continued forty days, without hy worms. At eng ¢ impostliuan Be and the wera ®ib reduced. hin to thet te threw ther yy wits we ict three days of his lise, h he himself could not bear. ‘The, income wit which Gad sited Pa war tiot lon dle of his body, and diva of an ell in the courve of one day Elpidiun was stripped of his effecte in 3684 of phy: comliis shut up in prison, wher after having contin for sowe tiie, Le died without reputatoa |JUSTICE, nour, cursed of all the world, and surnamed © Apostate. ‘Te thee inetances mang more might be aided times, did our roum permit. are sufficient to show us what is to fall into the hands of the and awful it is to to attempt to stop the Why do the heat the heathen ‘vain thing? He ‘shall laugh; the Lond in derigion. ‘Thou shalt, break of iron ; thou shalt dash them to ers warel. Be wise now, there 5 be i ye judges of the the Lond with fear, anid rejoice with Pati, Jortin’e Remarks un Recle- vol, iii, p. 216, &e Simpoon's Newton on the Pro- the Proj Wepce of Bi @ Bay Tilemont, Histoire dee TBDICTOM DEI, o Sudyment of Gol, wae ‘erm anciently applied to all extraoniinary triala fect crimes; as those by arm and single tmabet; and the ordeals, or those hy fire, or red het bby plunging the arm in boiling ‘water, the whole body in cold water, in hopes tha Ged woold work @ miracle, rather than suf feat and innocence ‘to perish, ‘Those, cus were a kept upeven. ¢ Chris a they bre ail fn teeth some nlione ‘Trak of thie sort were usually held in churches, inthe ‘of the bishop, priest, and seculur lester three dar fete, confeion, com ‘many adjarations and ceremonies tersied at large by De daring the time allotted for re Feerentip. | This singular prnctce began, it ‘mid in the western part of \Walex, about the 1780,_Te was moon after defended by Mr. an: Williams, (the Welsh port, as ‘enstines called,) in a pamphlet, which was pa- ‘need by the abettors of juinping in religions fewabier, Several of the inore zealous itinerant Pacers encouraged the people to cry out go- (the Welsh wond for glory,) amen, &e. to put themaelves in violent auitations; and, fealy, to jump uAtil they were quite exhaunted, ar often to be obliged fo fall down on the tloo? "held, where this kind of worship was hell. JUSTICE ome a = Rie and serupu tm regurd to the Fights of others with & del te to presere them on all occasions end and inviolate. It is often divided into vamulatire and distrdbutire justice. The for- = consista in an equal exchange of benefits; ‘elater in an equal distribution of rewards and Titments, De. Watie, give, the fillowing ths renpocting justice. —" just that we ‘Roar, reverence, andl Feepect those who are wu- ‘Hov'in any kind, Fpl 51 Pet. ii 173 Tim. v. 17.—2. That we show particular kind- to near relations, Prov. xvii. 17.—a. That ove those who love us, andl show gratitude to amy ho have done un goa Gal 1S wre pay the full due to thowe whora we tain or deal with, Rom. xiii; Deut. xxiv. | $5. That we help our fellow-crentures in JUSTIFICATION : jured.” _ Watl'e Serm. ver. 94, 28, vol. iis ery Street Lact er. bua Greed Ser, Pd. vol. ston’s Relig. Bat tly Joye Seymevat ae peisks JUSTICE OF GOD is that perfection where- ‘by he in infinitely rightcous and just, both in himself and in all his linge with hiv crca- tures, Mr. Ryland defnesit thus: “The andeat inctnation of his will to prevcribe equal laws at the eupreme governor, and to diprwc equal rer twards and ponishimerte es the supreme Jo Rev, xvi, 54 Pa. exlv. 7; xevii. 1.—2. It is die tinguished into remuneratire and punitive jum tige. Remunerative justice is a distribution of reward the rule of which ie not the merit of the is own gracious promis, Jnnies i & Punitive or rindictire jue ition of punishment fo i jcomunitted by men, 2 Gb will not It in go unpunished isevident, 1. From the seo of xkxis. 6, 7; Numb. xiv. nN 1R—1. From all th h men bear in the pr ‘The use we should make of this doc learn the dreadful nature of sin, vitable ruin of impenitent sinners, Pa, ix. 172. We should highly vciute™ the Lonl Jenux Christ, in whom. justice in wished, T'Pet. iii, 13, We should ‘imitate the justice of Gost, ‘hy cherixhing an anlent regan to the Tighta of God, and tu the rights of 4. We should abhor all win, as it strik fort from the considcration that the judie of all the earth will do right, an it mgardsvunelves the church, and the world at large, Paal. xevii. 1, Ryland Contemp, vol. ii. p. 4 Germomy, lib, xi, ch. &.$ 11; Dr. Sustice of Gad 3 Gill's Body of Divinity, p. 135, vol. i Bos Elisha Cole on the Righteousness of God. JUSTIFICATION, a forensic term, and signitien the declaring of pronouncing a permon Fightcous according to law. It stands opposed to cotalemnation ; and this is the idea of the word whenever it in uscd in an evangelical ens, Rom, vy. IR; Deut, xxv. 15 Prov. xvil. 155 Mutt, xii.37, Tt doce not signify’ to make men holy, but the holding and declaring them wo, It is defined by the awembly thus: An aet of God free grace, in which be pardoneth al our sina, and wcceyteth, lux as righteous in bis sight only’ for the right. cousnens of Christ imputed to us, and reecived by faith alone. ‘The doctrine of justification, says Mr. Booth, makes a very dodinguished figure in that religion which ix from above, and is a capital ticle of that faith which was once delivered to the saints, Far from being a merely speculative’ point, it prende its influence through the while body of Geinity, rune through all Christion experience, ‘and operates in every part of practical yodliness, Such ia ita grand importance, that a midako ‘about it has « malignant efficary, and is attended with a long train of dangerous consjuences. Nor can this appear strange, when itis com ed, that the doctrine of justification ia 0 ouben s-of great necemity, Ex. xxii. 4—6. Repe- ton to thoes whom we have wilfully in-| Being of 219 than the way of aainners acceptance with God, ‘such peculiar moment, iti inseparably. JUSTIFICATION connected with other ‘truth, eeSreay and bey of which Se camace ne hold while this is misunderstood. It in, if any thing maybe so calle, an exential art, and ote ets ee serious eae justification, in # theological sense, is either legal or evangelical. If eny person could be found that had never broken the divine law, he might be justified by it ina manner strictly legel. But in this way none of the human race can be justified, or stand acquitted before God. For all have sinned; there is none rightegus; no, not one, Rom. iii, Assinners, they are under the ‘sentence of death by his righteous law, and ex- ‘cluded from all hope and merey. ‘That justifica- tion, therefore, about which the Seriptures prin- pally treat, end which reaches the case of a sinner, is not by o al, but an imputed Fighteousness; a righteouances without the law, Rom. ii. 21; provided by grace, and revealed in the Gospel ; for which ‘reason, that obedience by which a sinner in justified, and his justification itedlf are called evangelical. In this affair there is the most wond diss of divine justice and boundless grace. Of divine justice, i'we re- ee the ineritorious cause and ground on which Tustifier proceeds in absolving the condemned ‘sinner, and in pronouncing him righteous Of boundless grace, if we consider the state and character of those ‘to whom the bleating ie granted. Justification may be further distin- ‘as being either at the bar of God, and in court of conscience; or in the wight of the ‘world, and before our fellow creatures. The for- ier Iatter is by works. ‘To justify, iv evidently a divi tive. It de God, thal justifeth, Rom. vil. 38. "That vo. ‘pig Being, againet whom we have vo greatly offended, whese law we have broken by ten thou- sand acta of rebellion again him, has, in the ‘way of itis own appointment, the sole right of sequitting the guilty, and of pronouncing them Righteous ‘Hetappotate the war, provides the means, and imputes the righteousniens Hin agreement with the demanis of hia of ied Law, and the rights of his violated justice, Bat although thia act fa in some places of ‘the in- Gallible word more particularly appropriated per- fonalls to the Father, yet itis manifest that all the ‘Three Persons ate concerned. in this grand and each performs a distinct part in thix ‘particular, an also in the whole economy of ralva- Bon, The eteral Father pointing the wa rform the conditions of Ein, Teo. vi 32; the divine Son ua enjoged fo ‘sustain the curse, and make the atonement; to fulfil the tering and provide the righteousness by which we are justified, Tit. i. M5 and the Holy rit as revealing to sinners the perfection, euit- eness ‘and firences of the Seviour's, work, enabling them to receive it ax exhibited in the Gospel of sovereign grace ; and testifying to their consciences complete justification by it in the court of heaven, John xvi. 8, 14. ‘As to the objecte of justification, the Scripture ingedly, For thus that ork eth is the reward of justification, and of eternal life ax connected witht; nol reckoned of grace, brat of debe, Bt to hlen that worketh not but bo- by mere grace through faith; and the | be JUSTIFICATION Heveth on Frm that justifeth—whow! toous? the holy? the eminently pions rily, bot the ungodly » his faith, or the he believes, is counted unto him for righ Rom.iv.4, 5; Gal fi. 17. Here, then, that tho enbjects of justification, com themselver, are not only destitute of Tightevusness, bat have performed works at all. They sre denominated + dered as the ungodly, when the bless stowed upon them. “Not that we are stand that such remain ungodly. 1 Dr. Owen, ‘that are justified, were | goily: but all thet arc justifed, are, at instant, made golly.” ‘That the ime: however, is the subject of justification from hence. ‘The Spirit of Gea), speaki Scripture, repeatedly declares that we an hy grace.” But grace stands in direct « to works, Whoever, therefore, i ja grace, in considered an abeolutely wmv that very instant when the Mewdng is w to him, Rom. ii. 24. ‘The person, there is justified, elf, fied, it may be observed that th Being can scquit none without a teournent. Justification, as befor evidently a forensic term, and the thing U2 jest whut rahtenuznesy te justified without righteousness, ¢ ‘woul noe be acconling totruths t would and unrighteous sentence. ‘That rights which we are justificd must be equal tothe tothe aw fer relict? Sha ice and zeal to the perfor ty 'T to attain the desired 6 ponile yooitively affirm that there is t ‘by the reorka of the lowe reasons are evident. Qur nighteousne perfect, and consequently cannot justify or seer hy the works of ten it grace: it would not be a trithnut worka-—'There woul be no ot Fighteourness of Christ; and lastly, if tion were by the Jaw, then housting wot couraged; whereas God's design in tl scheme of salvation is i Eph. ii, 89. Nor is faith itself our news, or that for the sike of which Wwe are for, though believers are sid to be ju faith, yet not for faith faith can only dered ax the itrument, and net the cau faith is not our righteoumew, is evident following Jerationw : No ma fects und, if it werr, it would not be ey! demand of the Jaw. It couldn fore, without an error in judginent, be + complete righteousnewa But the jud, God, ax before proved, is acconiing tot according to the rights of his law. ‘1JUSTIFICATION nee by ca Greg in justified is called the ‘Meousncse of faith, righiconmnese by faith, Pe epee retail to Skt ently, cannut be faith itself. ‘4 of justification, stands op} kim ‘thet worketh not but believeth. Now, if were our justifying righteousness, to cot im such a fight ‘would be highly improper. For gach a connexion it falls onder the considern- ‘of a work; a condition, un the performance Ewhich our acceptance with God ix manifeutly To Tf faith ai thee ‘that Cite of ‘We are accepted, then rane heliocers are — hy a more, and some Chee pertiet nae, in exnct proportion to the wtrenzth weakness of their fathe That which is the ind of the law is our righteousness which cer- to all worka: nly isnot faith, but the obelionee of our ex: substitute, Rom. x. 4. Were faith itself ‘mr justifying righteourt we might depend Aga k Before Go, and mice in it, So that, endag to this hypntheis, not Chri, ot hhh ithe capital thing ; the object to which wo ‘und bok, which is absunl. When the apostle tom, “fith was imputed to him for righteour- ix" his main dedign wus to prove that the tterml Sovervign justifios freely, without any toe in the creature. Noris man's obedience to the Gospel as toa {ew ant milder Law the matter of hia justification ‘eae God, It wana notin that snne youre a0 dtsiod, that a relaxation of the law, and the ‘eretes of it, ha» been obtained by Christ a bby him, which is the Gopal; the terma of which are faith, repentance, tad obedience; and though these are imperfect, JS Ring sincere, they are acrepted of ny God, ‘the room of @ perfect rightroumness. But rey put of thin scheme is wrong, for the law inn relaxed, nor any of its severities abated ; ther is no alteration made in it, either a Bet fo ite precepts oF penalty : besides, tl weheme is absurd, Toe i snp ‘that the law: ‘Which a man is now under requires only an im- Pfect obedience ‘an imperfect righteour- Wm cannot answer its demands; for every law ‘aires perfect obedience to its own precepts and J's roman of eliginy nor sincrty 2 good works, at all the ground of our accept (ga with Giod, for all oar righteousness is im- ete, and must therefore be entirely excluded. By grace, saith the aportle, ye are sated, not of lest any man should boast, feddes, the Works of minctification and justifica- ima are two distinct ome ia work grace within men; the other an act of grace Wor towanis nen: the one is imperfoct, the ter complete; the onecarriol on grails, mother done at once. See SaxcririvsTios, 1 then, ore cannot possibly be j oar own performances, nor 13 by the grace of the Holy Sp ‘en shall we find a righteousness hy w! a bo justified ‘The Scripture furnishes us. ith an answrer—" By Jeyus Christ all that be- sm are justified from all things from which tg coald not be justified by the law of Moser.’ 33, 30. “Ho was delivered for our nd’ raised again for our justification,” 5, “Being Juatied by bie Nood we JUSTIFICATION aball be saved from wrath through him,” Rom, 1. ‘The apotless obedience, therefore, the bit. ter sufferings, and the accursed death of our hes venly j, constitute that very righteournesn by which sinners are justified before Gol, ‘That this righteousness in imputed to us, and thet we ‘are not justified by e personal righteousness, ap ra from the Scripture with muperior evidence. ppg ig oe ae pclegc tr yeneed piar righteous,” Rom. v. I! ‘He hath made him to ‘te «in for ns, who knew no sin, that we might be anade the righteonspeas of God in him.” 2 Cor, v.21; “And be found in him, not having mine own righteousness which is of the law, but that which i through the fuith of Christ; the righ teouaness which ix of God by faith," Phi a See also Jer. xxi Dan. ix. 24; the whole of the 2 clinp. of Galatians, "See articles RECON- LF ‘Ar to the propertice of justification: 1. Ite an act of God's free grace, without any merit eae in the ee Rom. ie 2 itis ‘an act of justice ax well as grace ; the law being: perfectly fulfilled in Christ, and divine justice satixfied, Rom. Pa. Ixxxv. 10. Its rt—SsS f no degrren, John xix. 30.—4. I r, and an unalterable act, Mal. iii. 6. ; . time of justification, eee oe as 1. Some have distinguished it into We, vita, actual Decree, ie Cot 1 purpose to justify sinner in time by 2, Virtual justification his w re ference to the satisfretion. made by Chtist.— when we are enabled to believe in christ, and by faith cera tohim Others say it is eternal, beenuse his Teapecting it tras from everlasting and that; ee the Almighty stew his people in Chit they wer, of cones. quence, justiGed in his sight, But it appears to the, that the principle on which the advoeates for this doctrine have proceeded is wrong. They have confounded the design with the execution ; for if this distinction be not kept up, the ctmost perplexity will follow the ‘onsdieraton of every subject which relates to the decrees of God; nor shall we be able to form any clear ideas of his moral govemment whatever, ‘TO my, 98 0D does, that the eternal will of God to justify men isthe justification of them, is not to the purposes for upon the suine ground we might as well aay thot the eternal will of God to convert and glo- tify hie people is the real conversion and glorifi- fention of them. ‘That it was eternally deter mined thet there should be a people who should Veliove in Christ, and that his ri should be imputed to them, is not to be disputed; these things were really done (which we must ray if we believe ‘ternal justification, this would be absurd. It is more consivtent to believe, that God from eter nity laid the plan of justification ; that this plan was executed ‘the life and death of Christ; + nd that the blesing i only manifete, received, and enjoyed, when we are. regenerated ; so thal no man can ray, 67 has anv reason to conclude, he in jurtitied, until he believes in Christ, Ro- mans ¥. i. ‘The efete ar Bearings of jusifeation, are 1. An entire freedom from ail penal evils in Wife, and that which is to 1Cor. ii, $e Peace with God, Rem. v. 1G. Accom to tKNIPPERDOLINGS God through Christ, Ephesians fi, 12.—4. Ac- ceptance with God, Ej W—5. Holy Confidence and security under all the dificult fand troubles of the prevent state, 2 Timothy 12-46, Finally, eternal salvation, Romans vi 30; v. IH. ‘Thus we have given as comprehensive a view of the doctrine of jusifation as the narure of this work will adinit; a doctrine which is found- ed upon the mcred Scriptures; and which, #0 far from lewling to Ticentiousness, as soine sup- pow, is of all others the most replete with mo- tivew’ to love, dependence, and obedience, Rom. vi 1,2 A doctrine which the primitive Chris- KNOWLEDGE tians held as constituting the very easems system; which our reformers cunsiden ‘most important point ; which our venen tyre eloriod in, and sealed with their bb ich, as the church of England obse ‘very’ wholesome doctrine, and fall of + Sce Dr. Owen on Justification; Rea Justification; Edwards's Sermons 0 Lime-Street Lect. p. 350; Hercey’s Th Ampasio, and Eleven Letters; With Connezion between Justification and | Gill and Ridgley's Div.; but expec Reignas Greve to which io lcd part of the above article. KEITHIANS, a party which separated from the Quakers in. Penneytvuitia in the year 1691. ‘They were headed hy the fumous George Keith, from whom they derived their name.” These who persisted in their acparation, after th Header deverted them, pructisnd baptism, and re- ceist'l the Lonts Supper. This party were wlio calle! Quaker Baptis!s, because they retained the langiiage, devs, and manner of the Quakers POWER OF TIT reference ty ecclesia the power of excommunicating and aly solving, ‘The Romanists say that the pope haw the power of the kers, and can open and shut panudise as he pleases; grounding their opinion on that expression of Jesus Christ to Peter—* ill give thee the keys of the kingulom of heave ‘Matt. xvi. 19. Bui every one must sev that this is an abwlute perversion of Scripture: fur the oys of the kingdom of heaven inost probably refer to the Gospel dispensation, and denote the power and authority of every faithful minister the Gospel, the sacraments, and exerrise government, t y mitted to or exeluded from the church, as ix pro- See ADWLLTION. Tn St. Gregory we read that it was the custom for the popeto ‘send a gublen key top wherein they incl ttle of the filings o Peter's chain, kept with such devotion at Rome, and that these Keys were worn in the bower, as ing supposed to contain some wonderful vir- tuca! hhas been the wupersition uf past ages KIRK SESSIONS, the name of a petty ecelo- astical juticatory in Seotland, Each parish, acconlingto el into wvera arti ts every one of which hasitauwnelder ons te ovenen it. A_conistory of the iiniers elders and deacon of a patinh form a kirk wession. “Pheve meet once a werk, the 1 nister bring their molerator, but without a tive voice, ” It regulates inatters relative to pu worship, lection, catee initutions, & It juin in mutters of less as‘udaltery, are left tothe p ‘pues an apyeal lies fro Rlirk sessions and poor KIND iy o Chauters Gmeruasese KNIPPERDOLIN |GS, © denomination in c | knowledge. —5. K. . the 16th century; so called from Knippenloting, who taught that the before the da ment shall have 8 on earth, and the wicked be destroyed are not justified by their faith in Chris that there iano original ain; that infan rot be baptized, and that inumersion is | that every one has « men are not obliged to pay Frspret to mamg all things ought to be in. common, | rfl to anarry KNOWLEDGE is defined by Mr.° be the perception of the connexion anda or disagreement and tepugnaney of @ Ttalyo denotes learaing, or the improm ulties hy readiug; experience, oF Surg new ideas o tray by sing of objects, and making observations up in our own minds, No man, says the © Dr. Watts, is obliged to learn and kne hing thie can neither he soaght ner for it is utterly impossible: yet all pen ‘under wome obligation to improve theirow standing, otherwise it ‘a barren « ‘a forest overgrown with weeds and b oiveral izuorsnes oF innit er te . | lies wi n. The : rales, therefore, should be attended to $ provement of ‘knowledge—1. Deeply your mind with the vast importance a judgment, and the rich and inestimabh tages of right reasoning. —2, Consider nesses, failings and inbstakes of human | general.—3, Be not sativfied with a sli of things, but take a wide survey now 4 of the vast and unfinited ry variety of questions and difficulties belo cere peienee—1, Breau not on a bright geniug a ready wit, an thig without study, wil never tke & Do not imagine that jwrious reading, and a strong memory. nominate you truly wise, without medita is thought.—6, Be not ro weak a ye : wya on the surface of things, nor anlenly with mere appearance —8. day, especially in the early yearn of life yourmelves to an account what neek i momentous; ot of sporting tie - i fenms@f Man ; Stennet'+ Sermon on Act x28 (OWLEDGE OF GOD is often taken Ket fear of God and the whole of religion. speculative knowledge, which " eli of hia existence, and heart 3 1 John ii. 3. set suitability of his of i the perfection of his work, Ps. Ixviii, 18; the beightness of his example, Acts x, 33; and the Fituice of his interocnion, Heb. ‘aly Ghost, as equal with the Father oid the Sen} of his agency as enlightener and cou eter; a8 also in his work of witnessing, eancti- e nd directing his >, Jolin xv. xvi. 5 2 x i 17, 185 8 by Rom. vite 16 Tis Iasvinige may a, 3 Tim. i. 12 Pag tes Baminng tes Job 3B a ric ‘all other knowledge, Phil. iii. 8. i ages of religious know fi FE H eI ¥ l 1 SDyihis re ar lid . t Sapa of ring or ever in aa = We entertain any doubts conceming the iuirin- alu of religious knowledge, let uslook around vend we be convii how desirable it is ‘be acquainted with Gud, with spiritual, with vel dinga: Observe the lifernce beircen smbivated and a barren county, ‘mag is a lovely, cheerful, and deligt ear edna netre a pecacle | secred—I4, Ever maintain a virtuous and conduct. A spi ‘and goodness, Zech. ix. humble confidence in Matoerey ‘and promise, Bei 0; and sincere, uniform, und persevering It a. knowledge of God the fulness, power, &c. Of the dignity of lis nature, forms the basis of true honour “Not all lustre of’ a noble birth, inacoes of wrt not all the ph fof power, ean five ‘that is esutute of fmwonl ae While eae, Ths things KNOWLEDGE ia an equal difference between the nations among, Be | whom the principles of pi il, and the nat [one that ere overran eit delet, eupertition, ‘of taind, and a burmorous conduct. care of ting wit things impor wit land error. Knowledge, also ia of” great impor fance to our personal ard private felety: it ur nishes a pleasure that cannot be met with i possession of inferior enjoyinenta; ftainment which adds a relish to llevates the hou of dst. It throws lute japon greatneas, and reflects an honour poverty, “Knowlolge will also instract us Bow to apr our several talents for the benefit of man- ‘kind, “It will make us capable of advising and golating others. Hence we may brcome the Tights of the world, and diffuse thove beneficent bbeums around us, whieh sball shine on benighted ip- | travellers, and discover the path of rectitude and 18 but hus love to him may for cen, Heb. 25, OF fare every ngels, of being. sven behold. smtifal and transporting object our ¢ ‘While the bilse. . This knowledge, aler, tends to destroy bigotry and enthusiasm, "To this we are indelted for the important change which hath been mnade since the beginning of the Reformation. ‘To this we are indebted for the general cultivation and Fefinement of the understandings of men. It owing to this that even arbitrary governments ecein to have lost sumething of their original fero- y, and that there is a source of improvement in rope which will, we bope, in future times, ‘shed the most delightful influences on society, and unite its members in harmony, peace, a love. But the advantages of knowledge are still , for it points out to'us an’ eternal felicity. he several brauches of human ecience are in- tended only to Ulews and adorn our present exist fences but religious knowledge bids uz provide for an imtnortal being, wets the path of beforé ux, and is our inseparable companion in the road to glory. As it instructs in the way to cndlces bliss, so it will survive that mighty day when all worldly literature and accomplishments hall for ever care. At that solemn period, in which the records and registers of inen abu!’ be destroyed, the systems of human policy be dis solved and the grandest works of genio dn the wisdotn which is spiritual and heavenly shall not only subsist, but be increased to an extent thet human nature cannot in this life admit, Our ‘views of things, at present, are obscure, imperfect, pertial, and lisble to error; but when’ we arrive to the realms of everlasting light, the clouds that shadowed our understanding will be reimoveds Jee shall eo with amazing learnas tho att es ways, and works of perceive tly the design of bis dispensations; shall trace with rapture the wonders of nature and grace, and hecome acquainted with a thou- sand glorious objects, of which the imagination can us yet have no conception.” In onler to increase in the knowledge of God, there must be dependence on Him trom whom tention to bis iter. 45; Hall's Sermon on the Advantoges of Knowledge to the Lower Classes. KNOW) IE OF GOD. See Outre CENCE,KORAN KORAN, or ALCORAN, the Serijture or Bible of the Mahometans, containing the revela- ‘Gons and doctrines of their pretended prophet. 'L. Koran, dirisions of the.— ‘oran is di- vided into une hundred and fourteen ‘por tions of very unequal length, which we call chap- ters, but the Arabians Suwar, in the singular Sura; « word rarely tse on any cer occ tnd properly signistog arom o a regular erie} ‘asa course of bricks in building, or a rank of soldiers in an army, and in the same in use and import with the Sura, or Tora, of the Jews; who iriso call the fifty-three sections of the Pentateuch ‘Sedarim, a word of tlie same signification. ‘These hiapters are not, in the manuscript copies, distin. got by their numerical order, but by particu- ttle which are taken sometimes fon a pe culiar subject treated of, or person mentioned therein; usually from the first word of note, ex- actly in the same manner as the Jews have mamed their Sedarim: though the word from which some chasers are denominated be ¥e distant towards the middle, or perhaps the e of the chapter; which erems ridiculous. But the| occasion of this appears to have been, that the ‘yerve or passage wherein auch won! occurs, was, in point of titne, revealed and committed to writ ang before the sther vere of the same chapter which precedeit in onler; and the title being given tothe chapeer bofore it was completed, o the pas sagen reduced to their present oler, the from whence nich title was taken did not always happen vo begin the chajter. Some. chapters have two or more titles, occasioned by the differ. ence of the copies. Sowe of them’ being pre tended to have been revealed at Mecca, and others at Melina, the noting this difference makea art of the tle, "Every chapter i divided isto alee portions, of very. ath al ‘wr customarily eall rerate but the Ara: bic wont is Ayut, the same with the Hebrew tet and sigiton signa oF wondere such a8 the wetrets of God, his attributes, works, juudg- ments, and ordinances delivered in thoee verses; many of which have their particular titles, also, impoved in the sare manner us thome of the clip” tera, Besides these unequal divisions, the Ma- humetana have also divided their Korin into sixty equal portions, which they eall Anzab, in the singular 17:6, parts; which is likewie who have an ancient divixion of their Mishna imo sixty portions callel Maesictoth. | But. the Koran is moore usually divided into thirty section» only, named Ajaza, frown the singula. Jez, each of twice th mgth of the former, and in like manner tublviled into four partn ‘Chew dive ions are for the use of the readers of the Koran in tho royal templea, or in the adjoining chapela where the emperors and great men are Interred of who there are thirty belonging to overy chapel, and each reads his scetion every day; 90) that the whole in read over once a day. Next ater the title, at she name of every chapter except only the ninth, bs prefixed the following evleann forin, by the Mahometans called the His- mailuh—"In the name of the most mereiful God" _ which forun they constantly place at the nuing of all their books and writings in gene- J, as a peculiar mark and distinguishing charac- teristic of their religion, it being counted a sort of lapiety, to omit it.” The Jews, and. cetera ww, | several ing’of which, the more intelligent confeen, been communicated to any mortal, their prophet only excepted; notwithstanding ' which, some take the of guessing at their mea tha open af ena ale by the Jeme So tarikon. 2, Ko design of the —The ral deter of She Koran the © urlie the rie. most part, wandered without guides, seater number being idolters the ret Jews and Christian, mostly of erroneous opinion.) in the Knowledge and worship of one God, under the sanction of certain laws and ceremonies, ply of ancient and partly of novel institution, en by the consideration of rewards and punishments both tomporal and eternal; and to bring them all to the obrdience of Mahomet, as the prophet and smbamador of God; who, afer the repeatal ob ‘monitions, promises, and ‘threats of former ages wus sent at Inet to establish and te Gee's religion cn earth and to be acknowledged chief pontiff in spiritual matters, as well as supreme Wrince in temporal. ‘The great doctrine, thes, of the Koran is the tnity of God; to restore which, Mahomet ‘was the chief end Sr hid melon beng laa Sown by his re fundamental truth, That there never was, mo ‘ever ean be, more tian one true orthodox relia: that, though the particular laws or ceremunise nd subject to alteratina, ac of it, being cternal truth, is not “liable to change, ‘wut continues immutably the same; and ths, ligiun became negiected or eo ruplnt in caentialy God bad the goon tore inform and resdmoninh mankind thereof by ‘of whom Moses and Jenus wert the most distinguished, till the ap a Mahomet, who is their seal, and no other to de expected after him. ‘The more effeetualls to ex se people to hearken to him, great par of 1n in employed in relating examples of dread ful punishments formerly inflicted by God cn thore who rejected and abused hie messenger several of which stories, or some circumstaneesol them, aro taken firm the Oki and New Tess ments hut many more from the apocrsytsl books and traditions of the Jews and Chritare of thoso ages, setup in the Koran es truths ia opposition to the Scriptures, which the Jews sat Christians aro ‘with having altered; a: indeed, few or none of the relations of circu | lanor in the Roran were invented by Maho aus is generally supposed; it being easy to the greatest part of ther touch hi as the ratPERSECUTION. ‘Dress of a Male 3 s i “| : iKORAN ry loves and directions, frequent admoni- toraoral and divine virtues, the worship and the Supreme Being, and resignation of their most learned cammen- thes the contents of the Alcoran Mlegarial and literal; under the former are rheniled all the obreure, parnbwlical, and ‘atical paseages, with such lawn as are re- Yor abrogated ; the latter, euch as are clear, a fall force. ‘The most excellent amoral in ‘hole Alcoran, interpreters say, in that in the wrAlalraf, viz, “Show mercy, do goodto all, lispute not' with the ignora «Mr. renders it, Use indulgence, command that ‘is just, and withdraw fur from the igno- ‘Mahotnet, according to the authors of the Wf, having’ begged of the angel Gabriel ample explication of thin passage, recived the hilowing terma "Seek himn who turn ‘out, give to him who takes from thee, par tim who injures thee; for God will ‘have Jant in your souls the roots of hixchief per- ‘a Thin enay to see that this commentary rowed from the Gospel. In reality, the aaty of forgiving enemies, though frequently ‘aad in the Alcoran, ixof a later date among, Mahometane than among the Christians: ‘gthone later than among the heathens and “traced originally among the Jews. (Sce L sxxiii, 4, 5.) But it matters not so much bad it first ax who observen it best. ‘The Hasan, son of Tali, bring at table, a alave Madish of meat reeking hot, which scalded sererely. The rlave fell on his knees re- ing thear words of the Aleoran, “Paradise ‘those who restrain their anger.” “Lam ‘ages with thee, h. “And bose who forgi inst. them,” woes the slave. “I forgive thee thine," re- the esliph. But, above ull, for those who 1a pond for evil" adds the slave. T et at Gberty,” rejoined the caliph; “and [give ten dinars." There are al«oa great number ‘asonal paxcages in the Alcoran relating only ticular es no th lraniag fm plecemeal meta of = ing his evelations that, when: & happened to be perplexed with any thing, da certain resource in some new morvel of T'wusan eliirate contrivance to nce, had the whole hen inerable objections would it would have been im- y to answer all mneelf with honour is [cul one built on avon, KORAN which, in truth, are 10 tore have never been able fo adjust them; for Mahomet, or rather at, having put all the loose verses promisenausly in 1a book together, it weas impossible ever to retrieve the onier where in they were delivered. "These 23 yearn whic the angel employed in conveying the Aleoran to Mahoniet, are of wonderful service to hin fol- lowers; inarmuch a» they furnish them with an ance to much as tax. them wih thre saring contralictions of which the book is full, which they piously father upon God himself, aMeging that in the, oure of 2 long 8 time, he repealed and altered several doctrines and pre cepts which the prophet had before recived of him. M. D'Hericlot thinks it probable, that when the herevien of the Nestoriana, Eutychians, &e. hud been condemned by ecumenical coun: cil, many bishopa Feds, monks, &c. being driven into the dewts of Avabia and Egypt, fur- nished the impostor with pooages, and crude, ill-conceived doctrines, out of the Scriptures; and that it was hence that the Alcoran became so full of the wild and erroneous opinions of thooe here- tics, The Jews alan, who. were wry numerous in Aralia, furnished materials for the Alcoran ; nor in it without some reason that they host twelve of their chief doctors to have een the author of thin work. ‘The Alcoran, while Ma- hhomet lives, was oniy kept in Toone’ sheets: his successor, Abubeker, first collected them into a volume, and committed the keeping of it to Haphea, the witlow of Mahomet, In order to be consulted as an original; and there being a good deal of diversity between the several copice al- ready dispersed throuzhout the provinces, Ctto- aman, aucceror of Abubeker, procured a great nnuniier of copies to be taken froin that of Hiph vs, ut the aame time suppressing all the others hot conforinable to. the original. ‘The chief dif- ferences in the present copie of thia book conrist in the points, which were not in use in the time net and hin immesliate succeenorn ince, to ascertain the reading, after the example of the Mamoretes, who adkled the points to the Hebrew texts of Scripture. ere are seven principal editions of the Alcoran, two at Medina, one at Mecca, one at Cufs, one at Baseors, one in Syria, ani the common, oF vulgar edition, ‘The frst contains 6000 verse, Ue others mu ‘number by 200 of 236 veraen; hut the number of words and letters is the same in all; iz, 77,639 wonls, and 323,015 letters. ‘The number uf commentatics on’ the Aleoran in so large, thut the hare titles wonkd make a huge volume, Ren Oschair has written the history’ of then, entitled Tan chair. ‘The | among, haoni, Thaalebi, Zamalchechari,and Baeai. ‘The Mahometans have a poritive theology the Alcorin and tradition, as well 0 that all tnotr doc They have Tikewixe their casuists, and a kind of canon law, whercin, they distinguish between what is of divine ani what of positive right. ‘They have their bene- ficiarien, too, chaplains, almoners, and cau who read a chapter every day out of the Alcoran in their mosques, and have prebends annexed to theit officr. ‘The hatib of the riomjue ia what ‘we call the parton of the parish; and the scheike are the preachers, who take their texte ut of the Alvoran.KORAN Mahometan, faith concerning. Mahiometanet 4. Koray is some express it, im the very exenee of God; and the wry transcript has been from everlasting, by i throne, written on a table of vast biznes, called _preseree table, in which ave alan reer the divine decrees, past and future; that a copy from thie table, in one volume upon py, Wey . istry ich, went down, 0 the lowest heaven, in the month of” an, on the night of pourer, from whence Gabriet re: vealed it to Mahomet ih pareely sume ut Mecea, and some at Medina, at diffrent ti ggace of twenty- oF affairs required; giving folation to show him the us was hou precious first parcel that was revealed is generally to have heen the fitet five veres of the nincty- Tn fine, the hook of the Alcoran heat esteem anu reverene the Musealmans. They ch the Aloran withot for ; is put they who are \scription ch but “Mussulivans leads th it into any other 4 a profsnation; but these avem to be ‘Pie Mahometina Seripture transla Javan, the Malay ith, aut of rexperttothe orig eu fot always, inter . Kinun, aurcess of the, acroiinted fo athe of the * View of Christianity a * abwerves, that, Ie m, the Korin has al us, they sty, Were tof the: wand temporary; but t ie permanent and perpetual, and therefore fur arpnsaee all the nuraculous events of preeinz We wi not detract frou the ral muer.ty nd often sublime; with disdain ung supernatural, excelleave « work being easily referrible to natural and vin aurea dn the kinguage of Arutia, lan extrancly lovad at diligently cultivated by the It pret KORAN by any former ur succeeding importer. It re quires not the eye of a phi 0 discover ia every soil und country a principle of national piles amd if we Took Fack for many ages om the history of the Arabians, we shall easily perecive that pride among them invariably to have cong- the knowledge and improvement of thei Tanguiage. ‘The Arabic, which has brea justly esteemed the most copious of the eadera fonyrie, which had existed from the mos me j mote antiquity, which hud been embellished by numberless pocts, and refined hy the constant er ercive of the natives, waa the most successfel iy truinent which Makomet employed in his new religion among them. Aduirably adayt ¥| ed by its unrivalled harmony, and by its endke to add | exprewion, ans! 1 the fancy of his followers. Of that destjtia of men who fint composed the adherents of Mx homet, and to whom the Koran was address} fow, probably, were able judgment on the on the beauty of tien of their lender and in ration, it is not difficult youll crib to his cma en er, thath the charms of those wild but brautial n which were celcbrated their f ions of love or wur, were set ile rn those mich imagination or thei bet struct reawonings onthe attetes sal ius prov In such a situation, the apyrarats rk whi ike wie dom and consists ne ana illustrated the duties of Tile; and which 6 {aimed the principles of a new and ecunparalvely sublime theology, independently of ite real at] xt rity Was likely to excite their aston and ty become the standard of future cm pesition. In the first periods of the literature ‘ery country, someting of this kind har hap ery tk jon of bis ‘The imodern 1 posesd some original aut the darkness of Des in thin wapect advantages ur to himself Hie compositions were followers the works uf man, but the gettiat Heaven which hl sent hime Tet dy therefor to that admirti erally bestowed on the carbine! ductiona of genius of to that fond uttseluesl with which men every where regan the ‘but with ihe . To kot f the Koran, wo i peuple to whom it was veriiaculur, Mahomet Fund advantages which were never enjoyed ‘some revpect to share in the temper of heavens find be who was most affected with admiralKORAN be peruml of te benuties, acemed fitly the object {lat mercy which bad given ito lmorant nan. The Koran, therefore, heeaine nuturally and ne samrily the standard of taite. With a language thas hallowed in their imaginations, they: were ‘well atistiol cither to dispute ite elegance, or is stricture. In mecceedling ages, the sanction of antiquity or yreseription, wu given to these compositions which their fx: ew hal admired; and while the belief of its tae original continues, that admiration, which tas thus “become the test and the duty’ of the Sibfd, can neither be altered nor diminished. ‘When therefore, we consider these peculiar ad raatares of the Koran, wo h wn to be sanficed at the dni it in Bait deacons Cit, we consider its perpetal abeanfty, we shall inderd se for aatonivh amotat that weakness of hun whieh could ‘eethave received such componition ns the work ike Neity.” € Koran, the style and merite uf the, examin. ed—*The fire praine of all the productions of (i (continues this anthor) ix invention ; that quis of the mind, which, by the extent and evs of its views, is capalie of the largest and of fori nations of But the consistence fhe Talmudical legends and sul jel the East. wud troin the traditions ml files which abvunded in Arabia. ‘The ma- Wish collected from these several wources are. bere heaped toucther with perpst'tal and heedless count Whe ieee ste. fon When a great part uf tee of Ma. oat had heen apent'in, preparatory meditation 0 the system he was about to e-tablish, its ehay- gr elt out slo oud wane din riod of teeenty-thrve eect ‘tu! no lowtobjectionable in iu dhetrines, was the work which’ Mahomet red to hin followers as the oraclex of Cov The most promi Paint of excellence Univers it feature of the Koran, that which the partiality of its to view iy the ! we and attributes. of G ‘uly derived these just conceptions from the in- ibation of that Being whom they attempt to de- ibe, they would not have wen surround now ar, on every wise, with error and ub- y. But it night fe easily proved, that what- rr it justly detities of the disine attributes was rowed from our, Holy Serip 2 tices and enlightened the muderstandings of inkindy and thus furnished them tich have too often be: nus enemies, Tn copy. is far below the the propirity of it tious.” mpee of the divine perfeetious, Aczundingly, RORAN ‘when they would represent to us the bapyiness of heaven, thiey describe it, not by any thing minute and particular, but by something general and seats something that, without deserting to an tern nate object, may at once, by its heauty an nity, excite our wishes, anil elevate our at “Though in i ical writing, the j tate, are often mentioned with ardent ad- cy ar exprewed rather hy allusion by similitude, rather by indefinite and éigu- tative terms, than hy any thing fixed and deter- minate. ‘Eye hath not cen, nor ear heard, nei ther have eniered intethe heart of man the things which God hath prepared for them that love hin’ 1 Cor. fi 9, What a reverenee and astonishment paaye excite in every hearer of tasto ‘What energy, and at the same time, licity inthe expression! Flow sublime, and at the sanic time how olwcure, isthe imagery Different was the conduct of Mahomet in his de- scriptions of heaven and parndise. - Unassisted by the necewary influence of virtuous intentions and divine inspiration, ie was neither desirous, nor indewd able, to exalt the minds of men to sublime conceptions, or to rational exp.ctations, By attempting to explain?what ia inconceivable, to describe what is ineffable, and to materialize what in itself is apiritunl, Le absurdly and im piously aimed to xensualize the purity of the di- vine essence. "Thus he fabrirated a eyatent of incuberene, a gio of deyrasity totally repug- nut to the nature of that Being, who, as fo wt; but therefore moro bite appetites: and concep- tisms of a corrupt and sensual age. ‘That wo may not appear to exalt our Seripturen tun fur above the Koran hy an unreasonable preference, wwe shall produce a part of the sevond chapter of the latter, which it deservelly odisired by. the ‘Mahomvetana, wlio svar it engraved on tlicir or- iments, and recite it in their prasere, ‘Godt there is to Gol but hey the fiving, the eelfeub- ing: neither slun.ber nersleep seizeth him : to him belongcth whatesescr is in heaven, and on. earth. Who is he that can intercede with him ut through his good pleasure? He knoweth, that which in post, and that which is to come. His throne ia extended over heaven and earth, and the preservation of both ix to him no barden, Le is the high, the mighty.’ Sule's Koran, vol. ‘To this dieription who cun refuse the se efmagnifiernce? Part of that maguificence, however, ix to te referred to that verse of the yrlmist whence it was borrowed: ‘Ele that keep- eth Faracl slull neither slumber nor sleep,’ Pra exai 1. But if we compare it with thut ther pumsaire of the inwpired alist (Pral, eli, 2— heated grandeur ix at once obscured, lost in the bare of a yreater light! 'O, my 1, take me net away in the minlet of my dayes thronshout all generations. Of eld J the forindation of theear+h; and the ra ure the work of thy hands, ‘I hey shall aludlt ¢ ye0, all of thems wags thou change them, 1 Bt thou art the stu uo en: upon @ fait 0 supporting ite arrogunt claim tua sopernatura worky sinks below the level cf many compositions confewsedly of human original ;LAMA and atll lower doce It fallin our estimation, when compared with that pure and perfect pattern. vehi, we ussiy admire in the Scriptures of truth. in therefore, abundantly appareat, that no mird- cle was either externally performed for the suy> oris internally involved in the composition of the revelation.” See Sile's Koran; LABADISTS were so called from founder, John Labadie, a native of France, was 0 i, the Romish communion ; but ig brea a nr of the reform nd perforined with reputation the tiboe in Franer, Switz, and He at length ereeted a new comunt resided successively at Middleburg, land, Amstenlun, Hervonten, and at Al- tona, where he died about 1674. After his death, his followers remosed their wandering commis. nity to Wiewert, in the district of North Holland, where it soon fell into oblivion, If we are to Judge of the Latuulists by thrir own account, they aid ot df from the reformed church 9 leaving 1) od chtrehy ministerial Hollan; nity, wt much in their tenets other things, he maintained dd, on certain ocrarions, faithful 0 there is no subordination or di the true church ; that in reading the Scriptures greater attention should. be jnid to the internal nto the words n of Sunday of pertvetion people as distinguished froin the A, GR, a name given to pontiff of high priest of the ‘TI tol a vast pala yerrign ‘Tartar who resilex mountaln near the hanks of Barimpnter, about from Lahwwa, ‘The foot of this mountain is inhabited by wwenty thousand of pricete, who hace their ecparate apartments round about the mountain, and acconling to their respective quality are placed nearer or ata greater distance frum the sovervign pontilf, He is n only worshipped by the Thibetians, but also is the grat object of adoration for the various tribea of heathen Tartare who roam through the vast tract of continent which stretches from the hanks of the Wolga to Corbea. on the sea of Japan, He is not only the eovervign pout, the vicege || rent of the Deity on earth, but the mor ‘Tartars are waid to atv Deity himself, and call him Go, the ererla Father of hearer. ‘Tlcy believe him to be im- toot and aera all Kole an vir very Fear they come up from ditleren parte to worship and make rich offerings at hin brine: even the emperor of Ching, who isa Manchou Tartar, does not fail in acknowled; monta to hitn in his religious capacity; and ‘ually entertaing, at w great experi, in the palace L of Pekin erior deputed ax his nuncio | froma ig, "he gram ia eben a LAMA and article Manoer wxiew, KTISTOLATR.E, a branch of the Moa shysites, which maintained that the body hrist before his resurrection was corruptible forme nut the least sign of reaped, aks even to the arvatost prineew; bat ir head, and they ae petanadel they receive from thence a fll nor ever spe only lays his hand upon fully Thibet as a holy place; a * tertaing @ holy of two or thie hundred ine Bevidew hin religious influence ae ants ity, the grand fama is possessed of unliated power throughout his dominions, which are Extensive. ‘The inferior lang who form the ell asthe most powerful body in the rely in their handy mastic onters which among the Th pound with pret the great numberof erides il up man are held ingreat venera fre bike Th to die, either ef ll in fact, enly quits & the banat wit, except tne i> the oe bein hhomwtans, believe the mefemprychasi important article of their faith, cepectal tants of Thiet and As, the nieac, the areatest part ofthe Chi panes and the Moguls and Kahoucks, who changed religion of Schamanism for the worship’ of tt grant lama. Acconling to the doctrine of wit etemprychosis, the soul is always in action, sod ever at Fest ; for no sooner dood she leave ber ll habitati than she entersanew one... The da cing a divine person, can find no better lol nthe beady of his successor or the Foe 3 the dalai lama, which passes to his > ‘and this being a god to who all things own, the dalai lina is therefore acqualde g which happened during bit mer bay. igion ir aid to have been of three tho sand yeary standing ; and neither time nor thei Huenée of, men, haw had the power of aka the authority ofthe grand|lama. Tiatheocracye tends ua fully to temporal ns to spirittal concer “Though, in the grand sovereignty of the lane the temporal power hus been occasionally smLANGUAGE from the spiritual by slight revolutions, they always been united again after a time; 80 bet the whole constitution rests’ on mperial pontificate in a manner elsewhere ‘own, For as the Thibetians euppose that sand lama is animated by the good Shaka, ae, who at the decease of one lama transi of tho divinity, the descending ia continued down from him in fixed de- tof sanctity; #0 that a more firmly establish- wenlotal government, in doctrine, customs, institutions, than actually reigns over this fy, cannot be conceived. 'E ager of temporal atlairs is no more than the ‘oyof the sovereign priest, who, conformable we dictates of his religion, dwells in divine ‘rllity in a building that is both temple cy some of his votaries in modern times: dispensed with the adoration of his person, eertain real mailifientions of the Shaka reli- the only faith they follow. The state of ‘which that religion inculcates, consists in ‘continence, abwence of thought, and the ‘of nonenti thas been observed that the religion of Thi inthe counterpart of the Roman Catholic, e the inhabitants of that country ee holy eranda xinging service; they also offer al fem, aml sacrifices for the den ms, ‘They have sé mamber of content filial with monks and 13 amounting to thirty thourand ; who, the three vows of poverty, obedience, and ‘fy, make several others. "They have their lemony, who are chosen by the i have’ ficences from their lamas, eh they cannot hear confeasions or impose tera” They make usc of beads ‘They 1 the mitre and cap like the bishops; and féabi lama is nearly the same among them heeoverein pontiff iv among the Romanist AMBETH ARTICLES. Sce Antic AMPETIANS, a denomination in the se- wath century, the followers of Lampetius, a monk. He pretended that as man is born «Christian, in onder to please God, ought *nothing by necessity; and that itis, there- ‘wolawfal to make vows, even those of obe- te. Tothisaystem henddedthedortrines of the ‘34, Corpocratians, and other denominations. ANGUAGE, in general, denotes thove ar- iia sounds by which men express their gpiiach has been sak ropeeting the X3on of language. ‘On the one side it is ob- ‘hat it w altogether « human invention, the progress of the mind, in the inven- Improvement of language, i, by certain ions, plainly discernible in the com- wore, "But‘on the other side it ‘we are indebted to divine revelation ‘origin of it, Without supposing this, we how our first parents with God, of the man however, that itis of din ‘suppose that a perfect s ‘once given toman. It is much more natural ink that God taught our fist parents only as ANBRER EARS Fe EECEE 1 go carly hold ith his. wife, Bi 8 had improve Wd require. Without attempting, however, ‘le he cootrovere, re my condlerlan- he supreme | lo nd | i Law guage as onc of the greatest. blemings belong fomankind, Destitute of this we sould wake ‘but emall advancements in science, be loet to all social enjoyment, and religion itself would fer! the want of sucha power, Our wise Crestor therefore, has conferred upon us this inestimable rivilege} let us then be cautious that our tongues he not the vehicle of vain and weclons matter, but used for the great end of glorifying him, and do- ing good to mankind, What was the ‘fine lan- ange taught many in matter of digyate among the learned, Hebrew. the Formation of Language; Harris's Hermets urton's Dirine Legation of Mosce, vol. Traité de la ‘mation Mcchanique de parle Président de Brosses ; Blai Rhetoric, vol. i. lect. viz Gregory's Eesays, 98, Mentoddice Origin and Progreeeof Language. LATITUDINARIAN, forming to any particu opinion or standard, bat of such moderation ax te suppose that people will he admittel into heaven, although of different suawions. ‘The term was mare expecially ap- jore in the seventeenth 08 aa mediators bo- Episcopalians and the ndependents, respecting the forms of church governmient, public worship, and certain religious tenets, more expecially that were debated between the Arminians and Calvinists, ‘The chief leaders of these Latitucti- hariana were Hales and Chillingworth ;. but More, Cudworth, Gale, Whitcheot, and Tillot- on, were also amon although firmly att did not go #0 fir an to look upon inatitution ; and hence they maintained, that those who followed other forms of government and worship, were not, on that account, to be ex- clade Ko tir concimaion, As othe Get nal part of religion, t ‘the aystem of Epi copius for their model, and like him, reduced the fundamental doctrines of Christianity to a few pointe; and by this manner of proceeding ther tnidenvoured to how the contending partir tt they had no reason to oppose each other, with such animosity and bitterness, since the subjects or their debates were matters of an niffeeut nae ture with respect to salvation, ‘They inet, how- ever, with opposition for their paing, and were Wranded ax Athirists and Deivts by vomie, anil nt Socinians by others; but upon the restoration of Charles 11. they were raised to the first ignition of the church, and were held in considerable extorin. See Burnet's Hiet. of his own Times, vol. ib. Lap. 1885 Mosh, Kee, Het, vol. ii p.5UL. Sto. ‘story, a name given to a collection of little cells at some distance fron each other, in which the hermits of uncient times lived together in a wilderness. ‘These hermita did not live in community, but earh monk pro vided for himself in his didinct cell ‘The moet celebrated lauras mentioned in ecclesiastical hiv- tory were in Palestine; as the laura of St, Eu- thymus, St. Saha, the laura of the towens &e. LAW, a rule of action a precept of cotnmand coniing from a superior authority, which an in- feriot is bound to obey. The manner in which Got governs rational cratareu is by & law, theLAW rule of their obedience to him, and which is what we call God's moral government of the world. He gave a law to angels, which some of them Kept, and have been confirmed in a state of obe- dience to it; but which others broke, and therehy plunged themeclve into destruction and] miners. gave, also, a law to Adam, and which wax also in the form of a covenant, and in which Adam stood as a covenant head ‘to all his poste- ity, Rom. v.; Gen. i, But our first parents soon violated that’ law, and fell from a state of inno- cence to astute of vin and misery. Hos. vi. 75 Gen. iii. See Fats Loeitive tau are precepts which aro not found- i upon any reasons known to thowe to whom they are given. ‘Thus in the xtate of innocence gare. the law of the sabbath of abstinence from the fruit of the tree of knowl~ge Law of Ni ‘human actions, ground in the moral di of ‘things, und, because discoverable by light obligatory upon all mankind, Rom. i. 20; i014, 15.” ‘Thia law is coceal with the huinan race, ‘binding all over the globe, and at all tinioa yet, through the corruption of reason, itis inaulf Glet to ead ue to happiness and utterly unable to acquaint us how sin is to be forgiven, without theauintanoe of revelations Ceremonial Lar in that which prescribed the Htes of worship used under the Old Testament. ‘Theae rites wero typical of Christ, and were ob- Tigatory only till Christ had finished hia work, Bil Sezen to erect Goel churoly Heb, vi v3 My x. 15 Epbesians i 16; Col th 14; Gal Sudicial law was that which directed the liey of the Jewish nation, ax une the pecular dominion of God as their supreme maistrate, and never, except in things relative to moral equi- 45, was binding on any but the Hebrow nation, Moral taw is that declaration of God's will which direets and binds all men, in every age and place, to their whole duty to him. Tt was most foley procaine ty Got himself nt Sina to confirm the original law of nuture, and correct, ‘emeerning the demands of it. wating but, His easy. to ae 5 ‘an ideas for as a transcript of the mind of God, it must be the criterion of moral good and evil. It in also given for tbat very Purpose, that we may see our duty, and abstain fron every thing de livine glory. Tt alfords us grand ideas’ of the holiness and purity of God: without attentio have no knowledge of win, (Christ him not to destroy, but to fulfil it; though we cannot do as he did, yet we are commanded to follow hix example, | Love to God is the end of ‘the moral law, as well ax the end of the Gospel, By the lew, also, we are led to sce the nature of inews, and our uwn de} ity, anc learn to be Nuunbied under a sense of our imperfection. We ore 100 ut Works, Gul, i 133 or ane source of terror, Rom. viii 1; although we must abide bei to- ether withthe whole preceptive wont of has rule of our coo, Rom. i313 vi however, ag a covenant of | LEARNING Laxes, directive, are laws without any punish ment annexed to them. Lawes, penal, such as have some penalts teen force them. "All the laws of God are anil cand Dut be pensl, because every breach of bis law it sin, and meritorious of punishment, Law of honour ina system of rules contrat ced by people of fashion, and calculate to fae tate their intercourse with one another, snd far no other purpose. | Coneesuently nothing ia verted to hy the law of honour but what tendate incomunole this intercourse. Hence this har only prescribes and regulates the duties betwist eqqialy, omitting much ax relate to the Suprem ing, aa well as those Which wo vere ty ourine iore. In. fact, thix law of honour, in mat instances, is favourable to the licentious i dulgence of the natura passions, ‘Thus it aloes of fornication, adulters, drunkenness, prodigal, in the extreme, endieys ite to there. kind, has’ abolished that rigorous com Jaw that thes were under originally, of it has introduced a more mild con put us under a new law, whi than imperfeet sincere ohedience, in complans with our infirm, impotent circumstaneat since the fall. "I call this a fancied Law, became itexists no where except in the imagination thone who hold it, See Neososttane, abd Jee TIICATION. Lave of nations are thoee roles which tacit consent are agned upon amung all cou nities, at least among thowe who are reckonrdtie polite and huinenized purt of mankind. Gly Rody of Die. vol. i. p. A, oct. 4255 cal Gitioy Patey'e Mor. Phil, lok pd: Cunler land's Line of ‘Nature 3 Grore’s Mor. Phil. LIT; Booth’e Licath of Legal Hoye : Ie and’ Burder's Pieces on the Moral Lat! uit never enter into the chuit, no the chapter make any than that of eo LAYMAN, . LEARNING, ‘a Ja, ang science, si improw ‘the mind which we: gxia xtully, instruction, obvervation, Se. AB ete tive “examination i lecul a to we Cheistianity, und hax been much werval by useful learning," «ayn Dr. Jo found in the: world, is 1 | |agr contributed nore than the Jews thems srcure und explain those books ‘The Chrstaat in ancient tinws collected and preserved Oe Grek versions of the Scriptures, partially the Septuagint, and translated the original iit Latin, ‘To Chrdiane were due the Old Hem plas and in later tines Christians have paXisolLEARNING Polyclots and the Samaritan Pentateach. vas the study of the Holy Scriptures which ited Christians from early times to study mnolory, sacred and secular; and here much mmledgr of history, and rome skill in astronoms, zvecdful. The New Testament, being writ: in Grek, caused Chridians to apply them- rea aleo to the study of that Innzuaue. Ax the Tatians were oppored hy the Pagans and the ea they were excited tothe tidy of Pagan and ih literature, in orer to expowe the abvunii- ref the Jewish traditions, the weakness of {pnism, and the imperfections and invuifigiency | Philosophy. ‘The first fathers, tll the third ary, were generally Grock writer. Tn the indcentury the Latin language was much upon t decline, but the Christians preserved it from dng into absolute bartarism, —“Monke = oe many sad effects; but Providence ught good out of evil ; far the monks | Mermloyed inthe trancebing of hoses and | tay tous authors woul sir dno been for the monasteries, In the ninth ‘ture, the Sarscene were very studious, and wittibated much to the restoration of letters, Sete sr pin the 3 re. is in no small measure indebted to Chris Pi Sr is made up ‘Chialaniy had raanes, it ia extremely. prehahle atin and Greck tongmes would have been lest in semolutions of emi ufariane in Urligine motives to heep up thelr Lng Alen, together with the Latin and ity, ASN tere Hamer whom for graiminars ned languagy val nati rns in ware 1s To whom for jurisp 1 knowles yf etl oth csi’ ts of eubj ver fou ‘oe Reformat ‘Ap religion lth been the chief preserve of fition, 60 crudition hath not ben ungrateful ser _patroness but hth onteibuta largely to par of religion The, uvetul ex riptures, the sober and sensible de Reetaie te fahfol epmseations of pare ‘undefiled Christianity ; these havo been th eof learned, juulicious and industrious men.” hing, however, in inort common than to hear ignorant decry all human learning us entirely cat in roligi in till more Kable, even sume, who call themselves preach- enteriain the same sentiments. But to such can only say what « julicious preacher ob LECTURE served upon a public occasion, that if all men had been as unlearned as themselves they newer would have had a text on which to have diaplaved thelr innorance, Dr. Jortn‘e Scrmona, cl. i charze H. More's Hints to a Young Princess, Webley Oly Cou Mie Se. on Maths 3 De Stennett's Svr. on Acta xxvi, U, 5. LECTURES, RELIGIOUS, ore discourse or sermons delivered by ministers on any subject nthevlogy, Beside Ieetares on the Sabbath-dn many think proper to preach on week day’ fsneties at bve avelock In the morning, belore people go to work, and at seven in the evening, after they have done. In London there ia preact> ing almoxt every forenoon and evening in the werk, at sorne other. It may be objecter, however, aga slay preaching. that it has a tendency to take people from their busines, and that the number of pices open on a Sabbath- day supersedes the necewity of it. ut in answer his may it nt be observed, 1 ‘That people stand in need at all times of religious instruction, xhortation, and comfort?—2. ‘That there is a prolability Of converting sinners then as well ax at ther times ?—3, ‘That ministers arc command- eto be instant in geason and out of season ? And, 4. tives ministers an opportunity of hear- ng one another, which in of great utility, After | it must be remarked, that he who can hear the truth on a Sabtothay does not act consistently to neg! family’ or business to be alwuyr present at week 1 lecture; nor iv he altogether st weel wise who hes an’ opportunity of reeciving struction, vet altogether neg! LEC" BAMPTON, 4 conne of ht sermons preached annually at the university Oxfonl, set on fut by the Reverend John tothe 1 holy Seriptuteas upon the authority igs of the prinitive fathers ne (0 the faith and practice of the primitive church; pon divinity of our Lonl and Saviour Jesus nity of the Holy Ghost 5 les of the Christian fi the Apostles’ and Nicen sport of this lecture, he bequeathed his he chancellor, masters, aud upon the wrt veehende | me divinity lecture sermons Te als direets in his will, that no pemson ehali he qualified to preach these lectures unless ho have taken the of master of arty, at leant, in one of the two universities of Oxfont or Cuin- bridge, und that the ame person shall never preach the mame sermon twice. A number of ex cellent sermons preached at thie lecture are now before the putlic. A more enlarged secount {hi Ieture may ‘he ween in the Christian Le URE Bow 'LE'S, See Bovi.n's Lec- LECTURE, MERCILANTS\ ¢lntur wt up in the year 1672 hy the Presbyterians ond In dependants to ahow ‘agreement among thetLECTURERS te gary she dctrne of the the prevailing errurxofpopery, infty. The ‘and popularity were chovwen Saw Dre Bates, Dr. Manton, De. Owen, ‘Mr. Baxter, Mz. Colling, J ‘Mead, and afterwards Mr. Also, How and others, It wax encouruged and mpported by fom of the principal merchants and trades of the city, Some misunderstand: place, the Prevbsteri and the Independents re and each party filled up their reapective denominations, “This lecture ix keptupt the present dar, andi, we blew, now held at Broad-stroet Meeting every ‘Tuceday morning. LECTURES, MORNING, certain casuisti- cal lectures, which root able divines in London. thee Icctures seems to be this:—During the troublesome tines of Charles I. most, of the citi- zens having some near relation or friend in the aniny of the entl of Essex, so many bills were sent up to the pulpit every Lont's Dey for their preservation, that the minister had neither time te reul thes nr to rrevinuendthet, exact Gol in prayer; it was, therefore, agreed by some London’ divin separate an bout for thie pur- e every inorning, one-half to be spent in prayer, End the ether ins uituble exhortation tot le. ‘When the heat of the war wus over, ame a castisticul lecture, and wan carried on till the restoration of Charlen IT ‘These sermons ‘were afterwards published in weveral_voluracs tuarta, under the ttle of the Morning Exercises, selves, a6 well Reformation ax rhe authora were the most eminent preachers of the day: Mr. (afterwards archbishop) Tilotson was one of them. It appoara that these lectures were heli every morning for one month only ; and from the prefiee to the volume, dated 1689, the fime was afterwanls contracted to a fortnight, Mont of these were deliverod at Cripph ture, St. Giles's, a yapery in Southwark. Mr. Neule obwors this lecture was afterwanls revived in a different form, and continued in his day. tt wa Jong ufterwanls at several places in the aunimier, a Week ut cach places hut latterly the tine was cd LECTURES, MUYER'S. RF, WARBURTONIAN, a Iee- al by Warburton to pave the general, and the Christian in particular, from the on of ne prophovies in the Old which Felate to the Christian church, especially the apotacy of payal Rome. ‘Te thie funda. ‘we owe the wdmirable discourses of Hrd, it Twany others, and, rector, They are chown by the vee ‘nts of the ysrish, eupported ws anil legaciea, and are n preachers, and somiet ‘tated day inthe week, Where re lectures founded by the donations of persons, the lecturers ant appointed by the Tounuders, without a ponition or consent of See Moven's LEGION and spprobation of the bishop: Lady Moyer's at St. Paut'e, But the lecturer not entitled to the pulpit witbout te consent @ the retour or vicar, wlio is pomeased of the fre hold of the church, : sURGAL or MOSAIC DISPENSATION ev Dist exsaTi0s. LEGALIST, strictly speaking, is une wh acts according to or consistent with the law ; lw in general the term ix tuade use of to dense oot who expreta nalvation by his own works, Wi may further consider a legulist a one who has ae pe consictionof thee of win he pretenits to abide by the lave idea of its spirituality and denandls, ie rant of the grand scheme of ralvation by ger, proud of his owen fancied righteowam, he utile not to the rghtcousmens of Gols be derogatcs from the honour of Curis, ty mixing his own works with his; and in fact, denies the necessity of the work of the Spirit, hy 9 that he ty in himself to duties which Gol had ryuire. ‘Such is the ce acter of the Ieyalint; @ character diametriclly jpurite to that of the true Christian, whose see with that of the vhs such a» that. nh A LEGATE, a canlinal or bishop whom the Pepe pce achisantagador to sovereign pia FGEND, originally a book, in the church, containing the leseons ‘that were to be read in divine service; from hence the worl vat applied to the histories of the lives of the aff, because chapters were read out of them at ation but as the golden legend, compited by Janes de ‘Varave, about the year 1290, contaied in tse veral ridiculous and romantic storicg, the words now used by Protestants to signify any inem orinauthentic narrative. Hence, as Dr. Jortine> server, we have fulse lqgends concerning the m ‘of Christ. of hin apostles, and of anciest fans; mid the writers of these faldes bak , a good natural alilities asthe eipes of Clic, sod ss of the wae neither learning nor craft; and yet they Set themselves by fults against chronulugy, agaimt histors, agi and custess, 28 id against probability, A Par ot kind cant never pasa un relater of truth! and tu N, a ian, to” wh ug of miore th hhristians, cons ‘who were ssid to have mutfered musty te order of Maxinian, ‘Though this aa hath never wanted patrons, yet it i dietel by many. Dr. Jorn, iu his Uoual f {Lit stands Gyon the auth eiher bishojy who had the honour and felicity « find the whi these warty rerettion a aj hy the uel of the Preard to tive trmy of Moreus Antoninus in the second eo rvture of churches &e. though with the leave tury. "Tbe vceasion of it was this—W hen tht ‘enecror was at war with the Marcomanei, bbLESSONS ‘as inclosed by the enemy, and rluced to: t deplorable condition by the thirst under ‘hey languished in parched devert. Just time they were remarkably relieved by # and unexpected rain. ‘This event was ed to the Christians, who were supposed effected this hy their prayers; and the £ the thundering legion wan given to fn account of the thunder and Lightning wroyed the enemy, while the shower re- xe ainting Romans. Whether this was | iraculous or not, has heen disputed among. men. They who wish to ere what hos ad on both ‘sides, may consult Wileius at, de Legione Putminatrice, which in al to his longer than ae observed with greut ati mat on Suturdayw and Sundays t yemsclves in drinking wine hibited on uther dasa, tnong evclesiastical writers are Hiptures read in churches time of divine Tn the ancient y teading the Scripture was one purt of vice of the catechumen, at which all per- tre ullowed to be present in onler to ob- 333 VE LIBATION tain instruction, ‘The church of England, in the choice of lewony, procecils an follows s—for all the firwt leneona on onlinary days, she directs to begin at the heainuing of the year with Gene~ sg and eo continue till the books of the Old Testament are read over, only omitting Chron cles, which are for the most part the same with the broke of Samuel ond Kings; and other par ticular chaptem in other books, either because they conta the names of perwons, places, oF other matters less profitable to ordinary readers, ‘The course of the first leone for Sundays is rerulated after a different manner: from Advent to Septuagesima Sunday, some particular chap- tere of Tnaiah are appointed to Be that book contains the clearest prophecies coD- ing Christ. Upon Septuagesina Sunday, [Genesis ix begun beeause that book, which treats of the fall of man, and the nevere judgment of God inflicted on the world for sin, bent suite with, ‘a time of repentance and mortification. After Genesis follow chajters out of the books of the ‘Old Testament, a8 they lie in order; only on few tival Sundays, such as Easter, Whitsunday, &6, the particular history wlting to that day i ap pointed to be read: and out the saints’ church appoints lessons out of the moral book such as Proverts, Ecclosinstes, &e. an containing. excellent instructions for the conduct of life. Am to the second Inwons, the church obverves the same course both on Sundays and week-lo reading the Goel and Acts of the Apostle the morning, and the Epistles in the evening, in the order they wtand in the New Testament; ex- eying on aint days au Boy dy, wien wach lesions are appointed as either explain the nye tery, relate the hiory, or apply the exninpe to Us LEUCOPETRINS, the mame of Sinai cal sect which sprung up in the Grerk and eax em. churches towards the close of tho twelfth, century; they profowed to believe in a double ‘trinity, rejected wedlock, abstained from fleshy treated with the utmost contempt the sacraments, of fuytian ain! the Loni Suyner, and alle i brn laced the yer alone: and i, that an evil being or genius dwelt in the breast of every mortal, and, Could be expelled from thenes by no «ther me- thod than by perpetual mupplicnton to the Su prome Being. ‘The founder of thin sect is naid to have beet a perwn called Levenpetrus, and his chief distiple Tyccus who corrupted by fanatiéal interpretations several books of Serip- ture, and particularly St, Matthew's Gempel. EVETY, lightness of spirit, in opposition to Nothing can be more proper than for a nto weak an aif of cheerfulness, and to characterisey the unth professwr. ‘To be chest ‘without auvterity, form both a Tiny 1 churucter, the act of pouring wine on t other part of solemn ste were abo in use among the Hebe, who poured « lin of wine un the vLIBERALITY LIBERALITY tum after it was killed, and the several pices of [of my tutor, that was a present of my tatnert the sacrifice were laid on the altar ready to be] friend gave me this branch of knowledge, an + eonsumed in the flames. quaintines bequeathed me that? ‘The tasks LIBER ALITY, bounty: a generous dispori-| mankind differ; #0 T call the employments a ot of mind, exerting it ‘ving largely. It] exercises of life. In my opinion, ci ss thus distinguished froin generosity make great men; awl if we have not Cras t— Liberality implien acts of mere the state, and Pauly in the church, it ix heram spending; generarity, arte of ieeutnew neither church nor state are in the circumstane acts of Kindnem. — Literality ia nat in which they were i aye of thowe sition; generosity proceeds from elevation of sen-{ men. Pasha dull man inte a tiv tment ; bounty, from ives. Liberality’ ger his life, aut suklenly he will discover invet Genotes freedom of wpirit; generosity, greatness tion, and ‘awke efforts beyond himeelt, Th Fvoul: aunty, openness of heart. Srl is Sow schon of fntracton, Porat LIBERATATY of sentiment, n generous dis: pain, low of children, treachery reition w anan feel foorana umvaher who iv of | frends, malice of enemien, and a thoteand it +. of we one defines | things, drive the nent to hie Bil Toind which en: and, #0 to xpeak, I netoa his bene! "In it conceivalle, that be dor heart in ‘ies it to look beyonl all petty dayatem, and, in theestimate of nen and Tie superior to narrow prejudices” |in trials of thi ki As liberality of sentiment is often a cover for tasted so many religious truths ae the sufise exror anil scepticiem on theone hand, ard as it is! haw too litle attended to hy the gn Leer gerne ne the Chae gh 4m the other, we all here Ins before our readers! with lilerality, in the second place, bevase ety iter. “A man of | purt of the Chsictian retigcion ete inguished from him! ravify. Christianity gives una character of He jn| Int, toy, Ginltwliat a churmcter does it ly and effrctually inventi-| Gon 14 Love. roche eda nd on his knees in pul! of Providence; Init what a providence! Cpa rate conveaitions, the | arkom doth nut ite light arise? In there He hath lait down | maleule so itl, or a wretch forlorn, a8 cred conseyuenees; ina! forsaken atl forgot i ‘won, he hath adopted sentiments of hix own, | teaches the doctri ™ He munt be distinguished also from that tame | demption of whe undisrerning domestic: among gout people, who, and people; of the infant of a 915 1 hough he hus sentiments of hix own, yet how not the sinner of a hundred years ol Judgment to etimate the worth enone iter it 3 fined se J, both in hin fic amemblics ant in Ainportant articles of rv Principles he hath in always we the literal ho wrath, L will he apply. to! yuo fii ill we Chri will exereine hie liberality hy allow who differ from hin wn ‘ax he peraibly can, "Thinley, We shoul be liberal hoeawe of arsuments tion, the follow ity Ht wae the pratice of Christ | vere uo itive third yueaton, Go wit TE 2 Neat wae Chet wre: We should be liberal ns well me teutl, expeetally the tala ila nal eat any apport te Het tebe cuparities uf their ht of one is Hisely, of another dull, Lastie 5 a Jamiel mpring tives th other The pai ail; thm me the eine he that cap clay, whom be nerd h gee of nanhind aevks to eat hie » ed threwen hie enems, nd wear his erat, apd Bw all alike in retigion ? ‘The dilfer. How should he wh hwo petronts, nls one Keto Ts ii in age hooky, no tutor, no companions, eal bint wher ic bellowing and hie rage, But th Providence hath gratuted with who, [Christian religion, ie that in danger ? and what when he looks over the treasuns of hit own! human efforts render that true “ahs knowledge, can my, this | had of a Grovl that 1 albc, that odious which in lonely? Christy eed sea 6 this i mation 1 acquired | in no danger, and therefore it gives itsLIBERTINES and breath, and all thir i and breath, ngs, except i we ibertity inthe profemion of reli and innocent policy. ‘The bigot lives 1 reptile he crawled into existence, and tie bole he lurks. reptilo still, A gene- istian goes out of his own party, asso- h others, and gaina improvement by all. teian proverb, A liberal hand in better rongarm. ‘The dignity of Christianity supported by acta of Hverlity than by of reasoning; but when both go together, san of sentiment can clearly state and ad his religious principles, and when his ‘generous ax his princijles are intlexi- fescases strength and beuuty in an emi: ge.” See Mise, val. i. p. 39. TINE, one who acts without restraint, no regan! to the precepts of religion, RTTNES, ncconling to some, wore such were frce citizens of Rome; they hi rnagogue at Jerusalem, and sind carnal in the persceution of Stephen, 1. Dr. Gyre wupposgy that those who nel lege by gift were called ce men,) and those who had obtained it libertini (made free,) in distinction inal native free men. Dr. Doddeidg AM they were called Libertines as havinig chiblren of freed men, that in, of eman- aptives oF slaves, Sco Duddridge and ‘Acta vi. ATINES, a religions sect which arose ‘ar 1525, whose principal tenets were, Deity was the sole operating cause of man, and the immediate author of oll ttions; ‘that, consequently, the distine- pod and evil, which had heen establish. to thowe actions, were false and and that men could not, properly Commit sin; thet religion consisted it of the 1 the ‘meeptioh or restraint, their appetites of that all their actions and pursuits were seliyinmecent san that, afer the death they were to he united to the Deity rena “hrs wan noth composed of the on ofmen, These max- ‘called Libertines, and tng be uni a ill ene ver ce, spread principally in Holland and Bra- her leer were one (Quintin, a Pi fexiue, Ruffus, and another, called Cho- Joined with Quintin, and’ became his ‘They obtained footing in France be favour and protection of Margat Navarre, and sister to Francia 1, at conain neveral of the reforroed churches, nea of Genera were a cabal of rakes 1 fanaticn; for they made no pretence apis evs, bt plea only for the fing voluptuous and immoral lives, was conipoved of a certain nuinber of citizens, who could not bea the severe of Calvin. ‘There were also, among real who were not only notorious for slute und scandalous manner of living, x ther athehtial impiety and contempt LITANY of all To this odious clase belonged ona Gruet, who denied the divinity of the Christian religion, the immortality of the soul, the differ. ence between moral goad and evil, and rejected with dintain the doctrines that are held mont sacred among Christians for which impictieshe ‘wan at last brought before the civil tribunal in the year 1550, and condemned to death, LIBERTY denotena state of freedom, in con- tradistinction to slavery or restraint.—1. Natural liberty, of liberty of choice, ix that in which our volitions are not determined by any foreign cause ‘or consirlerntion whatever offered to it, but by own pleasure.—2. External liberty, or lilerty of action, is opposed to a constraint laid on the ex- and conaiste ina power of rene dering our Yolitions effectual —3, Philosophical Aiberty consists in a prevailing dixpori acconting to the dictates of reason, manner ux shall, all things considere fually promote ur happiness 4, Moral Tibrly hich there mm the servi from the love, power, and guilt of sin; from the dominion of Sutanj from the corruptions of the world ; from the and the wrath tocoine, Rom. vi. I- tude of the ritual ; y 3 Groves Mor. Phil, sect. 18,19; J. Palmer on Liberty Queries and Remarks on Serm, vol. See Lyiso. LIFE, o state of uctive existence. life is the coutinuance or durativn of state, and which the Scriptures repres and vain, J 1,25 James Wy, 1 i 6; secure, John x. if is that hewrending feate of ei whieh the axints shall enjoy in heaven, aud is gloriour, Cele it by holy, Rev, xxi 277 and Mnafuly 2 EAVES. LaUox, LITANY, a general supplication ured in pub- lic worship to appease the wrath of the Deity, and to Request those blessings « perion wanta ‘Phe won’s comes from the Greek plication,” of srrartey 1 hewcech.’ Citta tise of litanies wan not fixed to any stated time cies required. but were only employed ae ex ‘They were observed, in viten with ardent supplications and Gustings, to avert the threatened Judgments of fire, curthe wakes, inundations, oF hostile invasions. About the year 400, litanies began to be teed in proces: sions, the people walking barefvct, and repeatingLITURGY them with great devotion j and ttis pretended that by this 1ueans several countriew were delivered Gom great calamitica, ‘The days on which they ‘were treed were called Rogation days; these were appointed hy the canons of different councils till i was decreed by the council of Toledo, that they ‘Ghould be used every month throughout the year; and thus, by degrees, they came to be “used ‘weekly on Wednewlays and Fridays, the ancient nary days for fasting. ‘To these days the trubrick of the church of England has added Sun- Gays, as being the greatest day for amembling at divine wervice. Before the last review of the conumon prayer, the litany was a distinct service by iteif, and used sometimes after the morning Prayer was over; at present it is made one office ‘with the morning service, being onlered to be read after the third collect for grace, instead of the intercesdonul prayers in the daily service. LITURGY denotes all the ceremonics in general belonging to divine service. ‘The word cores. from the Grevk aservepyim, service, pub- ic minintry,” formed of averse, “public,” and Tne more restrained significa {Gav titargy is uscd among the Romaniste to sig tify the man and among us the common prayer. ‘All who have written on liturgies agree, Gia, in Fimitive days vine servico was exceedingly ‘Simple, clogged with a very few ceremonies, and sreetal ef bat sama! somber af prayers ot tby degrees, they increared tho number of’ ccre: monies, and ailded new prayers, to make the ‘fice look more awful and venerable to the peo- Hie, At Jonath, things were cased to euch 8 itch, that a regulation beeame a Eves found necoeary to pt the service or the manner of ning it into writing, and this was what they called a liturgy. Liturgien have theen different at different times and_in different countries, We have the liturgy of St. Chi tom, of St Peter, the Armenian liturgy, Galli- can iturgy, Ge. de,” The properties Required ina public liturgy,” says Paley, “tare these : it must he compencioun; exprras just conceptions Of the divine atteibuter—recite ‘auch wants as a eonarecation are likely to feel, and no other; and contain a few controneri jy We." The liturgy of the church of omposed in the Fear 1547, and extal econ year, of ki nl VI. ions as England wa ied in the In the fitth year of this king it was reviewed, breause some things were contained in that liturry which, showed a compliance with the supersition of those times, and some exceptions were taken inst it by some learned men at home, and hy abroad, Some alterations were maule in it, whieh consisted ing the general confés- ‘sion, anid abwolution, and the communion to be- gin with the Ten Commandinents, ‘The use of 4G in confirmation and extreme unction wr left ‘nit, and also prayers for souls departed, and what Felited toa belief of Christ's real presence in the eucharist, This liturgy, so reformed, wan exta- Wished by the seta of tho Sth and 6th Edvard Vie. 1.” However, it wae abolished by queen who enacted, that the service should stand ‘as it was most commonly used in the lust year of | the reign of king Henry VIII—That ‘of Ed- ward Vi. wan recscalished, with some altera: tion, by Elizabeth. Some’ further alterations were intrulucrd, in conrequence of the review uf LOLLARDS In the fint_year of hie reign, particularly in the office of private tmptisy ity bevera rubric aad other pamges, wih the mtion offre ox sr new prayers and thankagivings, of tho eatechiem which contains the Sorting of the sacraments, ‘The book of common praves, altered, remained in force from the first of king Janice to the fourteenth of Carlee ‘The last. review of the liturgy was in the var 1661. "Many eupplications have been since de for a review, but without succes. Bingham Orig. Eccl. p.13; Droughton’s Dict.; Bennett, Robinson, and Clarkson, on Liturg. passin; 4 Letter to a Dissenting Minister om the diency of Forms, and Brekell's Answer; a's Lectures on the Litu=gy of the Chwrchef England; Biddulph's Essays on the Litwrgyt OUIVERPOOL LITURGY, a ob ERPOO BY, a Kturgy col from ite iret publication at Liverpool’ It compored by sume of the Presbyteriang win, growing weary of extempore prayer, thouglt 6 form more desirable, It made its a 1752. Mr, Orton says of it, “It . Chriian lugy. Te the the name Chriet is hardly mentioned; and the Sput quite banished from it.” It was ltthe hetter than 8 deistical compouition, Orton's Letters, whit p. 80, 81 : farue and Bennett's Hist. of Dia ‘al 4 LOLLARDS, « religious sect difiing fa many pointe from the church of 7 arose in Germany, about the beginning of the fourcenth, century mead, a8 tanya have imagined, from Walter Lolland, who begs to dogmatize in 1315, and was burnt at Cebguet though others think thet Lollard was no sursasa, twat merely a term of reproach applied to al bow tics who concealed the poison of error under tia appearance of piety. The monk of Canterbury derive the origin! the word lollar! anwng us from loffum, “aire? as if the Lollarda were the tares sown in Chie vineyard. Abelly says, that the won! sigue praising God,” from the German lates, “@ pruive,” and herr, “lond;” becduse the Leite ruled heels fn, travling abs, fom place to place, singing palms and hymna Inuch to the mame purpoet, derive fllherd I hard, ot lollert, tullert, as it was written bs tbe ncient Germans, from the old German wor lullen, flten, of lalten, and the termination herd, with which many of the High Dutch words eod Lallen significn, “to sing with 2 low voice,” aad tierefore lllant ina singe, or one whe frequey sings; and in the vulgar tongue of the Germaat it denotes a person who is continually God with a song, of kinging hymns to his The Alexians ot Cellites were called Veeause they were public wingers, who male their business to inter the bodies of those wie died of the ‘und sang a dirge over them’ ‘2 mournful and indistinct tone, as thes them tothe gave, The, name wen ele cummed fighonoured it; Sc = find among those Lallanie who made ext ary pretences to religion, and spent the grstet part of their time in meditation, [prayer, and woh acts of piety, there were many abominable bie rites, who entertained the most ridiculoes #t rion, and concealed the most enormous rt the cominon prayer bon by anle of king Janiea, tunder the specious maak of this extraonliasy¢ hy the priests and monks; so that, by ‘any perwn who covered heresies ot| det the appearance of piety was called % Thus the name was not used to de- “one particular sect, but was formerly to all for acets who were spe tbe guilty of impiety towards Gad or the under an. external profession of rat Aowevez, many societies, consisting both nd , under the name of Lellarda, ned in of Gennany and Flan- L were mupported partly hy their manual and party by the charitable donations of sons, ‘The magistrates and inhabitants eens where these brethren and. sisters save them particular mnarks of favour ond a, on account of their great uscfulnees to apd needy. ‘They were thus supported beir malignant rivala and obtained many stitutions, by which their institute wos 4, their persons exempted from the cog- 3 the inquisitor, and subjected entirely aiadiction of the bishops; but as these \ were insuffrient to secure them from om, Charles duke of Burgundy, in the 3, "oteained a solemn wil from pope - ontering that the Celltes, of Lollanks Hanked among the religious onlers, and from the jurialiction of the bishops. ¢ Jaliue If. granted them still greater sin the year 1506, Mosheim informs any societies of this kind ure still «ub- Colagne, and in the cities of Flanders, bey have’ evilently departed from thei Vand his followers rejected the sacrifice extreme unction, anid penances for| ting that Chris's wuflerings were mi He ia likewine said to have set oride ea thing of no eflect; and reps motutely necewary, &e. Inf vera of Wickliffe were called, by way Lollarde, from the supposition ‘some affinity letwwoen «ome of their others are of opinion that the von rls came from Germany. Sce Titra, + SUFFERING OF GOD. See Pa r Goo. \yaterm properly dencting one who has ‘Applird to God, the supreme governor all things." See Gon. "3 DAY. See Sauear *8 NAMF. TAKEN IN VAIN, con- fn using if Lightly or rashly, in exela- sijorntions, and “appeals in common. ion.—2. Hypecritically in our prayers, ings, &.—4, Supersiitiously, ax when ites carried the ark to the field of huttle, them successful against the PI +344, Wantonly, i atures in ha, tend, Slut. v 31, 3 ly, ot sportfully cursing, and devotin, otto mci dar ring ourselves, attesting that Ww we oma tlommhenouty ‘oving tasing others to dowo, Rom. i. 24. Per ‘tia no sin more common, as to the pruc- ilistinee, fF | be touched. LorD . were only, but with those who call themalvee wise, “propagated aguinet those who axeumeed | h ne, anil ruoral. They tremble atthe idea of ruurder, theft, adulters, they forget that the same law which jmobihits the comission of these crimes, dora, with id that of profining his name. lever his wha, at jean be hekd guiltless or 'be exonerated from the charge of being a weicked man, while he lives in the habitual violation of thia part of God's sacral Taw. A sery celebrated femule writer jurtly ol» serves, that It is utterly iwexcreania:; it has none of the pelliatives of temptation which other ico plead and in that reapect stands distinguishe ee from all others buth in its nature anal degtve of quilt, Like many other sins, however, iis ab ‘once cause and ellect; it proceeds frum’ wat love ond reverence to the best of causes the want of that love bath in theuselves and others, spevien of profaneness is not but, perhaps, in soune rexpecty, worst sort; ue it ina direct breach umand, afd offends against tho law which sayy, into many of an express rery letter of works: ‘Thou shalt not take the name of the Lod’ thy God in ls nees and, is us contrary to good breeding to give pain, as it isto true pity fo be profane, iw antoninhing {the regned and eltgent should not reprobuss ctice for its conrvencss and sulzutits, a much aa the pious obhor it forte infulics: “T would endeavour to give some faint hen of the groeaness of this offeuce hy an analogy, (oh, how inadequate!) with which the feeling bears, even thongh not sennoned with religion, tay yet ie sucht woul cae Suppowe sou had sowe beloved frend—te case ail more strongly, a departed ff verend parent, pethajs—wlowe image ne cure without awakening in your Eowom ments of tener love and lively gratitude ; how wwoulil you feel if you heard this lomeured name bandied about with unfeeling faniliarity and in- decent levity ; oF, at best, thrust into every p of apeech a8 a vulgar expletive 1—Does not vou affectionate heart rcuilat the thought ? And yot the hallowed mune of your truest Fencfacion your heavenly Father, your beat Friend, to whom You are indebted for all you enjoy ; who gives you those very friends in whom you so much delight, those very talents with which you dishonour hiny howe very organs of speech with which you bine tpheme him, i treated with an irreverence, com> tempt, a wantonness, with which you cannot bea the very thought uF mention of treating » hua friend,” Hie name is impivualy, is uuleclingly, i werutefully singled owt aa the olject of exceed irreverence, ofayatematic conteanpt, of thoughtless levity. His waered name is used indiscriminately toexpress anger, joy, grief, surpriny, impatinices and, what is almost sll moro unpardonable than all, eis wantonly used aa a mere wnmeaning ex pletive, which being excited hy no temptation, an have nothing to extenuate it; which, causin nno emotion, can’ have nothing to veeompetnd Unlege it be the pleasure of the sin.” Mrs. Slore on Education, vol. p.81; Gulls Body of Die teem thought of ax to the guilt of it, than vei it thus common with the vulgar vob iii. p. 4275 Brown's System of Rel. p. 526,LORD LORDS PRAYER is thet which our Lord we to his dieeiples on the Mount, Acconting Et what in said inthe esth chapter of Matthew, it was given ax a directory ; but from Luke xi. 1, some urue that it war given as aform. Some Ihave urged that the second and fourth yetition of | that prayer could be intended only for tempomry wer Init ita answered, that such a sense ivay be put upon those petitions ae shall suit ull Cris. uns i all ago for it is alwuys our duty to pray that Chria’s kingdom may he advanced t world, cand, to profiss our daily dependence on Goda providential cure. Nevertheless, there is ve that Christ meant thet his peo) ax a pet form: for, if that hud heen the ease, it would not have been varied 3s it is by the two evangelists, Mut. Luke xi. It is true, indeed, that they both agree i he i, a tothe eng ett i te vx wonky; and the doxology which Matthew fev at lange wholly ffl cut in Like. Ans, fesides, we'do not find that the dis it ax a form. It ix’ however, a most exce inary of prayer, for ite bresity, onder, and + lawful and nake ‘whole of it, pr : 8 Use of it be a J That great zal, ax one observes, which is to in soine Christians either for fe lamented usa weakest; and me ua to do all that mony moder use of it, sen See Datdrid; Burrow's Works, vol. ‘Explanation of ily of Di on Fidification by Mendar 's Exposition of the Lord's Prayer. 8 SUPPER ix an ontinnner which ration of lnux per, Pecatise it woe tanul at the clase of cat of likey Xi It in called 1 el with his peo 1 Cor. xi of it, must rast, aul (though not a custoin of the| Cur. x. 1S. ie ordinance, we imsy Goer, tht, in participating of the bread we do hut consider its ex pb nmemorating urdinanee. W person, lov, and decth of : ‘vw urdinanee. hereby pe ‘and slepen- dance upon him —3 ratings 0} nance: Liewings of grace are here cormnnuni to uA, A cvrenanting ordinance, “Goth in jand oy this ontina were, deckures he is ours, and we by it declare to be hia — standing ordinance, for it is to be observ the end of time, 1 Cor. xi, 26. It sceras | jute an indifferent thing, what Wread is us this onlinanee, or what coloured wine, for C tok that which waa readies. The eating ¢ ‘bread and drinking of the wine being always nected in Chrit’s example, they ought nev be scpanted; wherever one is ‘given the « should not be withheld, This dread and are not changed into the real haily and bloo Chri, int ure only emblems thereof. See T. ‘DHTANT! "he eubjecte of this ordinance should be an inake a credible profexsion of the Gospel, norant, and thowe whose lives are ius have no tight to it nor whould it ever be adt red axa tevt of civil obedience, for thin verting the dow one but true bebe Jean approach it with profits vet we capt elude wny who mk iMe profersioa, [God only is the judze of the heart, while Jean only’ act necontinns to outwant appearane ‘Much has bee whieh celebrati ie tmont snitable to a sap to be olwerved, cannot be ed from Scripture. Some € apostle (ihn have eye & and xoine once a year: Nut thet th. Wesiently appt er, both frum Seripture, 1 Cor. si, nature of the ordinanee, that it aagl Dr, Doddrilze july vatly to be Latuented 1 onlinatie, ile their mutual ut 1 postore, serve, that itis Christians have rere in which it is to be reovived. ible posture Keone wed by Christ am tale to th nd between Eacter and Whiteuntide, moet in which this onfinance is wdrainist both in the church of England, and amoog teaant Diese so well known, the thing of it here. ‘eall only sabjoin n few directions ia ‘mind we shoukt attend upon this It slould be with sorrow for our ne and easiness and calinneas of affetion from the disonlers and ruilles of passion holy awe and reverence of the Divine Ma yet with a gracious confidence and earnest dLoTs LOVE wanls Goll; with mised expectahinna; prayer, | of divine service, and regarded the fire, Tr and thinkagiving, and love to all uen:| they been ea the teieten of here ee hen ‘coming fom, we should admire the| lowing cirmnstanee illustrative of the hy indeacensinns of divine grace; watch agai new reverted to fe abt ¢ snares of Satan, and the allurementa of orld; rejoice in the finished work of Chrit, spend upon the gracious influence of the Sirit, tat we may keep up a sense of the di ad be longing for heaven, where Vn the general anwenity ofthe fs ie advantages ariaing from the part placed in a 6 tom of the Lord's Supper are numerous,—1. It refused the $a mean of strengthening our faith in the ont fous Crit —-2. Te affimls great comm oppesition to henel and fa d rile tube the pro) in Wi Tew th ha ou ax my hu Iie in the bunds of ne will go to the i desires in us —7. Tt renews ont os oom Lonl and Master.—A. It hinds @ Christians one to another. wong 01.75 and Henry Karle, Donlitil, wal Roberton, on the Lord’ Super Over's, Charnock's, Dr. Curhenrti's, Mr. Wt, De. Worthington's, Dr, Watte's, B Werturton's, Bishop Clearcr's, aud Dr, Bell's: Bives on the Subject. A vat the explanatory of the natty Supper, may he wen in alist any ept or reline said she to him, od; but, if you are will cehugeh atid Rave tase i Nerwanls wo the Gimp on the altar an after havin, will open the Too mn the janeage which “The proportion ap. was accepted, and the whiew being performed, Consortia the volume and read, “He that lovet, 2 mutual azrement 1 fpertin event no thee mar ten sminjeal to the provilence of Gea, on te samething, hie i a deriory i BI; xvii. 18. ht be bis spouse, but nell to Go, a Seo Bun Matancys of Eccl: ‘and Antiquity — ypurabution o pears to us ax god, I. Lore af eaicem, rnere consideration of some 4, amd belongs either reulence, Which “happiness or welfa complacence, Which afany object agree salculated to ufford ux pleasure. PO GOD jx a divine principle ine ind hy the Holy Spirit, whereby any desite, and delight in, Hin Surles Sunetorwn, jas the el it inchides a knowledge of r i encies, Psat. sii. I, and w cone xnliens to us, I John iv, 1, nt these two idews, 1 think, bee well sepor ie fire pes for, however some inay anghe that genuine Ives, deducing the future lot uf the » Goal shit ariae ony Trot a wense of his were evidently derive from the Sirtes ¥ in| amiahlencss, yet [think it will be diffiealt to com Hane, oF Surtes Homeric, of the Pasuns. ‘ceive how it can exit, alvtructed from the ica vere 80 called from the poctne sil jt his Homer being weal as the means of divi wrod to is to thi the fate of the cons sof the praies of tl fuck the exe on opening the wane Ie ith th a orcular, This abuge aman Chris | Ft tet med as farowe from the supers people! BBa the inorance of the iets ‘vi the jet” aie Fish durch had degenerated from ite pri areful fad the people of Go, by b the Heathen,” had Tear their worl the persons who were d ‘ato futurity, or ascertainins, th Foal in [cote Ranticular circumstances, entered the churches, {of G ster cern preparation, during the eelbration heights of em te important, ancl (rien ant ersten Paledemn and grave, fobetiking the name of Co ak sha rest a ey to make this ayy, rutit bet Mantle. Ana i ths t! Wanialy anud unnecessarily aa equally, if not more, incinployed for ia, being. no 0 met, mut be supentitious, an Peaytion, nuit S, SACRED, the Saints, w xpeci i eet consideration uy whieh i con 0 the true nsture as been ttyl bmoght of prying ‘extra 6 tw few devout ¢ a way, ecstacy ain! rapture, Uiatcom.LOVE Ja must for ever despair of either fol! ‘understanding thera; whilat others ‘abed it in such warm andl indeliente ‘4 are much better suited ta the greanes ban earthly Passion, thun the purity of spiritual | 1 on Tint the accidental excosten of this holy sen- timent em be no just argument against ite geue- ral exerilence and util “We know that even friendship itself hex sometimes been abused to the inst unworthy prpews, und led men to the commission of the Iiost atrocious crimes, Shall we, therefute, utterly diseand thot generous passion, der it a nothing, more than the unnat Ged to be hanislue! out of the work, cause it han been seunetines im rerly not iscreetly exerviacd ? onary miyntic, the 9 fanatic, or the frantic zealot, but from the plain word of God, that we are to take our ideas of this: enthusiastic or dere, 1. Aw sincere, Matt. xv & Contant, Rom, vii, —3. mirihutes, commaniinents, onlinances, 4, Progressive, 1 ‘Thess, v Thess Eph, ii, 15, soon ermal, Tom. Ia in opposition to his w 6. In reaurl to hie house, worshipy and. on nanees Ps. leexiv Tis truth pope, Pao dence in Serm, ser. 1; Bellamy on Religion, p. 2 and Signs of Counterfe sol. S"PROTITERLY, is afetion to our neighbours and ey tothe saints, prompt ing us to every act of kindne towanl them, It dors nos indem consist merely i pity tad lief of athens, 1 € ve to aur Bene far ‘and thaw who are rete to us, Matt. alt,miat flow fa love to (8 nkind ; yea, we are required . mies, then. in he and fly Gal si proof of our diveiyleship, John aii ample of Christ should ailure us Ttik erative off a variety of pletwing se and prevents ath it is the ofall graces, 1 it amawers! at the Lavy, Bs resembles the inhabitants of a iter work! and without it every | other attainment is of no avail, 1 Cor, xiii. “This, aU ' Fare, p. bes Bishop Por-| LUCIANISTS Jove shoul show itself by penying for ot |thren, Eph. vi. 18; Tirarind, one spether ws by anising and relicsing. each oth 2 By forbeating with one another, Ry reproving sivd of mecknoss, Prov. xx¥i ‘uch other in the truth 5 by conversation, and stirring up one another te the of religion, both, public aud private, He Hels x. 24,35," See Cuaniry, JOVE OF GOD, i cither his naturale in that which ie good, Tea. Ini, or that e affection he bears to his people, 1 Jehm Not that he ponaceses the passion of love dog butt implien hin abeutite purpone ssid Ucliver, Meng and sive his people. “The b Goal to his people appears in his all-wise d gui lane fr tira ies Eph i 1 | the choir them, i and glorify them, 3 of hit Son to die ‘and revlecm then sin, death, and el Jokn ii, 4. In the revelation of is will, and the de tion of his promises to them, 2 Peter i 4— | the aweful punishment of their enemiey, Ex i461 conduct towards thet The properties of vonsidered ax, 1. i Hy 7 ASUEY OT A set that sitteenth century, f 4 Westphalia ie he had _w comuntasion fren Lew tthe caaence uf reli faith of modes of worship, consequently, that it w feet fy See Awa Low Ctitkenian AN, thow who ¢ of the x we an the elurb t hat people geht hing the ( authors mention, that ke held thie error rion and other Gneetion, nurtality of the soul, asserting ‘Phere was another wet of Luccaninte, et ear] some time after the Arians. “Thests thot the Father had teen a Father alway {that be hud the name even before Iie beg Sun, as having in him the power and facLUTHERANS vl in this manner they aeconnted itv of the Son, LUCIFERIANS, a aet who aiheredl to the tiem “of Lucifer, bishop of Cayliari, in the uth century, who was banished by ‘the em- for Constantius, for having defended the ine doctrine concerning the thrre persons in the odhew!. Tt ia raid, also, that they believed the ‘ol fo be corporeal, and ta be transmitted from we father to the children. The Luciferians were amerous in Gaul, Spain, Fes, &e. The or- sion of this echism was, that Lucifer would not Yow any arte he had done to be abolished. There were but tivo Luciferian bishops but frat nuinber of priests and deacons. ‘The Luci- ieiane hore a great aversion to the Arians, LUKEWARMNESS, apjtind us the affee- fon inference, or want of aone. In repent tea h possessed of unspeakable rectitude in ture, and un- hearse! pondnees towanls his creatures, what can be more inconsistent and unbecoming kgd anv indifferent in our devotions to him?) Aken, in some respects, cannot be worse than hiemananess. “The Atlicist disbelicven the ex- benee of a God, arid therefore cannot worship in at all; the Inkewarm owns the existence, wrerimty, and gexlnessof the Supreme Being. ‘os de that de: ‘wtriness of heart, and activity of servier, which he ercellency of his nature demands, and the eberity of his word requires, Such a character, i ented as abwotutely loathsome moxious to his wrath, Rev. iii, The general signs of a bewarm spirit are mekortheae: Neglect of private prayers 9 pre-| p of worlilly to religious company; a lax on public ordinances; omission or andes perusal of Ciod's words a zeal for some. ulagen of religion, while languid abut re- tee; a barkwanines to promote the cause God in the world, and a rushnoss of spirit in famaring thove who are desirous to be useful. If we inguire the causes of such x xpirit, we tall find them to be—worhlly prosperity ; the dence of carnal relatives and acquaiutancen : dalgence of secret sins: the fear of mans and under an unfaithfal We inconsistency wf it appears tit is highly unreusonable ree conaitter, yononurable to ‘of the Gos: th-blow te Scripture ; and tends to the greatest misery To overcome euch a efate af mind we shoul] mailer how offensive it ix to Co tous with the very idea and nature of true re- ‘20; how injurious to peace aul ad; how ungriteful to Jexus Christ, whow le life was labour for us and our salv © grievous to the Holy Spit example to thow whu have no relizio ike the nainte of old, av even to ou Xe wort of causes: how dang 1 to our ive uf our want ave to Gol, and exposes us to just condéuna- 4 Amos vi. I. AUTHERANS, thone Christiana who fillow ‘opinions of Martin Luther, the celebrated 10 tse of she church, in the sixteenth century. a8) 3 LUTHERANS Tn omer that we may trace the rise anil progress of Luthernniam, we must here refer to the life of Lather himsel€ Luther was a native of Fislel on, in Saxony, and born in L1°3. ‘Though his parcnta were poor, he recrived » learned education, during, the progrrss of which he gave mauy of uncommon vigour and” acuteness of ger: Ashi mind wos naturally susceptible of serious impressions, and tinctured seth somewhat of that religion« melancholy which delighta in the soli- tnde and devot Tite, he retired. into a convent of Augusti where he acquired great reputation not only for piety, but for love of knowledge, and unwearicd application tostuly. The couse of this retirement in maid to have heen, that he wan once struck by lightning, and his companion killed by his side hy the sane flash. He had been taught the scholastic philo- sory which was in we i thoro days and mae considerable progress in it: bat happen tovfind ncopr of the Bible which law neglerted i ibrary of his monn-tery, he applied himself to the study of it with such cagerness and are 2 quite antnish th reputation for sanctity eon chosen profesor, frst of philesnnhy, wanls of theology, in Wittemburg, on the Elbe where Frederic, elector of Saxony, hail founded ‘While Luther continued to enjoy the highest reputation for sanctity and learning, Tetzcl, a me to Wittemburg in order points ful Jeeta of inguiry and disputation, Le appei ‘Yay on which the learned were invited to in them, either in person or by writing yrhole he aula aolemn, pote ith rempect for the apostolic see, and of his im- icit subminsion to its authority. N appeared at the time prefixed : the th over Germany with astonishing ray ‘were read with the greatest eagerness. Though Lutker met with no oppensition for ttle tisne after he begun to pubis his new octrines, it was not Tong champions aro to defend those opinions with he wenith and poner tne cena ene ity, and cation hue, nad of the pose he court of Rome ut fint despised! these new sputist; Int at last the attenti of the pope being mise b the reformer, andthe conn ies, Luther was summoned, in, Tuly, 151%, before the nud ther's advensities, ius who hud writ- te against him, was appointed to evnmine his doctrines, and to decide concerning them. ‘The pope write at the mune timne to the elector of Saxony, bea him ot to protect aman eal wind pro is were ronhock- ing to pions eas; and enjoined the provincial uf the Auwustinians to check, by his authority, the raduneas of an arrogant tak, which Lrooght miler.LUTHERANS diagrace upon their onler, and gave offence and dlaturbenes to the whole charche From these letters, and the appointment of his open enemy Pricrius to be his judze, Luther, easily saw what sentence he might expret at Rom; and therefore discovered the utmost soli citude to have his cause tried in and before a leas auspected trilunal, He wrote a in in which, he pro- inised an unreserved obedience to his will, yet ho entertained no doubt of the ivi of the pope's authority s and, by the intercess of the other professors, Cajetan, the pope's legate in Germany pointed 10 hear and deter- imine the cause, Luther appeared before him without hesitation; but Cajetin thought it be- Tow his dign ispute the point with & person so much his inferior in rank; and therefore re~ quired him, by virtue of the apostolic powers with, which he was clothed, to retmet the errors which he had uttored the nature of hy from the publication of new and dangerous op nrions; and, at the lust, forbad him to appeur in his presence, unless he’ promised to comply with what had been required of hin. ‘This baughty and violent manner of procced- r together with some other circumstances, givo Luther's friends such etrong reasons to nse Pret tha even the imperial euf-con not be able to protect him from the legate's power and resentment, that thes prevlled on fake oo cretly to withdraw from Augshurgh, where he had attend the legate, and to return to his own, country. But before i departure, according to | h a forin of which there had been s0 he_ prepared a solemn appeal fren informed at that time concerning his pope, when he should receive more full intima- tion with reepeet to it, Cajetan, enraged at Lue thee's abrupt retreat, and at the pablicution of his appeal, wrote to the elector of Saxony, complain ing of both; and requiring him, as he re the peace of the church, or th Lead, cither to send that seat soner to Rome, oF to b tories, Frederic had fives, protected Luther, as thinking he mieht be | m of uw: in checking the enormous power ef th sve of Rome; and though all Gennany resounded with hia fame, the cleetor had never yet admitted hina into his presence, But upon iis de thy the cardinal, it became necossiry. to throw oil somewhat of his former reserve.” Hi eon at canal esteaved! much of Luther woul be to his reputation, he not only declined complying with either of the pops"« Feywests, but openly discovers! rent con: corn for Luther's afety. ‘The situation reformer, i the mean ime, became daity more and new very well wehat were the motives which duced the eleetor to alford him protection, that he could by no inca ance of hia frienlship. to quit Saxony, he had no other asvlom, and must stand exposed to whatever punishment tie rage or bigutry of his enemies could inflict ; and vo ready were his adverios t condemn bin, r IE he’ nha be tied LUTHERANS that he had been declared a heretic at Rom fore the expiration of the sixty days allowed in the citation for making his appearance. hstandling all this, however, he discovere symptoms of timidity or remishews; but con! ed to vindicate his own conduct and opinions h agninst those of his aulverearics Being convir more velemence than ever, rior in power to the pope, who, bein a Ea man, might err, ox St! Peter, the most perfee his proviecersort, had done. “The Court of Rome wax equally assiduow the mican time, to crush the author of thes! ‘A bull , Luther's appeal, in whic tues of indulgences, and st ecclesiastical eensures all wi acontrary doctrine. $ sovervign pontiff against ie very fatal to Tat nse, fil not the deat the’ emperor “Maximilian, ‘which happened January 17, 1519, contriimited to sve matt dlilferenit turn. Hoth the prineiy es and inte of Maaimitian had) promptet him to sujyor. authority of the see of Rome : bat, in eomegue of his death, the vieariate of that part of € many which'is governed_by the Savon k volved to the elector of shelter of hie friendly administration, Lat enjoyed tranquillity sand i in different places, that Is be erulicated, At cted te the hear resumed tate ha clear devision of gical controversy which he did 1k wat stand, and of whieh he could not firesre thee sequences, he Was 9 etn irritate usd the elect iinportunity Prom the reas just ew given, and jal aversion to severe meusttes, a stefan af procevein ist Lauter ook place fore i teen months, thezh pert ‘i serie! ont durin th , in order tole ue, "The mar {having given le: corrupt adhering tu established abo Eroved, he be [with resand to th uthorit one of ly [roped oF trot in 1520, to utter sete dot to hear such an esential point of Uheir det publicly attacked, ‘Lhe papal authority being once suspected | ther proceeded to push on his inquiries and tacks fram one doctrine to another, till at last began to abake the firmest foundations ou wtLUTHERANS wwcalth and power of the church were esta- thed. Leo then hegan to perorive that there Fo hopes of recaming euch an incorrigible retic, and therefore prepared to pronounce the tence of excommunication agaitist him. "The lege of cantinals wus often arsemble), in order “pmpare the sentence with due deliberation; ml the ablest canonists were connulted how it Aight be express with unexeeptionable formal- te. At Inst it was issued on the 15th of June, (GR. Forty-one propositions, extracted out of Lather's worka, were therein condemned as he- fica, ecarvialous, and offensive to. pious Ad persons were forbidden to real his w wen fain of excommunication ings, auch as had any dithem in their custody were commanded to ‘onmit them to the flaines he himself, if he did mt, within rixty days, publicly reeant his tai tar his books, was pronounced an oh ete, excommunicate, and delivered to Satan fethe destruction of the flexh; and all secular ces were required, under puin of ineurrinse tte nme centre, to seize his person, that he 1isht be punished! as his crimes deserved. Lather wae not in the least disconeerted by this xitence, which he had for vome time expected. Hermnewed his appeal to this general council; dedared the pope ta be that Antichrist or man of fin whose appearance is fonctold in the New Tes- lameat ; declaimed against hia tymnny with {rier whemence than ever ; anit at Tast, be way dratition, having sssembled all the professors falas in the university of Wittenberg, eh grat pomp, and in the presence of a vast iutiaie of spectators, he cant the volume of ttecanon law, together with the bull of exeom- wriction, into the flames. ‘The manner in Which thin action was jastified gave still more sfiree, than the action iteclf, Having collected the canon law some of the most extravagant Ppaitions with regard to the plenitile and o:n- Ilene ofthe poe! owen ax well ac the sub- tion of all secular jurisdiction to his autho- tty, be Potilabed ieee! w a 8 comarnsary, Paating out the impicty of suoh tenets, and the iieat tendency to subvert all civil government. On the acceesion of Charles V. to the empire, Lather fund himself in ‘a very dangerous situa: ton, lex, in order to xecum the pojx's Heniship, had’ determined to treat him with mat severity. Elis eagerness to. gain this point tadered him not averse to gratify the papal le- tea in Germany, who insisted, thn ay delay, or forum delitaratis then fing at Worms ousht to cond n whom © pope had already excommunicated as an in- mgitle heretic. Such on abrupt manner of ‘scenling, however, being dee Luther's appearing in_pervon her he adlirret oF not to those finions which had drawn npon him the cen- tes of the church. Not only the emperor, but ithe princes throngh whow territories he had pasa, granted him a xafe-condu Chatien re fo him atthe sing ine, requiing his in diate attendance on the dict, and renewing hin tomises of protection from any injury or vio ‘ace. Luther did nut hesitate one moment about leing obeilience 5 and sct out for Worms, at- andel by the herald who liad brought the eimpe- relay and ekecooduct, Wiale 00 his jour LUTHERANS ‘ney, many of bis friends, whom the fateof Huss under similar cirenmstances, and notwithetand- ing the same security of an imperial safe-conduct, filled with solicitude, advised und entreated him not to rush wantonly into the midst of danger. But Luther, enjeriar to such terrors, silenced them with this reply; “Tam lawfully called,” said he, to appear i that city's and thither I will go'in the name of the Lord, though ax many devils as there are tiles on the houses were there my which he met with at Worms, ht have been reckoned a full re. war for all his tahoury, if vanity and the love of ul tween, the principles by which he was influenced, Greater crowds assembled to Whold him than had appeared at the emperor P try 5 hin apartinents were daily filled ‘with prinees and personages of the highest rank 5 and {eae t cere, aa well with a homage more sin: sehemenee in his controversial writings 5 but re fised to retract his ovinions, unless he were con- ced of their faleliond, oF to consent to their fl by any other rule than. the word of ither threats nor entreaties to depart from this reeo- luton smn ofthe eeeevnatiy propa (on tate the examplo of the council of Constance and, by pnishing the author of this pestilent ‘reay, who was now in their power, to deliver the efitrch ut once from such an exif, But the mentors of the diet refusing to expose the Ger rsh repruach by a peeond view 1" public faith, and Charles being. no less to bring a ¢tain upon the beginning of mt by soch an igmominioun ace tion, Lu her wi cl to depart in safety. A few days after he hul left the city, a severe ali io in the emperor's Tame, and of the diet, depriving him, a8 an ob- communicated erinainal, of ull the notions in Spain, together with the ware in Italy and the Low Countries, ereated to the emperor} and partly by a prudent’ precaution. employed by the elector of Saxony, Luther's faithfil patron, ‘As Luther, on hi teturn from We rassing neat Altenstrain, in Thuringi her ef horsemen, in masks, rushed suddenly ofa wood, where the elector had appointed them of woo, whi pan nd. ants, to Wortburg, a strony c ‘There the elector ordered him'to be supplied with every thing necessary or agreenble; but the place of his retreat was carefully convesied, until the fury of the present storm against him began to abate, upon a change in the political system of Europe. In this solitude waere he reniained nine months and which he frequently called hig i urea ried hiun, after diamissing all his a ‘not far distLUTHERANS Patmos, afer the nawo of that fxland to which the apostlo Jolin wax banished, he exerted his nstry in defence of his doc ealer. Luther, weary at length of hin retirement, ap- peated pales again at Wittenberg, upon the Gth of Mareh, 1522. He appeared, inuleed, with- ‘out the elector’s leave; but immediately wrote hima letter to prevent him taking it il. ‘The dict of Charles V., severe anit way, had given Title or no check to Luther's doctrine ; for the emperor was no sooner gone into Flanders, than his edict wax noglocted and despised, and the trine seemed to apread even faster than before. Carolostadiuy in Luther'x abwence, bad pushed things on faster than his leader, and had attempt ed to abolish thr use of mass, to remove images out of the churches, to ect aside auricular confes- invocation of saints, the abstaining. from nasterion to neglect thrir vow, 3 short had quite changed the doctrine and discic pline’of the church at Witteaberz : all which, Bough not against Luther'a sentiments, was yet Vamed by him, wa twing raehly aud une casonably done. Lutheraninm waa still cone fined to Gerany it was not to geo to Fran i made the mont avacixto hinvlert from invading Hox ral The id something mone: to. alow hin ion and the haly sce, and perhape hie skill in theological learuing, he wrote a trative Of the Seren Sacraments, againd Luther's book OF the Caytviy af Bb which be yeaa ed to Too X. in Geter, 1521, ‘The pope re ceived it very fivou with the kin him with the tth ther, howe sanavwered hint with zreat ain his person and. performance temptuonis manner,” Henry comp thers rule usage of him to the princes of Fite, binkop, of Rochester, replied to hic it Pehl of and was ea well pleased nan, that he connplinentest te Bait attended with ang visiMle off Luter, thouzh he had put a stap to the vio- lent proceedings of Carvlostadiue, now made open vwar on the pope and bishops; tu that hem make the prople deapize their authority ax n ‘a8 ponsible, he wrote one book ayztinst the pope's tly and another against the onler falsely elle the ‘Order of Hishope. ‘he same year, 1 he wrote a letter, dated July the 2%, to th sembly of the states of D 3 in’ araured thera that he was labwuritys to ex Rome and be pul Iation ‘of the New ie which was selffand Melanethon. body's futnls, Ferdinand, wrchuluke of the ‘& Wwrother, maul raer the faber / LUTHERANS have any copies of it, or of Luther's other Same other princes’ followed hin example Luther was wo angry at it, that he wrote tise Of the Secular Power, in which he w them of tyranny and impiety. ‘The diet: ire was held at Nuremberg, the year, to which Hadrian V1. sent his dated November the 25th ; for Leo X. died the 2d of December, 1521, and Fladrian bad lected pope upon the Si af January fells In his lief, among other things, he otwert the diet how he had heard, with grief, that tin Luther, afler the sentence of Leo X. was ordered to be executed by theedict of Wi Publish hooks full of heres strange to him that vo large and x0 rig nation could vwretelied ape friar; that nothing, however, could be mare nicious to Christendom ; ant that, therefot to use their utmost endeavor and the authors of thove tam or, if they refuse, and tinue obstinate, to proceed against them 93 ing to the laws of the ewpire, and the sevedd the ast edict. ‘The resolution of this diet was publishe the form of an edict, upon the 6th of Mi 1523; hut it had no effert in. checking the therans, who still went on in the same triump, manner, This year Luther wna grea picces; among the rest, one upon the di ee a a er dee week Ee elcetor of Saxony, ix wail to have teen bi pleased with. Te xent, about the rune tar ‘writing in the German iangnage to the Wal wes of Pickanla, in Boheiia and Moravia, fed to hin “about worviipying the! Cnet in the enchariat.” He wala ¢ another book, which he dedicated tw the a cunl_people of Prague, atsout the in titutia ers of the chi He daw upat saying mas, He wrote a piece, Lrample of Popish Dactri whieh Du se ann prafee m ainst the vows of singi soon atier, nine nuns amon Bore, eloped from th sehen, and were brought, Leon o temberz, “WI nce thin proces ht ive to the Paydsts, it was I who, in a beok written n language, compares tha iw froma the slavery of monastic life to tht the souls which Jesus Christ has delivered i death, ‘Thi veur Luther had occasion to cant two of his followers, who, ax Melchinr Adar were hurnt at Brustels in the beginnis iy, and were the first who suffered tmarter doctrine. He wrote aleo a cons to three noble ludiew at Mis Wy the axsideDe AL Coppen, a burgess of Tongau, to} int, for ruling his books, In the bey erg. Hadrian VI. in October, 153, and wax succeeded by Cla to bale all the subjects 4 upon the 19th of November. A litte beioeLUTHERANS Sano She ine of Grogory VIL an one ri in tl and one the mo zealous defenders of the holy sre. Lather, imagining that this was done directly, ppc inn, drew np a piece with this tile, jgint the new idol anc old devil set up at is em which he treats the memory of Gre- treat freedom, and does not spare even REE et ent ances ot oar oe fhe det of Nuremberg the necesity of enforcin fhe execution of the edict of Wornis, which hn teen strangely neglectad by the princes of the gps bat, notrthstanding tho legate which were very pressing, the deerves of October, 1524, Luther flung off the momas. fe bits which, though not preweditated and dhigned, wan yet a very proper reparative to a he tok the gear after: we Sean Lin tar with Catherine de Bore ie Daag ees, i pot rete a= vy and diligence in the work of reformation, Be Confiasion of Faith, lpologe for the Protestants when the Pro- fetust religion was first extaNlished on a firm + Miler this, Luther had little else to do that to + @down and contemplate the mighty work he lad fnished ; for that'a single monk should be hock, that there thieo give the church so rude + take but such another ie to confi the teen brooght about through him; and publi from time to time such writings af mi + May Lanta ceed Sr none of thes terate . lithe year 1533, Luther wrote a conwilatory GF th ctinens of achatr, who hr ser. bardabipe for adhering to the Augsburg of Faith; ia which, among” other be says, “The devil is the host, an Je his inn ; so that wherever yon come, be gure to find this ugly host” He had also this time a terrible controversy with George of Sexony, who bal rach en avendon in s that he obliged his subjects to jeuth that they would ‘never enibruce it n sixty or seventy citizens of Leiguic found to have deviaicd a litle from the way in some point or other, and they m previously to haveconsnlted Luther ‘upon which George complained to the Bedor John, that Luther liad not only abused terion, Inut.alao preached up rebellion among mbevta. “The elector onlenmd, Luther to be tepesinted with thias and to be told, at the sume hat if he did not acquit himself of this he could not possibly escape punishment. ther casily refuted the accusation, by that he had been 90 fur from sti fi #; t] pepe Fi FF ti m iq ET to undergo the greateat hanlshipa, and ev Ri thenarlees to fo banahed. nthe year 1584, tho ible, trarialated by him yy on the contrary, be had exhorted thein ri LUTHERANS Into German, was fir print. faa. the old prin. lege, dated Hiblinpotis, under tho electors ha and it was published the wume year. Ho Mished this year a book aguinat masses, and the consecration of pricets, in which he re. Intex a conference he had with the tier peinte; for it remarkable in Luther 1537, an assembl Ikald about ma this meeti Iness, that there were 1 Tle was allicted wi travel, notwithstanding all thot his tri may of do to prevent him: exer, wan attended with a good eff ture he bey along he el hin detetation of p hem; ngrealy toa eatin cram vitus, moriens cro more fc. #1 wax the ey be hoy alfecte But Luther t treated 5 and, to ridicule cansed a picture to be drawn, prerented tl nome cari and. semi wanls, (eurmim deore to evacuate uj ters of eli h Luther and Melancthon were called, "At na Luther was seized with ro grievous 10 hopes of iis reco 1 the stone, and had In this ter- his resolu Plague of popery in continue to be so in my death.” pope and the court of Rome, spowsble to deal with the Protestants n to have reeonran to_ strat think, that nrried things on with a high c, yet what he had it the more strongly, which was re ‘hujon u throne, *? tuils on, spewed und downe ‘repurgare, ax Melchior ‘Adam expresses it.) “Thi wax fixed over aguinst the title-page, to fet the reader scape and design of the book pore that cunning a subtle politicians a eted to themnselven trom their error ai Luther published, abwut th tation of the pretended Sylvester, bishop of Rom of John ‘Huss writen from stance to the Bohemians, 1 Luther employed til his deat in the year 1556. . ‘A thousand lies were inve at once the + Which war to ex- artifice with which these cleanse and purify persiitiona, ane tin, a confue of Constantine to his prison at Con- In this manner was th, which happened ented. by the Payiste about Luther's death, Some said that he died uldenly 5 others, tht, hy ‘devil stramrted bin he was yet alive, tual re 1 tvs were invented about his deat!, ed anne others, that his, Luther, however, futation of this ae count of hix death, put fo:th an advertisenient off his being alive ; and, t for the malice they ad show ea the Payists n in this lie, wrote a200Q oie200Q oie200Q oiehere Mersish should be born, and where he | from heaven to restoro his nat impart bis doctrine, is deter- | lil Isa, ix. 2; and was literally from thom he should descend, is clearly ascertained. Jomuch is said of his descending from Davi, ial we need not refir to particular proofs; and the rather as no Jew will deny it. ‘The gen of Mattes snd Luks, whateee rarieti ‘are between them, agree in tracing his pedi- Bre David. Ana though in bub i ie traced ruine of Joseph, yet this appears to be only inconformity to the Jewich custom of tracing no in the name of aferale. The father of as mentioned by Luke, scems to have teen his father by marriage only; o that it wan, inraaty, Mary's pedigree that is traced by Luke, tteogh tinder her husband's name; and thi Agog the natural tine of deweent, and that of the legal one, by which, as a king, he wall have inherited the crown, there ix’ no temsitency between them.—1. "The kind of ‘izxces that Messiah shoulil perform farxury, 5, 6. He actually performed darthers predicted, his envinies themsely It was prophesied that he should, 93 ‘King be distinguished by his luielinese; enter ‘ginko Jerusalem, not in'n chariot of state, hut | much bumbier style the case, Matt. xxi—6, It was at'be should suffer and die by the Weled mens Ina, sxlix. 73 iii. 5 : could be a more striking fulfilinent of mbecy than the treatment the Messiah met ib in almont every particular circumstance — % Mwas foretold that he should rise from dad Iam Lil. 115; Pool, Inviii, 185 xvi. 105 hi eamection is proved by indubitable evidertte.— 8 Iwas foretold that the great luxly wf the Jewv- jb mation would net believe in him, and that he Weal! wet up bis kingtoin among the Gentiles; Tabi 1; ali. a sia Never wae 0 ex more coinplctely fulfilled than this, ax evidently prove, Ladiy, It is declared that when the Mewsiah ‘toad cone, the will of God would be perfectly fied by him, Ye. xl. 1; xlix. 3—5. And what Mu his whole life but perfret conformity to him? Bs fished the work the Father yave him to ewer was there such a character se meu Well therefore may we xis, ‘Tul MuatkeSon of God. See urticle vy, Ince Cuntst. There have been nunvrour falve Messiuhs ich ave arisen at ditferent times. Of these the Saviour licjed, Matt, xxiv. 14. Some have rekoned! a8 many ux twenty-four, of whoin (shall here give an secount. —- 1, Gaziba wus tho fie of ny note who made Anoige in the workl. Being dinaatisfied with the tate of things under Adrian, he uct himself up ‘tthe head of the Jewish nation, and proclaimed imelf their long-exy ‘Messiah. Ho was ‘We of those tanditti that infested Judea, and ‘Bamitted all kinds of viclence againet the Ro- ‘ans; and had become wo powerful, thnt he was beeen king of the Jews, and hy them acknow- ‘dged their Messiah. However, to ate the tess of this Lold enterprine, be changed his {| cheat, MESSIAH. sty und glory. Hle chore & forerunner, raised an army, was anointed king, coined money in- scribed with his own name, and proclaimed him- self Memiah and prince of the Jewish nation, Adrian raised an army, and sent it against him, He rtired into a town called Bither, where ho was besieged. Barchocheha was killed in the the city was tuken, and a dreadful lavock succeeded, “The Jews themselves allow, that, during this short war sgainst the Romans in do- fence of this fidee Messiah, they low. five or six hundred thousand souls, ‘T'his was in the -for- aner putt of the second century. 2 dn the reign of oe the younger, in the year of our ‘another impostor arose, called Mowes Crvtensia, He pretended to be second Moses, sent to deliver the Jews who dwelt in Crete, and promised to divide the sea, aud give thent'a sift passage throngh it. ‘Theit lusivn proved no strong and universal, that they negheted their linda, houses, and all other con- cerns and took only so much with them ax they could € ratly carry. And on the day pointed, this false ) fed them tthe Hoses, haviny {op of a tock, men, women, and children, threw themselves headlong down ‘into the sca, without the Irast hesitation or reluctance, till so great number of them were drowned, ‘as opened the eves of the rest, and made them sensible of the ‘They then hegan to look out for their pietended leasler, hut he disappeared, and escaped out of their hands, : 3. In the reign of Justin, about 520, another mpostor appeared, who called himself the won of owes. THis name woe Dunasy, He enterod into n city of Arabia Felix, and there noe ‘was taken pri- oppressed the Christians; but sone! sal to death by Elesban, an Zthio- pian general. in the sear 529 the Jews and Samaritans rebelled against the emy Justinian, and eet up one Julian fr ther kings and accounted him tle Mestiah, ‘The emperor scat an army aguinat them, killed great numbers of them, took their pretended ‘Messiah prisoner, and immediately put him to death, . Tn the year 371 was born Mahomet, in Ara- in, At first he profewed himself the Messiah, yeh ras prsnial to the Jews. By thin means he drew many of that uuhay ple after him. In rome nenae, therefire he ny bo, considered in the number of false Mewiahs, See Mano- METANIAL 6, About the year 721, in the time of Leo Teuray are another fulte Messiah in Spain; hia maine wax Serenus, He drew great numbers after hi ‘if no small los and disappoint- {all his pretensions eame tw nothing. twelfth century was fruitful in for about the yenr 113%, there appear- ed one in France, who was put to death, and any of those who followed him. — ‘8. In the year 1133 the Persians were dis turbed with a’ Jew, who called himself the Mes- siah, He collected together a vast army. But hhe, too, wins put to death, and his followers treated. with grout intumanity. . fn the year 57,0, false Meoniah stirred up the Jews at Corduba, in Spain. ‘I'he wiser im as a mad bat better sort looked upon the great body of the Jews in that nationMESSIAH On thia occasion almost all thé Jews in were iat iN dest: arse in ihe Lg him. , another false Messiah ¢ of Fea which brought troubles sation upon the Jews scattered through that country. 11. In the samo year an Arubian sct up there for the Messiah, and pretended to work miracles. searea was nade for hiro, his followers ‘and “he was brought before the Anibian king. Being questioned by him, he replied that hhe was a prophet sent from God.” ‘The king then asked him what sign_he could show to coufinn his mission, Cut off my head, sail he, i fife agai ing took him. 12, Not long alter this, w Jew who dwelt be- yond Euphrates, called hitneaf the Mab, and ‘vast multitodes of people after him.’ He gave this fora sign of it tat he had been leprous, ‘and was cured in the coureo of one night. He, like the rest, perished in the attempt, and brought it pereccution on hia countryiwen, 13 In the year 1174, magician and false Christ arvec in: Peryia, who was culled David Almumser. He pretended that he could make ‘himself invisible but ho was soon taken and put to death, and heavy fine aid upon his brethren 14. In the year 1176, another of these im tora arone in Morasia, But the reign of delu- sion is short, and his fate appears to havo been. similar to that of his : 15, In the year 119%, a famous cheat and rebel exerted hiuwelf in Peraia, called David ol David. He was a mon of learning, a great magician, ati yertendl w be the Mewia Hie rig an army ‘guinst the king, but was taken and iinprisones!; 1d, having made his escape, was alterwanks iad aguin, and beheaded. Vast numbers of the Jews were butchered for taking part with this finpostor. 16. We are told of another falve Christ in this samo century by Maimonides and Solomon ; but they take no notice either of his name, country, ‘or goat oF ill success, Here wo may observe, that no lew than ten false Chriss arose in'the twelfth century, ‘and brought prodigious calamitics aml destruc tion upon tho Jews iu various quarters of the 17. In the year 1497, we find another fabie Chri, whose name war Ismacl Soph deluded the Jows in Spuin, th sas many ee belie in Bim wer 18. In the year 1500, Rabbi Lem ran Jew of Austria, declare! imelt a runner of t and pulled down his own oven, "oman ig br that they should bake their bread in the Holy Land next yeur. 19, In the year 1509, one whow: naive was Blefeskom, a Jew of Cologne, pretenin! to be the Messiah. Ho afterwanls affected, however, to turn Christian, 90. In the year 1534, Rabbi Salomo Malcho, | y jving out that he was the Messiah, was burnt to Seachy Chain he Fi of Spi 1) siderable tin MESSIAH 1, In the yoar 1615, 0 false Christ « the Eat Indice, and was greatly followed Portuguese Jews, who were scattered ovt country. . 22. In the year 1624, another in the Coantries pretended to be the Messiah family of David, nnd of the line of Nathaa, [pitied fo desir Roane, and to overthae dngdom of Antichrivt, and the, Turkish 2B. In the year 1666 appeared the fale sinh Sabutai Sevi, who mite so great « nods gained euch a number of proslytca Hi born nt Aleppo, imposed on the Jews for but afterwards, with a si saving his lite, turned Mahonictaty, and ¥ last beheaded.” Aa the history of thia ian ju more entertaining than that of thoee we alreaily mentioned, 1 will give it at some be ‘The year 1666 was a year of great ex i wonderful thing was lau ‘wus a fit time for an im i, lying reports i. Tt was ad, tht great moult marched from unknown parts to the rem verta of Arabia, and they were suppoad the ten tribes of Tsrucl, who had bev dis, for many ages; that a whip was arrived } north part of Scotland with sails and com wa; that the mariners epske nothing’ bd brews that on the sails waw this sata Trecire Tite of tract, Thus were ert men postewscd of that tine. ‘Then it was that Subutai Seri apes Smyrna, and profexeed hinwelf tobe the AE Hie pmlc the Jews deliverance and perous kingdom, “This which he promiee firmly believed. " The Je r businers discouned of nothing but their ‘and believgd Subutai to be the Mesias ss tax we Christians believe anny article of fail in Turkey, m in what he thought wf Satta epticd, that he beliexest hin to be the of that belie Nhe woukl thet ve should be partie n, leeauise the history ix wo vet ing and remarkable ; and we have the at from thowe who were in ‘Turkey. i Sevi was the son of Mordveal € mnean Jew of Sabet was very bo and arrived to great skill in the Elebrew le went thence’ ica, wehene be ‘woman, and was dt en he travelled into the 3 voli, Gaza, aud Jerusalem 1 way he picked up a thin! wife, At Jerusml began to reform the Jews’ constitutions abolish une of their role expelled the city, cof old called ‘He was pleased ¥ or forcrunger, a2 fand et up for lis Elian, i: the Jewinl fasta to abvlish in chains, ‘At Gam, Sabetal preachel reoontap!MESSIAIT with a faith in himaelf, wo effoctually, that ve thcentors up tothe dovsons the noise of this Memias began to ‘Sabatai now resolves for Smyra Constantinople. Nathan writes he king, our king, lord of lords, who ispereed of Israch who redeems our ike Saas Gas Sh ty, the Mesias of tl of Ja the mt sian, the celestial Lion, Sabatai Sevi.” in now, the heat Turkey, the Jems were ‘fat expectation of glorious times. The tow were devout and penitent, that they might tal oatruct the good which they haped fr. Some faster! so long, that they were famixhed ‘edeth ; others buried themselves in the earth fi their limbs grew ‘stiff; some would endure aking wax dropped on their flesh ; some rolled | jm mow; others, in a coll season, would put tiemedves into cold water; and "nany buried thmelves. Business was laid aside: superflui- fiw of household utensils were. soli; the poor Si roti for by immense coninbutions, comes to Smyrna, where he was a‘lored tye pope though the Chachom conulited for which he wax removed from his office. he in writing styles himself theonly and fottnn Son of Go, the Messias, the Saviour dln And though he met with some oppo- pun et be prevailed there at Inst to that de- some of his followers prophesied, and strange ecstacies: four hundred inen and ‘wanm prophesied of his growing ki infants, who could hunily speak, wood Be ponnnce Satnta, Mesias, ani Son of je were for a long time pomexsed, tad voices from their bowels : some fell into ftuees, foamed at the mouth, recounted their fa- toe srity, their visions of the Lion of Judah, ed = triumphs of Sabatai. All which, the Meter, were certainly true, being eflects of din- bofieal’ delusions, as the Jews themselves have ‘Mince confessed. ‘Now the impostor ‘swells and asumes. the Jews, in their synagogues, were wont to pray for the Grand Seignior, he onder hosed prayers to be forborne for thie future, think- ‘it an indecent thing to pray for him who' wax Beatty 1 be ha captive od ined of pray the Turkish emperor, he appoints prayers tor Rimeclf. fe alno elected princes to govern the ews in their march towards the Holy Lani and ‘tor minister justice tothem when they should he the city of Smyrna at that time. to seo some miracle rm thei {0 sasinen the Gene les. Here the impostor was puzzled, thoug fing trick Would ave served thei turn, of it, These princes were men well The a roararute irm their faith, a hrm” ‘When Sabatai was before the Cadi (or justice of ») some affirmed they saw a jjllar of fire een bit and the Cadi; and after some hal affirmed it, others were reaily to swear to it ant td swear it also; and this was presently belioved by the Jews of that city. He that did not now Believe him to be the Messias wae to be shunned ‘as an excommunicated person. The impostor ow declares that he was called of God to wee Damascus, and thus he begins his let- | i MESSIAH January, 1666. He bad a long and troublesome E ho hal not power-over the sea and winds," The Vizier, upon the news, sends for him, and confines him in a loathrome prison. The Jews poy bi th 5 and they of this ity are a infatuated an thowe in Smyrna. “They forbid traffic, and refuse to pay their debts, Somo of our English merchants, not knowing how to recover their debts from the Jews, took this oc- Jcasion to visit Subatai, and inake their complaints {to him against his aubjects ; whereupon he wrote the fellowing letter to the Jewn, “To you ofthe nation ofthe Jews, who ex- pect the appearance of the Mesias, and the ation ‘of Israel, without end. Whereas we are informed that you are indebted to several of the English nation, it seemeth right unto us to onler you to make satisfiction to these your just debts, which, if you refuse to do, und not obey us herein, know you that then you are not it ‘joys and dominion.” Subatai remained a prisoner in Constantinople, for the pace of two months, ‘The Grand Vi- dit, designing for Cand, thought it not safe to leave hint in the city during the Grand Sei absence and his own. He, therefore, removed. him to the Dardanclli, a better air, indioed, but. Jout of the way, and consequently importing [danger to the city; which oceasioned the Jews to conclude that the ‘Turks eould not, or durst not, {take away his life; which had, they concluded, been the surest way to have removed all jealousy. ‘Tho Jews locked in greut numbers to the cast jwhero he was a prisoner; not only thore that neat, but from Polani), Germany, Leghorn, », and other places; they received Sabatai’s and promises of advancement. ‘The Turk» inade use of this confluence; they riised the price of their lodgings ant provisions, and put ‘heir price upon those who desired to we Subatai, for their admittence, ‘This profit stopped their mouths, and no complaints were for this causo sent to Adrianople. Sabuiui, in hisconfinement, appoints the man- ner of hiv own nativity. He commands the Jews to keep it on the ninth day of the month Ab, and toinake it a day'of great joy, to celebrate it with. pleasing meats and. dridka, with illuminations Jand music, He obligeth them to acknowledge the love of God, in giving them that day of con- solation for the birth of their king Measian, Sa- batai Sevi, hia rervant and first-born Son in love, = We may observe, by the way, the insulence of phi impotor.Thig day aw i olen day of (ing among the Jews formerly, in memory of the buming of the temple by the Chaldces: several other eadl thingy happened in this month, Jas the Jewn obverve; that then, and upon the rae dy, tho accor temple was destroyed; and that in this month it was decreed in the wilder- news that the Isruelitex should not enter into Ca- naan, &e, Sabatai was born on this day; and, therefore, the fast must be turned to a feast whereay, in truth, it had heen well for the Jews had he not been horn af all; and much better for himself, ax will appear from what fullows, The Jews of thut city paid Satatai Sevi They decked their synagogues with S, S. in letters of gold, and made for him in the wall a crown: they aitributed the same titles and Constantis rere he bad much todo. He ‘hips bitmeatl to that eod, in e Turkish sick, i Gina dip Dto wacMESSIAH pilgrims from all parts, that had heard this story. Sitong whom Nehemiah Cohen, from Poland, ‘was one,—a man of great learning in the Cabala tnd caster tongues, who desired q conference ‘with Sabatai, and at the conference maintained that, according. to the Scripture, there ought to po a twofold Messias; one the son of Ephraim, a poor and despised teacher of the law ; the other tho son of David, to bes conqueror. "Nehemiah ‘was content to be the former, the eon of Ephraim, and to leave the glory and dignity of thelatter to ‘Sabatai. Sabatal, from what appears, did not dis- like this, But here lay the ground of the quarrel: Nehemiah taught that the son of Ephraim ought to be the forerunner of the eon of David, and to ‘usher him in; and Nehemiah accused Sabatai of Ago grat forwardacw in appearing ax the son of David, before the aon of Ephraim had led barn the way. Sabatei could not brook this doctriue; for he might fear that the son of Ephraim, who was to the way, might pretend to be the son of David, and so feave hitn in the lurch ; and, there- fore, he excluded him frum any part or share in ‘this matter, which was the occasion of the ruin of Sabatai, and all his glorious designs. | Nebe- mish, being disappointed, gocw to Adrianople, and informs the great ininisters of state agninst Subatai, as a lewd and dangerous person to the government, and that it was necewary to take him out of the way. The Grand Scignior, bein, formed of this, sends for Snbatai, who, mucl dejected, appears before him. The Grand Seig- nior requires a miracle, and choowcs one him- olf; and it was thin: that Sabatai_ should be tri naked, and set as a mark tor his archers to shoot at; and if the arrows did not pierce his fleah, he would own him bo be the Messias, Sa- batai hal not faith enough to bear up under 80 ta trial, The Geind Scignior let hin know that he would forthevith impale him, and that the stake wae prepared for nlews he would turn "Turk. Upon which he consented to turn Ma- hometan, to the great confusion of the Jews, And yet some of the Jews were 10 sain nx 10 affirm that it was not Sabutai_himecl ut his shadow, that profewied the religion, in the habit of a ‘Turk; #0 great was t acy and infidelity, as if it were a thi We to convince ‘these deluded and infatuated wretches, “After all this, several of the Jews continued to use the furms in their public worship, prescribed by this Mahometan Messing, which obliged the principal Jews of Constantinople to wend to the, wynagogue of Smyrna to forbid this practice.’ ring these things, the Jews, instead of mind- ing their trade and traffic, filled their letters with news of Sabatai_ their Mesing, and his won- erful works, They reported, that, when the Grand Seignior seni to take hin, be eaused all the messengers that were sent to die; and when other Janizarics were sent, wont from hia mouth; and bei it, he caused them to revive again, They added, that, though the prison where Sabatai lay was ‘barred and faxtenal with strong iron locks, vet he was wen to walk through the streets with a ‘Rumerous truin; that the shackles which were upon his neck and fect did not fall off, but were tumed into gold, with which Sabatai gratilied luis followers. Upon the fume of these things, ha Jems tly ent logncs to Sangean toa : METHODIST ‘quire into the truth of these matters. When Jegates arrived at Smyma, they heard of news that Sabatai was turned Turk, to theirs great confusion ; but going to visit the beat of Sabatai, he endeavoured to persuade them t ‘Sabatai was still the true Messins; that itt not Sabatai that went about in the ‘Turk, Wt hin angel or spirit ; thas bis body » taken’ into heaven, and should he sent do again when God should think it a fit sex He added, that Nathan, his forerunner, wt tbad wrought many miracles, would soon be ‘Smyrna; that he would reveal hidden them, and confirm them. But this Eliss not suffered to come into Smyrna ; and tha the legates saw him elsewhere, they reecivel satisfaction at all. 21. The lavt faloc Christ that had made m= considerable numer of converts was one Ba fordeeai, a Jew of Germany ; be. aypesmd i Tong before be the year 1632 Tt was not " found out to he an impostor, and] wae obit fly from Italy to Poland, to save his life. became of him afterwards does not scem ted recorded. “This may be convidered as true and exact count of the false Christe that bave, at since the crucifixion of our bleased Sevioun, can well Be given. See Johannes d Lents of False Mesviahe; Jortin's Rem. on Be Hist, vol. iii, p. 3305 Kidder’s Demonstrefa Of the Mesvias; Harrie't Sermon on the Ma sigh; The Elecenth Volume of the Moder Parl of the Universal History : Simpeon's Kt to ‘the Prophecies, a. 9; Mactaurin on Prophecies reluting to the Messiah ; Plie! Jesus the true Messiah. ; METHODIST, « name applied to didi sects, both Papists ond Protcstanta—I. Th Poplak Sethodiate werd thove polemical dat who are in Franco about the mile of te seventeenth century, in ypposition te the H hota, or Protestants, ‘These Methinits Unie dierent manner of treating. the eat with their opponent, may be divided into lawes, The one eoinprehents those dat whoue method of disputing with the Prutesait was disingenuous ond unreasonable; apd followed the example of those military chit who shut up their troops in entrenchments is steong-holds, in onder to cover them from attacks of the enemy. Of this number wer Jemit Veron, who required the Protestants € ‘prove the tencte of their clare by plain pas of Scripture, without being allowed the Iba) of illustrating these passages, reasoning op them, or drawing any conclusions foot ‘Nihusius, an apostate from the Protestant mi gion; the two Wallenburgs, and others, eH Confined themselves to the business of objections; and cardinal Richelieu, who: ‘whole controversy to the single article oft institutic uuthority of the church- [ho Methotists of the second class wen opinion, that the most expedient manner af ® ducing ‘the Protestants to silence, was a 8 attack’ them by ynecemeal, but to overwbslt thenu at once by the weight of some general pit ciple, of presumption, or some universal ment, which comprehended or might be to all the points contested between the t churches; thus imitating the conduct of thetMETHODISTS Bitary Icaders, who, instead of spending their ‘we and strength in’sieges and skirmishes, en- savour! to put an end fo the war by a general ad decisive action, Some of these premics| ‘uted the defence of ‘upon. prescription ; shets upon the wicked lives of Protestant princes tho bal Ieft the church of Roine; others, the ‘eine of religious schisin ; the varicty of wag Protestants with regan to doctrine and ine, and the uniformity of the tenets and Sntip of the church of Rome; and thu, by their respective arguments they thought REyahould atop the mouthe of ther alvereates once, fit METHODISTS, PROTESTANT, origin i« not _gencrally known that the name of i ith Been given Jong before ton ri acct in England, or, at Iewxt, to a party in igen which was chetinguished hy some of the uuppored to apply to the 1, who wna librarian of = @ book which he pub-| Raed raya, Where are now our Anabaptints tad pin pikestail Methodisty, who. esteem all fowers of rhetoric in sermons, no than thing wees ?"—But the denomination to which we here refer, was fonnded in the year| 19%, by one Mr. Morgan and Mr. John Wee be. 'In the month of ‘November that vear, the hair, tring then fellow of Lincoln College, be- tospend some evenings in reading the iteek eeanent, with Charten Wevles, student, Mr. commoner of Christ Church, and Mr, i of Merton Collese. Not lng after: minis ter or thirce of the pupils of Mr, John Weses chtainedl leave to attend these muceti then begin to visit the sick in different Pita of the taien, and tho prisoner also, who EI confine in the eatle, Teo yearn alter were joined by Mr. Ingham, of Queen's e Mr. Broughton, and Mr. Herv fa 17S, ty the evlebrated Mr. WI hineightcenth vear. At this time their number of Methodiata wprung up!” alluding to.a sect Paniont physicians who wore called Metho- because they reduced the whole healing art afew common principles, und brought it into ae method! and onder. At the tine thut this socicty was formed), itis W that the whole kingdom of England’ was ding fast to infidelity. ‘It is come,” says: shop Butler, “I know not how, to be taken for aunted by many persong, that Christianity is not much us a xubject of inquit it w at length discovered to sordinsly they treat it as if, in the ss were ana tage, ement among all people of dis and nothing, remained but to ae a principal wulject of mirth and rid te, by way of reprisals for its having #0 reruptel the pleasures of the world. avery reason to believe that the Methovliste ‘e the instruments of stemming this torrent. fn sick and the poor also tented the fruite of ir labours and benevolence: Mr. Wesley | himself of all his superfluities, anid pro- fand for the relief of the indigent ; and seomperger wae tho enka tt they ley vk METHODISTS Increased their fund to eighty pounds perannum, This, which one should have thought, would hare teen'attended with praise instead of censure quickly drew upon them a kind of persccution ; some of the reniory of the university began to in- terfere, and it was reported “that the college cen: sore were going to blow up the godly club’ ‘They found theinselves, however, patronized and jencournged by some men eminent for their learn- ing and virtue; so that the society still continued, though they had suffered a severe lors, in 1730, by the death of Mr. Morgan, who, it ix said, was the founder of it. “In October, 1735, John and Mr. Ingham, and Mr. Dela- don, embarked jcongin, in onler to preach the Gospel to the Indians. After their arrival they were at first fa- people; and, on account of some differencen with the storekeeper, Mr. Wesley wus obliged to return to England.” Mr. Weales, however, was noon succeeded by Mr. Whitfeli, whose repeater labours ia that part of the world are well known, 11, Methudints, tene After Me, Whit fick on the conteaty, professed the Arminian nd al rinted in favour of perietion univenel retemption, and. ve ingly inst elections a doctrine which Mr. Whitlield The difference, there fore, of aentiments between theae two great nen caused a separation, Mr. Wesley preached ina place called the Foundry, where Me, Whith preached but once, anul no more, Mr, Whitt then preached to very large congregtions ont uf doo, and son afer, im connexion with Mr, Connick, and owe oF two more, began a new wl, Glouerstershire, anil esta olthat favoured Calvinistic prewchent, ‘The Methodists, therefore, were now divided gue ut flowing Me, Wesley, a the other Mr, ‘The doctrines of the Wedeyan Methodists, acconlins tu their own account, ure the une as gland, as oct forth in ber lituray, the church of articles und homilies. Chis however, hax been die puted. Mr. Wesley, in hin appeal to men of reason and religion, thus declares hin wentiments: “AIL L teach,” he obnerves, respects either the n and corition of justification, the wleon- ition of salvation, the nature of juetlying und saving faith, oF the’ Author of faith and mulvution, That justifiention whereof our articles and ho- ruliosi fen prevent forgiveness, andcon- sequently acceptance with God: 1 n of thiv is faith: I mean not only that without faith we cannot be justified, but also that, oon a any one hus true faith, in that mo ment he is jistified. Good works follow fiith, but extnot go before it; much less can itication, which: implica a continued course ing from holiness of heurt, that etnctifieation gues before ‘our justification at the Lust day, Heb. xii, HM. Re- d fruits tueet tor repentance, go bo- yentanre ulwolutely midst po hefore there be opyortuni rntance 1 meant conviction of in, yo real desires and sincere resolutions of amendment ; by mation, 1 mean ut bere do-METHODISTS Irerance from hal, bot t, deliverance Faith, in 4a divine superna- furl svdence, of cobvieton of things nol seen, ‘ot discoverable by our bodily senees: justifying fails implies not only a divine evidence or cons Wietion that God was in Christ reconciling the ‘world unto himeelf but a sure trust and confi- dence that Christ died for my sing, that be loved me, and gave himself for me. And the moment Gol partons and is partion or justi- font, [a ‘4 penitent sinner believes thi beolves him: and ax soon as feation in witnemed to him by the Hol Ihe ia saved. From that time (unlese shipwreck of the faith) salvation gradually ‘creases in his soul. “The Author of faith and salvation ix God alone. ‘There is no more of power than of me fn man; butas all merit is in the Son of God, ‘what he has done and suffered for us, 60 all power fn in the Spirit of God. And, therefor, every aan, in onler to believe unto salv erin the Holy Ghost Bo fe peeting original win, free will, the ju of men, goo works, atid works done | tification, lie refers Ux to what is vaid subjects in the former part of the 1 tenth, the eleventh, the twelfth, and thirteenth articles of the church of England, One of Mr. ‘Weoley's preachers bears this testimony of him tol hia enters: * The Gospel, conser a gencral p wed as 0 d play ofthe divine pr lone to the nature of God; in attributes barmoni shine forth with pecu- liar lustre.—The Gospel, considered a a racans to attain an end; appeared to him to discover as it fitness in the means to the enil as ean por. fibly be discovered in the structure of natunil bodies or in the various operations of nature, from «view of which we draw our arguments for 1 existence of Giod.—Man he viewed ua Wind, norant, wavering out of the way, with his minkd estranged ftom God.—He considered the Gospel ‘asa dispensation of mercy to men, holding. forth pantott, a free panton of vin toll who repent und believe in Christ Jeaus. ‘The Goapel, he believe ‘uleates universal holiness both in heart and the conduct of life.—He showed a mind well instructel in the oracles of God, and well ac- juainted with human nature, He contended, tthe first step to be a Christian is to rep and that, till « man ia convinced of the evil of wt and is determined to depart from it; tll he is convinerd that there is a beauty in holiness, and something truly desiruble in being reconciled to God, be is not prepared to reecive Christ, "Che second important and necessary step, he believed to bo faith, agreeable tu the onler of the apoxtle, pentance foward God, and faith towanl our ‘Jowus Christ’ Acts xx. 20, 21. In explai accurately distinguished it jon, or the yuri of ain, “Justitia tate of grace and favour with Gul, and lays the foundation of sancti cation, oF Christiin holiness, in all it extent, ‘There has been a great clamour rained aguinst bie bowery called Bi ew of sitting by the wonl perfection ; but he often explained what he meant er inn Hie meant Wy the ion, auch a degree of the love of Gol TEN er artnamy sust't daive of Une loveot Se rath hohinos and puri, as wl remove i METHODISTS from the heart every Sanat (God or man 5 nd that this Shou beo fof love, not to a part of his creatures ot all; that He who is the Father of all, who stands in the same relation tures, loves them all; that he loved. und gave his Son a ransom for all wi tinction of persons. It appeared to hit reprocot do a tial, a8 confining | tier, war unworthy our notions of the L naintained that Christ died for all men to be offered to all; that all are to be “Teoine to hin and that whosoever om from patting ivorke inthe lace of the Christ, that he only gave them their je considered thein ax the fruits of a ive faith, and as the ineasure of ward: for every man will be rewande hia works, hut according to the measun He gave the whole glory of salvation fromm fist to last. Ale believed. that never turn to God, if God did not begin! he often said that the first approaches that iy that convictions ay dy for tions and answem a of Conference, Q. “In what sense puted to all inankind ?? A. ive. 1. Our bodiesthen heeaine Our souls died, i, ¢. were diaunite | henee,—3. We ure all born with easan whereoh—t Tiable to death eterna ypraoch him?" In onder clearer ideas vespecting 3 "s opinions we shall ree quote 1 Indl clown im cor to believers?” preaaly alfinned in Scripture that God of lth A. the righteoun hist to a to find th That text, (Ax by one man's tnen were made sinners #0 by the ober one all were inade righteuus,’ we eoncedt by the merits of Christ all niew are cles the guilt of Adatu's actual win” Qt be bret but throussh disolavience 2” A. not, A believer fir inwanily disobeys; to sin with his heart; then bis intereot God ix cut off, ie. his faith is lot; and he nay fall into outward sin, being 1 ‘and like another mau.” Q."* What i being a perfect Christian” A, “T the Lon our God with all our heurt, ary our mind, and soul, and strengt! this imply *hat all'inward A. “Witwat doubt; or bow could tobe awed from all our undeannese 21. "Q, Low much iv allower from us with re sanctifieation 7” A. “They grant, 1. sao iat be enue sane is we +METHODISTS wth, That till then a felicwer daily ‘comes nearer and neurer to perfection. — sre ought tobe continually prosing afer te and to exhort all others to do wo.” Q. ‘What do we allow them?” A. “ We grant, «That many of thove who have died in the ith, yea, the greater part of thone we have were not sanctified throughout, not made rerfeet'in love, till a little before death.—2. ‘That eterm sanctified is continually applied by St. Panto all that were justified, Hit were trae be frens—3. ‘That by this term alone he rarely (if per) means raved from all sin.—t, ‘That cons: quills it is nut proper to use it in this sense, without adding the won! ‘wholly, entirely,’ or the He —5. That the inspired writen: almost taatinally speak of or to thoac who were justified, bat very rarely either of or to those who were sane tiei—G. That it consequently hehoves us to gaik in public nlmost continually of the state of jasifenton; hut more $B; John iv, 17." Thas | have endeavoured to feoets of the Woalevan Methosista; and this 1 berechoen to do in their own wonls, in onler ‘e prevent miarepresentation. to the doctrines of the Calvi ‘Metho- Si thes need not be inserted here, as the water ‘il fn the substance of them under the article LTIStaT Ml, Metiodiets, government and disci $—A considerable umber beth of the Stand Arminian Methotists ap t Spine of the church while many, it ital are diswnters in priufiple, Mr, Wesley tad Me, Whittiold were both brmght up in, and Se pretiar espct tn that hue, hey ates ever, avit is well known, confine theun- to her luvs in all reepects'as it lated to ine. Wesley having formed nuincroun socie- denn different parts li, with his brother Charles, few up certain yy whiel the tems in reyacte ati are i Mey state the nature sn of a Methodist “Such a soviety “no other than a company ‘men having the form and xe ‘the power linows; tnited, in order to pray t saive the word of cxhertation, and to er one another in love, that th Set to work out their ail ; “That it may the more easily be diseerned ether they are inilee working out their own. vation, each society iw divided into smaller panies, called clorers, arcohling to their re- 2ctive places of ubode. “There are a’ “at twelv taons (somctimes Gitern, twenty, oF wea more) each clans; one of whom is styled their leader. is his business, 1. ‘To wee each person in his am onre @ week, at least, in order to inquire may help each | the 1 their souls prosper ; to auviee, reprove, com- METHODISTS fort, or exhort, an occasion may require; to re ceive what they are willing to give to the poor, or towan! the —2. To mect the minister and the stewanls of the society once a week in onler to inform the minister of any that are sick, or of any that walk disorderly, and will not be Teptoved; to pay to the stowards what they have received of their several classes in tho week pre- ceding; and to show their account of what each petaon has contributed, “There is ouly one condition previously re- quired of those who desire almirsion into these societies, namely, A desire to fle from the serath to come ; to be raved from their sine: but. wher- ever this is really fixed in the soul, it will bo shown by ita fruite, It ig therefore, expected of inue thervin, that they’ should con “Pinst, By doing no harm; by av in every kind; expecially that wh generally practised, such ws the taking the name of God ny the profaning the day of the ither by doing onlinary’ work thereon, oF mg oF selling; deunkennens; buy rituous liquors, of di wins“ extrie ersiy brawling bruther guing. to late wi ers retiring ev for xi or aig for rile ing; the using many words in buying oF wll uying or selling unewstomed guods ; the giving or taking things on uaury, i. e. unlawful interest “ Uncharitable of unprofitable concersation particularly, speaking evil of magistrates, or of ministers a dln to other we would not they should unt Doinye what we know ia not for the glory of fod ws the putting on gold or costly apparels ‘sich diversions aa cannot be used in lew in “The ringing those sung, of reading thoso bool, which do not tend tothe knowledge or re softness, and needlew selfindulgence 5 wth borrowing with or taking up goods ising for thei It ix expected of alll who continue in these rocictiew that they should continue to evidence their desire of walvation, dying good of every’ powible peswibde to ull men: to the which God giveth by giving food to ; hy clothing the naked, by visiting oF helping thein that are sick, or in prison: to their souls, by instructing, reproving, or exhorting all we have any int trampling ubder foot that enthusiastic doctrine of devils that ‘We aro wot to do good, unless our hearts be frec to it “By doing goo, expecially to them that ure of the household of faith, or groaning #0 to be ; ein ploying them preferably to others ; buying one of ‘anothers helping each other in business ; andl #0 nuch the more, because the workd will ‘ove its ‘own, and them’ only; by all itigeace and frugality thut the Gospel be not blauned ; by ng with paticuce the race set before then, znying themeclecs, and taking up theit crose daily ; submitting to war the reproach of Chiat; to be as the Gith and offseounng of the world,METHODISTS ‘and looking that men should say au manner of rid af them foley for the Lorde sake, “It is ex ‘all who dexiro to continue i these societies, that they should continue to evi dence their desire of mivation, “ Thindly, By atending « of God: such are,—The jpublic wor the ministry of the wos, either read ea the supe of the Lon: family rai abstinence. “These are the general rules of our pe Il which we are taught of God to observ in his written word: the only true rule, and the sufficient rule, both of our ‘and all these we know his Spirit writes on every truly awakened heart, Ifthere be any ‘who observe them nui, who habituully break any of them let it he mrade Known ante then who all the ordinances of Gols we will bear with for a ae “AMON but then, if he repent not, he bath np more pace We: we have delivered our own souls, * May 1, 1713. John Westry, Charles Weste In Mr, Wesley's connexion, they have r- 1d were thos: When the preachers at first went nt and preach, it was by Mr, Werle nil dire woine froin one part from another; and cuits and conferences, which we 1 formed frequently. strane thane to whan, ty wens ment ye on hin elit aan ey were "Feevived and pr So fon a rem ete action eletecer they Bot havi nvelves, they 1 of recurring to Mr. Wevley. directions how and where they were te labour, elier nian with euch othe ts of acl Strole, anne or fees 8 prinsipal society ia these yatrts anid whielewer <0 situates eat distance trum on nore than twenty. what ware METHODISTS at the place fixed for him, to motion round it, in such onler ast socicties belonging to that circnit, at tances of tinw, all being governed by rules, and undergoing the xane labour plan, every preacher's daily work 1 beforchand; each knew, every ¢ reaches, and ow them. red, however, design in calling the preacket was not merely for the mgt the circuits, Int also for the review of, trines and disripline, and for the exam moral conduct that those who ister with him in holy things thoroughly furnished for exrry gond s find conference was hel in Jt at which Mr. Wesley nthe Wesley i three other clergymen, and a few of th cere when he hued aypeinted to come fro prrty to confer with them on ali alls societies, “Monday, June 95," observes Mr. nd the five following days, we xpent th our preachers, seriously consi means we mizht the most” effect ern that heard ua ions we wet down, of uur future practice.” ‘a conference hag 1 y hinmell having subjects of their tions, were proposed in. the form of « ere amply discussed, and the we wills | emcee jesrloni lia in lair ti some toler standing? Have th jules V things of Goel? e they a jit ene silvation by faith? And has any degive of utteranMETHODISTS and to his work 7 Have vou considered the sof a helper? Will you keep them for con- mee’ sake? Are you determined to employ ‘your time in the work of Gol? Will you tich every morning and evening? Will you igraly instruct the children in every place? 70 Vii from houwe to house? Wil you ‘ommend fasting both by We then may revive himn axa prob jim the Minutes of the Conterence, in- thus:—'To A.B. You think it your 47 to call’ sinners to repentance. Make full set bereof, and we shall Tejvice to receive you Vafllow-labourer.” Let him then read and efaly weigh what is contained therein, that hes any doult it may he removed.” fo the above it may'be usefil to ad,” mays on, fa few reinarks on the nethod pur- he choice of the itinerant preachers, an ay bao formed the inost erroncour ideas’ on. i employed with weving, they are aulmitied ‘When their grace anil ubilities ls taint, they are appointed leaters uf closer. — Ifther then discover talents for more impor- at wrvicen, they are employe: to exhort ocea- ‘ealy in the scnaller congregations, w! veters cannot attend —3. If approved in thin we fdaty, they are allowed to prea Out ‘thes men who are called foal preachers, are laced the iinerant preachers, who are’ fiat at a quarterly mecting of the stewards =) ra of the circuit; ther ‘ing of the travelling preachers of ‘dlatly, in the conference und if ace Simtel fora cinvuit—7, are examine! ‘heir characters aunt lly in the eonter- innyui Peonduct anil wuceess of every pret me who are finind sl ities are ne employed ax tert; while the whune has not been azreeabte to the Gospel are Palled, and thereby deprived of all the privi- even of privu era uf the WV. Methodiste, rie emnesion L Wealey's death, hie prople have been d fed; but ‘this division, it mem rexpeets dis- mure than #1 Mr. We nent, of England, and exhorted the svieties fer hiv care to attend her service, and revive Lant's Supper frame the w: But he later part of his time he thon an sine bishops und priests for A put an one or two of the bishoja have rine tir pint lead gular ordination whould take ofthe connexion might ren ‘ng his life, some uf the own chapels in church, peradministered by the ie revjueat le generally ted, andl where it coukd be conveniently done, soine of the clenzymien who officiuted at the 'Chupel in London, to perform these solemn ise AL the tt eonerence far hi deat, it preachers, | for iJance of t METHODISTS which was held at Manchester, the preachers published a declan@tion, in which they said thal . they would “take up the Plan as Mr. Wealey had left it." ‘This was by no means satisfactory toniany of the preachers and people, who thought that religions liberty ought to be extended to-all the sovi@ which desired it. In onder to fasont thiscauMer ugreable to the spirit of Chris tianity, and the righta of Englishmen, several re- apectable preachers came forwanls and by the writings which they circulated through the cun- nexiun, puved the way for a plan of pacification ; by w Wout stipulate that in every society where a threefold inajority of clawleudery, stew ants and tenstece desired it, the people should i bam ad the eae customs of the pri tive church, that the peopic should ave a volee in the temporal concen othe soceting vote in the elect ither in the conference ot the die- in onicr to nasiat in the dixburee. ment of the ‘yearly’ collection, the Kingxwood School colketion, and the preacher fund, and in making old haws, would be a of union tetveoen the conference anil cone ion at lange, and do away the very ira of ar- hitrary power the travelling preachers, In ler to firilitate this good work, many societies arions parts of the kingdom nent delegntes t0 the eonfernee held at Leva in 1797: th instructed to reyuest, that the people might have a voivw in the formation of their uien lire, the chai ir owen nffcers, and the distribu. _ Th the conler- tted into the 7 Both motions were negutived, all hopes of accomadation ive were given Up. Several is liberty. proposed a plan for a Tnonler that it might be earried they nezer Chapel. president, andd The meeting ing the preachers rod the president and seentary tu draw up the rules of the church government, in order that they might be circulated through the wacietirs for their approbation, Accordingly, a form of march gaverament, wuited to eran ts, was these two brethren, under the ttle of nistitution proporesd ation, nity anal Aceey he Members of the Meth Ttinerancy.” “The plan was examined by select committees in the on, an, with a few ulterations, was nerepsed the contereuce of preachers and delegates, ‘Phe preachers and people are incorparated! in all meetinus for business, hot by temporary eneces son, Du bythe ese princes of their ex xMETHODISTS stitution ; for tho private menibers choose the laswleaders; the leaders’ mefting nominates the stewanle; and the society confirm or rejects the nomination. ‘The quarterly meetings are composed of the general stewants and represen tives chonen by the different societies of the cir- ‘cuits, and the fourth quarterly mee! ‘appoints the preacher and deleyat that shall attend the general conference. For a further account of their principles und discipline, we mint refer the rend pamphlet, entitled General Rules Swcietica of Me-| ‘The Cualvinistic Methodists not incor- porated into a body ax the Arminians are, but fre chielly under the direction oF influence of ‘heir ministers oF patrons. It is necesaury ty observe here that there are many congregations in London, and elsewhere, who, although they are called Methodists, vet are | neither in Mr, Wesley's, Mr. Whitield's, nor} the new connexion. Sonte of these are supplicd by a variety of minimers; and others, bordering nore upon the congregational plan, have a re- sident minister. The clergy of the church of England who strenuously preach up her doctrines artinles, ate called Methodists, A distinct ‘connexion upon Mr. Whitickd’s plan, was formed. ‘and patronised by the late Lady Huntingdon, fend which still subsists, ‘The tern Metiodint, ia applied by weuy of reproach to almuxt every ene who manifests more than common mm for the interests of religion, and the spiritual good of mankind. 'V. Methodiste, numers,and ruccces of —Not- withwanding the general co 4 once thrown thein, und the 6; Livery July 26, secivtieg, are as fo in BSI; bectand, 2 il the xuppersal the world, GBAUT: of me HTN are proaches in th i ‘Phe Methuatiets in Aueri-a ace not in immediate ‘Their Cabvinintie ‘Methuntist uchers, whime cunutte elle ty see the numbers wwe pices, An to theie! in evident, that thous! ve" been foul it of people who flack to success in doing good, rant enthusiants im Yet No prope: haan the there; they have not thouxands’ better tn fe Hare, oti Tiednewin labour, yiety ofconduct,anddcpendence ou Alm MILLENNIUM Bogue and Bennett's History of the D. vol iis Walker's Address to the Meth: METHODIST EPISCOPAL CE IN THE UNITED STATES. * Methodist Society in the United Sti formed in the eity of New York, in some emigrants from Ireland, In'1768 it | ing-house was erected in John-street. the war of the Revolution all the prese ceyt_Mr. Asbury, returned to their net 101784, Dr. Thomas Coke came to Ame powers to constitute the Methodist Sock an independent church. Before, the wwere tensidered onty a layer, and administer the ordinances, Mr. Asb oniained bishop by Dr. Coke in 178 number of members at this time was of preacherw 83. ‘The clergy of the Evacopal Church consis of Visboms elders elders, deacons, and an unordal of licensed preachers. ‘The ministry & into itinerant and local, ‘The former stantly engaged in preaching and jrston ‘under the direetion of the bishops and eual the latter perform these otfices only ax: highest wuthority of the arch is the general oor ve in four puns, and eo c# from the annial conference, ratio of one delegate for every seven | preachers. ‘The ‘anual conferences ai I country, rinice from their last re Peary that the stm (otal of membersiti os with the 22 conferences, amounts to and of travelling, preachers 2608 ; maki by many thousnvls the mest numeroua United Statex.°—F Na bishop of « church in the et ce articles Bieuine Epis from mitifnng, fightrng sito the clutch on earthy as eng Jes a, sin, and to thane who Le earth with Christ 1,000 MILLENMIUM, rally cupluyed to denote Ul whieh, aeeoning to an a lurch, rounded on some th Apocaly poe gut sh Ireneus, Ofigen, and othen 5 as well ag from the historie yin, Mosheiny and all the moderne, tht never adopted hy the whole church, oF rurticle of the established creed in any na About the middle of ‘the fourth Millenarions held the following te * Por an account of the Methedirt Proteaten ‘and a more detailed accimuPof the Aethedist- 4 ICharch, wee Appeadic, Now. 1 and 3.MILLENNIUM aat the city of Jerusalem should the re- that the land of Judea should be the 1 of those who were to reign on the arth 4 ‘That the fir rerurrection was not to dito - = bot that, after os fe ri the just were to and al ‘onike earth wero to ‘continue for that That the saints, daring this period, sll the delights of terresiril paradine, opinions were founded upon several it Seriptare, which the Millenarians, e fathers, understood in no other than a ‘se; but which the moderns, who hold tn conser ne party tral and jt ical, OF these pranges, that Peas has been laid we believe key of the bnttom- ‘ad a great chain in his hand. And he on the dragon, that old serpent, which Wand Satan, aiud bound hin: a th up, and ect a seal upon him, that he ceive the nations no more, til the tho ‘sabould be fullitled and, alter that, weed a little season. And I saw thrones, tat upon themn, and judgment was.ziven 34 and Lmw the sualsof them that were for the witners of Jesus and fer the od, and which had not worshipped the ther hia image, neither had reecived hie fa thelr foreheade nor in their hands fived and reigned with Christ a thou: re. But the rest of the da ls the thousand years were finished. at resurrection,” Rev. ax. 16, WL the ancient’ Millenarians took ina aly fiteral, and taught, that, during the am, the saints on carth were to ily'delight. ‘The moderns, on the ether iaider the powers and pleasures of this ‘as wholly spiritoal ; and they represent tot to commence till after the conflayra- 2 present carth. Gt thet this a mistake, the 4 for we are there t and years are expired, FoF fis prison, and shall nations which are in the four quart “the” and we have no reason to believe next varee but one dy that, when “il havo such power or wuclt liberty in ‘heavens and the ew earth, wherein ‘We muy alnerve, how- things rexpec ¢ afar ue ground to bic 3B will arrive to astute of prospe + alix, 235 hx.3 s ill ontinu of baat ‘years, or a considerable synce of time, ‘the work of salvation may be fully ac in the utmost extent aud glory of it, ane, in which the world will soon be filled Ch con- those inue full MILLENNIUM been Lorn and lived in the preceding six thousand ‘years; oo thet, if they who shall be born in that thoorand care shall be all of mast of them saved (ax they will be,) there will, on the whole, be many thotieands of mankind saved to one that shall be lost.—3, This will bo a state of great ‘princes and glory. Some think that Chiat will reign personally on earth, and that there will te @ literal resurrection of the saint : 75 but I rather suppose that the reign of Christ and reurreetion of saints alluded to in that pas- age, b only figurative; and that nothing more iw meant, than that, before the general the Jews shall be converted, genuine Ch Je diffused through all nations, and shall reign, by his spiritual presence, in a glorious manner. It will, however, be a tine of eminent hatin and friends ip. Tuma perhaps, wil one of the mineral, vogetuble, is. Beasts of prey, perhaps, ed by the power of tnam. place will rest secure ‘War sll be crimes and punishimenta Government placed on ne foundations. “The torch, Perhaps be as few les, tion, didhonesty covctoummess, ‘Crider and manufactures will bee curried on with w design to promote the gene 1 good of mean, and not with selfish interest, as nw, Merchansige between distant evuntricn will be conducted without fear of an enemy 5 and works of ornament and beauty, perhaps, shall not be wanting in these day, —Leweuins, whieh flourished in proportion as re Juul then greatly inereaee, and ba ployed for the best of urpores. — Antrunom riphy, natural history, mnetaphyvies, and all the Wath! teienees, will be better understood and tl to the wens termed wile lt fore, the Fighting half ita terrors,” and the human frame pot be new: ao nich exposed to danger. Abuveall, the Bille Will Le mare highly ‘apprecited, ila’ perecived, its superiority owned, and. tte felt by millions of h beings. Tn fi cartlcaball be filed with the knowl of the Lord aa the waters cover the sea.—t. ‘The time when the Millennium will co fully ascertained ; but the co ‘wil be in the acven thowautth tworkd, "It will, moat protaliy, come-on by dee even, and be ita manner introduced years before i “Anu seho knowa but the prewnteon- vuldone unang different nations the overthrow Which pope’ tas bad in places wher so donununt for bundreds of year of prupheey reapecting int the falling Doors sole ace 18 suppl Mie ror ther lt be many thous re om tho earth, to cach one that hee ety aay tte fat nee ay, fst ofall the npmber of Mlonarie sett intoMINISTER different parts of the ether with the increase of Gospel ministers ; the thousands of ignorant children that havo becn taught to read the Bible, and the vast number of different rocie- tics that have been lately instituted for the be- newolent purpose of informing the minds and impressing the heartsof the ignorant ; whoknows, Tsay, bug what these things are the forerunners of events of the mowt delightful nature, and which saay usber in dhe happy torn of that rh aud glorious day when the whole world shall be filled ‘with his glory, and all the ends of the earth ave jh the salvation ‘of our Gol? See Hopkins on the a Whithy's Treatise ont, at the endof hin nd col, of hie Annotations onthe New ‘Tests Robert Gray's Discourses, dis, 10; Bishop New- ton's Torenly,fifth Dies. on the Proph.3 Bellar sue Trent. on the Millennium, ‘Chere are four adinirable papers of Mr. Shrubsole’s on the aul ject, in the bth vol. of the Theol. Mise.; Lard- jrer’s Cred Ath, Sth, 7th, and 9th vols: Moe sheim's Eel Hist, cent. 3, p. M, ch. 12; Tay- tor's Sermons on tho Millennium ; Tilustrations of Prophery, ch. 31. MILLENNIAL CHURCH. See Suaxens. MIND, a thinking, intelligent being; other- wie called spirit, of eoul, Sce 5 Dr. ‘Watts has given us some admirable thoughts as ty the improcement of the mind. “There are fice eminent means or methos he observes, weherhy the mind is improved in the knowledze of thine; and these arr, obsereation, reading, inatruction by lectures, conceraation, und med tation + which last, in 2 most poet in called study." See Waifs on the Minud, a book hich no student xbould be without, MINIMS a religious onier in the church of Rome, founded by Se Francis de Paula, towanls the end of the fiteenth century. ‘Their habit is a course black woollen stuff, ‘with a woollen gale of the sane colour, tel in, ie, Knots They are not permitted to yuit their habit and inlle night or « rly they went bars 1 of thoes. . MINISTER, 3 applied to those whe fostrs of congres rework, 4 ee experimental 6 to the fre thee bearerey ant Tromn the wierd 4 nivter without pri . tnd he who pnfeme’ to believe in, A sont shout sos to ‘it that it accords with the word MINISTER God. His mind’ should clearly 5 beauty, harmony, and utility off th while hia heart should be deeply img 1 senge of their value and importanc: should be mild and afeble ato their and deportment. ty imps 1 diagrie to the ministerial caract rally ‘brings contempt, ‘They shou bear injuries with yotience, and be ocd to every one; be courteous to cringing to any ; be affable without ‘without pusillanimity ; cone affections without violating the truth | pevivrasto their ia nung have been useful without wh ing, set none hase been 20 wi portion of knowledge and windom, 38 Alnighty «1 edie ia werviee 5 since it the fall, and the consequence of oa from the Fountain of intelligence, therefore, expecially, should endeavat these shackles. get their minds eal dored with all tixeful know ledge. shoul be well studied, and that, i the original language. "The echeman by Jesus Christ should Ie well unde all the variotw topes connected witht some knowledse of history, satura Tewic, mathematiog and rhetoric, be + ulgment, abo, with a retenti inventive faculty, and a facility of ¢ tion, should be ub ent as to their studi ved, an ne tendency to | 3. Mliniaters shuubl be extenaire as opinion wn to non-enential thinge ja importance ax to be a ground of citi ministers of Christ, then, pity the w the ignorant, bear with the sincere t taken zeabst, and love all wholove the: Christ 6." Ministers should bem | faithful in their public work. Thes Visited; children ‘must be catechivedMIRACLE erent can be deemed miraculous merely because it is strange, or even to us unaccountable ; siner it may be ‘nothing more than a regular effet of ‘some unknown fiw of nature. In this country eurthyuakew are rare; and for monstrous birthi, pethays, no particular and sutisfactory acenunt an be given; yet an earthquake ia ax rele an, nature ns any of effiet of the established lawn ‘those with which we are mort ed; and, under circumstances would always be the mime kind of preluction, the monster is nature's genuine iaue. It i therefore necenury, before we can pronounce, any effet to he a true miracle, that the cireuin- stances under which it is produced he known, anil that the common ecurse of nature he in some posible pot, a deviation from its courw. Miracles, therefor’, ure not, a¢ some have represented then They suppose of the courge of proper jutzwent™ can be formed concerning theans dhough with it their rea ispute. a bint man nguent on the ese, But were hi to n0 hia patient merely by commanuting him t ‘of by anointing bis eyes with spittle, we should ‘with the utmost confidence pronounce th i now perfietly that uu apltle have, of things, any ih Diished cunstitution of things, we ate they will new lintel Uy the and is un sume powerful being acting with is permission, ‘The phins devised by wisdom are steady in. proportion to their perfevtion, and the plans of infinite wisdom must be absolute perfect. From this consideration, woe men h ventured ty conclude that no miracle was ever wrought, of can rationally be expected hut ma- turer reflection must soon satisfy us tHhut wll such conclusions are hasty. “Man is unquestionably the principal creature m thie work), and apparently the only ene in it whe is capable of being mule acquainted with the relation in which be stants to his Creator, We ‘cannes, therefore, doubt, hut that such of the haven ‘of nature ua extend not their operation beyond the Euuits of this earth, were eatablished chi solely, for the goud of manki D Yarticular circumstances that good cant be more effcctually protouted, by an occasional dev ist fruin these awa, such a deviation may be trason- MIRACLE kind were once sunk into the of the most important truths the Being by whom ported ; that they paid divine adoration to stones, atnl the vileat superstitions, “From this depraved state it was a unworthy of the Divine Being to rescue bis less creatures, to enlighten their und present to thein motives of sufficient force toe gage them in the practice of it. But the nndes «lings of ignorant barbarians cannot, be eo lightened by arguments; because of the fore ef ‘sich anminiente ax regard moral acience they ase not qualified to judge. i « ent inorul precepla and they souactimes em tured to expose the alwuniities of the sujerttions ut thee lature ha no in indore ‘upon the ruulitude and they had’ i lubed such erroneous notions res, the tty tutes of the Supreie Being, and the natured the hum: Tt is Tikewie to be b> truths of the otna 1, which unamisted rane thes, the powers of reasoning. servo, that there are in v confing to Plato, ‘Whatever is net it should be, in the present evil state particular pote lis revelation, at Whaievet Fiven, must have been male to mane chosen individuals om Ra i ce aoe 7 ath eee y sre erartgine! ine caer metver wo ene rouge bet to hix mind by God himself, human nature % ‘te wholly changed; men woukl not be wents, nor by consequence be cay eather reward or of punixhinent, Jt remaing, that, if God iw been seraciously pleased ts lighten wud reform mankind, withuot desroriag, that mora! nature which man bos have done it only by revealing hie truth te cmporarice, ool through them have been the instructors of eu cveding ages Let us suypow _ — bores cue, and consiler how . could cunmunicute to others every truth whic had been revealed to themselves, They might easily, if it were jart of their duty, deli festabliah it upon the common basin of ex ‘and demonstrat ‘were created and sap sublime eyetem of natural and morul ecience, and less and that they west nlnves to the most impious, crucl, and degrading that they might perceive what ia right, aml 1 teachers { ‘but what foundatien ceuilMIRACLE Ghey lay for those truths which unassisted reason tannot discover, and which, when they are re-| hi vealed. I. appear to have no hecesmry relation to amy thing previously known? To a hare affirma- ion that they had! been immediately rovvived fom God, no rational being could be expected to weent. The teachers might be men of known reracity, whose simple assertion would be ad- mitted ax sufficient evidence for any fact in con- ‘emity with the laws of nature; but as every fan has tho evidence of his own consciousness wad experience that revelations from heaven are leviations from these laws, an amwrtion #0. ap rently extravagant would be rejected ax flee, inless supported by some better proof than the tere affirmation of the teacher. In this state of ings we can conceive no evidence sufficient to make such doctrines be recrived av the truths of Jod, but the power of working miracles com- sisted to him who taught then, “This would, in- eed, be fully adequate to the purpose; tor, if here were nothing in tho ductrines theumelves mpions, immoral, or contrary to truths already town, the only thing which could remler the eacher's assertion incredible would be its in- lying such un intimate communion with God as ‘S.comtrary to tho evtablished course of things, by which men are left to acquire all their knowledge ay the exercise of their own ficulties, Let tw ow suppose onc of those inspired teachers to tell ais counteymen, that he did nat deve thet, on ais ipse dixit;to believe that he bad any preter aatural communion with the Deity, but that, fo che truth of his aszertion, he woul give thei evidence of their own renacs; and afte aration, let us suppose him iinmediately to raise 1 person from the deal in their preaencr, merely ling upon hium to come out of hia grave, foul! not the only posible objection to the man’s veracity be removed by this mirucle? and hia assertion that be had received auch and! such doctrines from God be as fully credited a lated to the most common uccurrenee? Undvubt | tally it would; for when so much preternutural power was visibly communicated to this person, one have reason to question his having received an oral | poron of peternatural knew ledge. eviation u the known laws of nature fn one inutance iva nenaile joo that such a deviation is powitle in another; and such @ case as this, it is tho witness of God the truth of a man. “ Miracles, then, under which we include pro- phecy, are the only dircet evidence whirl catt be Given of divine inspiration. When a religion, of any religious truth, is to be revealed from Ubey appear to be absolutely necemary to enforce its recojtion among men; and this iv the ouly ease in ‘which we can suppose them necewaity, a believe for e moment that they ever have been (@ will be performed. ga The istry of simot every religinn abounds ‘with relations of prodigies and wonders, and of the intercourse of men with the gods: but we know 2 those of the Jews and ity. mnded tiracies mention by Pager ‘are not sid to havo boen : it re- | W! which aj led to mirucles ole evidence of ie truth and divinity | MIRACLE long prior tothe wna of the writers by wham are recorded; und wach of thetn am at first appear to ented, re evidently tricks contrived fi poses, to atten power, of to promute ling superstitions, ‘of theae reisons, ax well ax on accotint of tho immoral charac ities by whom they are raid to they are altogether unworthy of exa ry in the very nature of them the conipletest proofs of false hou! and imparture, “But the mirucles recorded of Mowe and of Christ bear a sery different character. None of them are represented ax wrought on trivial oo casions, ‘The writers who mention them were eye-witnewses of the factns, whi have been performed px the truth of their respective syutems. They are, indeed, w incorporated with these systems, thay the miracles cunot be separated from the doo- trinews ud if the miracles be wot really em loctein ages th tems, superstitions, a which they were gi itself wets’ them, in po above the Pagan prodigies ‘wondern ofthe Roni eharch, ta indevi, we believe, universally admitted, that t ntioned in the book uf Exo dus and in the four G who saw t d ie of the divine inspiration uf Moses and of Chri but to us it may te thought thut they are no evidence whatever, as we must believe in the mie elven, if we believe in the hare authority of human te en somtimes wakes) are not ane ‘ages and countries? If the to be of perpetual duration, ety generation of nun onght tw have complete, widence of its truth and divinity. “To the performance of miracles in every age and in every country, perhaps the same objections |lig.ae to the imuactiste inspiention of every ine dividual, Were those miracles universally re. ved as such, mien would he #0 overwhelmed with the number rather than with the force of their authority, ax hardly’ to remain masters of their own conduct; and in that case the very end of al! miracles would be defeated by their frequency. The truth, however, seme to be, that miracles so trequerily: repeated would not be received am such, und of course would have no authority ‘heeause it would he difficult, and in many cases impossible, to distinguish ‘them from natural events, If they curred regularly ut certain Hersuls, we could net prove thet to be deviations {frum the known laws of nuture, because we j shook! have the same experience for one series of events 1s for the other; for the regular succession of preternatural effects, ax for the cstubliahed constitution and course of things. “Be thig however, as it may, we sholl take the liberty to affirm, thal for the reality of the Gos pel mirecies wo' have evidence as convincing the reflecting mind, though not so striking to vulgar a ‘an those bad wha were cateMIRACLE Semprrary with Christ ani i len and e- tually save the mighty he performed, Mr. Hume, indeed, endeavocred 10 prove, that no testimony is auificient to establish a miracle,’ uni the resting emyoxed fr this pare i Ghat "a minete being a vilation of the lawn of (erable experience proof against a mimic, from rs mature of the fact, iv as entire av any argument fro: experien experience of human to bin) is the eal fu evidence of 1%, is far from being uniform, and can ore never preponlerate against that expe rience which adinita of no execpt ir boasted and plausible agrument has, ual Jour and acutenesy, Tern examined by Dr. hell, in his Diseertation on Miracles, who ly om that wo far is experience’ from wing the sole foumlation of the evidence of teati- inong, that, on the coutrary, testimony is the sole foundation of by far the greater part of what Mr. Hon 4 tunalterable expe send that stances, we dl ony, our know those which becrvution of w: here in proving that mind in the wr From every yace of the Gospel that the plilesophical adseraaries of | faith never suppose the apontles to velves decent but bly themselves, or of thei own tu fabricate their ta vantrive a vetiee af were unanimously to appeal for its truth, it i plain, since they proved successful in theit d terprine, that they mst la ery pawsible cireninstance int ef, and have prejainel consistent answers to question that ewuld be put tothem by their erate and most enlightened enenin the tate the lawyer, the philusopher, the priest. ‘Th Wl have been, unt ilfieult to Tt in not, however, the only miracle himaett, wich thie wuppeniion won compl fo wa ‘The very ree.Jution of the apostles to pro: the belief of false miracles in support of onus that which ip taught in the emt, is as gevat a miracle us human h formed this: de her they When they formed this design, cither ¢ riust have hoped to wucceed, of they muvt have unt they should fail in their undertak- in citlier caw, they chuse evil for ite ‘They could hut, if they forreiw that for any thing but that con- tenipt, dingruce, and perweution, which were then the itevitable consequences of an unsuc- onul endenroar to overthrow the established MIRACLE religion. Nor cond. their prospects be Lnglat pen the suppestiun of nde ebeceme knew themeelves, to be false witness, ard im pious deccivers they could heve ne hopes besa the grave; and by determining to oppove allt religious rystems, superstitions and. prejukea of the age in which they lived, they wifall es pored themeclves to inevitatle misery in the ee rent Tite, to insult and imprisonment, to and death. Nor can it be mid that they look forward to power and affluence, when| should, through suffcrings, have converted tht countremen s for so desirous were they of obi ng nothing but miorry, au the end of their mie on, that they made thir own pereccution ated of the troth of their doctrines. "They intredaaa the Master from whom they pretended to bane received thew doctrines as telling them, thi they were sent forth as sheep in the mist ef wolvens that they should be delivered up i councils and seourzed in should be hated o that the brother should deliver up 2 death, and the father the childs and that he who ot up his crow, and followed aftr him, ea not worthy of him.) ‘The very system of wi ion, therefore, which they io impose upon mankind, the worldly proejerity of thei exemtlon ftom yererution, was p ite ruccews, Hud thoag clear prdi- tiuns of the Author of that religion, under wham wane reed to muypert their yaad in by an appeal fo forged miracles ‘and with their een ojen, expeacd xm sclven to inevitable miscry, whether ter succeed of fal in their enterprine ; and that d their measurew £0.a% not to admit Jersibility of recompence to themeelsen this life or in that which i to come. But ifthe ‘hea law of nature, for the reality of which #8 have better evidence than we have for othe ig that ‘no man can choowe misery for ita a ion of it the ubinalt intone of other vt of the regularity of thin Tavis made Kiwown to ws Ba nx but alee b Vand more conclunive evi seiouences. “Thum thei, do miracles force then upon tr assent in evers posse view which cin take of this interesting subject. If the to of the find. preachers of Christianity sat truc, the miracles recorded in the Gexyel Raw certainly performed and the doctrines of vur 1 ion are derived frum heaven. Cn the abt frond, if that teinwny were falie, either Gob must have miraculously effaced from the minds of those by whom it was given all the swoct tions formed between their wensile ideansnd tit rors of language, or be, most have ended those men with te gifts of yrescience, a bart impelled them to fabricale a pretended revelstist existence f only hy these miMIRACLE the purpose of decriving the world, and in- ving themselves in certain and foreseen de- ton. "he power neceanary to perform the one series owt miracles may, for any thing known to te an great ax that which woul be rey the performance of the other; and, consilered dy as exertions of preternatural power, they rae to balince cach other, and to hold the Aina state of wusjense ; but when we take ‘eonsideration the different purposes for which 8 opposite and contending tniracles were ght the balance iv natant devimvel, The ‘recorded in the Goapely, if real, were Agdt in support of arylation whic ‘in the tin ofall hy whom it is receive, hax brought git many important truths, which cond not vise have been ude known to men; and thy by the confession of itx aulversatica, con- athe purest moral precepts by which the con- tof mankind was ever directed. ‘The op- tescrien of miracles if real, was perfonnl to ‘and even to conypel, a company of Jews, 2elomest rank and of the narrowest elucation, ihscate, with the view of inevitable desteue- fo themselves, a consistent scheme of falee- {and by an’ appeal to forged miracles to ae it upon the world as a revelation frum fen. The object of the former minicics ix thy of a Goll of infinite wisdom, goodness, power; the object of the latter ds alwolutel with wislom and goodness, whi demonstrably attributes of that Being hy sgdone miricles can le performed, Whei leven that the supposition of the apostles tng faise testimony to the miracles of their li fons feom the i 18 those had who were eontenporan ‘et and his apostios, and were actual witnesses beir mighty works.” power of workin no longer than era think dee’ day Oth wl foag’ afer, I ity clear, how ceseed before icalons Powers &c.s bw Mr. Yate ther, who ruppow iat mics al with the ape. ne the contr tpyrared Dr, etfs, Dre Chapman, Mi, fr. Brooke, and others. miracles of the Romish church, it is nt, as Dutidridge observes, that many of 1 were ridiculous tale, acrording totheir own rrians; others were performed without any ible witnesces, or in circumstances where the omer had the greatest opportunity for jus. Yi and it is particularly remarkable, that they Thanlly ever wrought where they scera most ‘a9 2H 1d | retreat from i MISER ecessary, i.e. in countries where those doctrines fare renouneed which that church estrems of the hhighest importance Seo FTcetweond, Clarapede, Conypeare, Compie!!, Larduer, Farmer, Adama, ant Weston, on Mirariee; article Miracle, En. lop. Brit.; Daddridge'e Lect. ive. 11, and 198; Leland's View of Deistical Writers, letter 3, 4, 7; Hurrion on the Spiri MIRTH, jos, get, tinguished fiom’ cheeriulness thus! Mirth consiilered ag an act; cheeefulnese an habit of tho (Mirth is short and transient; cheerfulnese fixed and permanent. "'Thoee are often. tised to the rates tranaport of mirth who are wub- ject to the grratext ions of melancholy ‘nthe contrary, clcerfulnesy, though it doen not uisite gladness, prevente ws from i depths of sorrow. Mirth is ike a flash of lightning, that breaks through a gloom of eloins ans wltters for a moment’ cherfalneas Kooy up a kind of day-tight in the mind, and fille it with a steady wnd perpetual serenity.” Mirth is sinful, 1. When m ice in that which is evil, 3 When unrewonable. 3. When if xin, 4. ‘When a hindrance to duty. iv Hayphemous and profane. MISANTHROVIST, pearSperee, hater of mankind; one that ahandots eociety from a prim ciple of disrontent. ‘The consideration of the ity of human nature is certainly enough ‘emotions of sorrow in the breast of every rman of the lenst sensibility ; vet it is oue duty to hear with the follicn of mankind; to exercise a Aegree of canstour consistent with truth to lessen, it lc, hy our exertions, the sum of moral and natural evil; and hy connecting ourselves with rociety, to add at least something t the general interests of mankind. ‘The misanthro- Dist, theretore, is an ungenerous and dishonour able character, Disgusted with Ii g into an dora they can for thee — following i his character more at lange. “He is a man," says Saurin, “who avoids so- ciety: only to free hiinself from the trouble of heing useful to it. Le is a man, who considers his sieighhours only on_the vide of their defects ot knowing the art of combining their virtues with their vices, and of renvlering the imperfee- tions of other people tolerable hy reRecting on his own, He i finding auilty, 1 reform them. The ishing hjoet to hia ‘and soxie~ in reference to salamity 5 but it now Jeays Saurin, may he co points of Tight. “Tt may, neu, of rather those public tho officers of the Roman emperr Verpasia were ella thowo sponges of sie, who iteMISCHNA Shrated with this pander wrk fis rchen the supreme good, determine to acyuire it by any ‘and’ consider the wars that lead to ‘wealth, legal or illegal, as the only road for them to travel, Avarice, however, must be considered in second point of light, It not only consists in committing bold crimes, but in entertaining mean ideas and- practising low methods, incompatible with such magnanimity as our condition ought to inspire. It consiats not only in omitting to serve God, but in trying to associute the service of God with that of niammon, ‘How many forms doth avarice take to diaguise iteelf from the man who is guilty of it, and who will be drenched in the guilt of it till the day he dica! Sometimes it is prudence which requires him to provide not only for his present wants, but for much as he may have in future, Sometimes t is charity, which requires him not to give #0- ciety examples of prodigality and parade, Sonne- times it in parental lore, obliging him to rave something for his children. Sometimes it is cir- cumspection, which requires hin not to supply ple who make an ill uve of what they get. jometimes it is necessity, which obliges him to repel artifice by artifice. Sometimes it is con- sciene, which convinces him, good mon, that he haath already exceeded in compassion and alms giving, and done too. much.” Sometimes it in equity, for justice requires that evory one should ‘enjoy the fruit of his own labours, and those of his ancestora,—Such, alas! are the awful. pre- texts and subterfuges of the miser, Saurin’s Ser. wl ¥. ser. 12. See Avanick, Covkrocs- xron, MISERY, such a state of wretchedness, un- happiness, of calamity, as renders a person an ‘object of compassion, ISCHNA, or Musa, (from uw, teracit,) ‘8 part of the Jewish Talmuy ‘The Misehna cont: the text; and the Ge- mara, which is the second part of the Talmud, containa the commentarica: wo that the Geinara is, as itgwere, a glonsary on the Mischna, ‘The Mischna consist of various traditions of the Jews, and of explanations of several passages ment to it, NYosor during the time of his abode ou the Mount; which be afterwards communicated to Aaron, Eleazar, and | his wervant Joshua. By there they were trane- mitted to the seventy ehlers; by them to the prophets, who communicated t the grat xanbedriza, from wh to Pridewas's account, they passed from Jeremiah to Baruch, from him to Ezra, und from Ezra to the men of the great synagezue, the last of wh w delivered them to Antigonus of Socha; him they eaane down in regular succession to Simeon, who took our Saviour in his arms; to Gumalicl at whose fect Paul was educated; and last ofall, to Rabbi Juilah the Floly, who committed them to writing in the Miarhna. But Dr. Prideaus, rejecting the Jewish fiction, observes, that after the death of Siinon the Jus, about 299 ycars before Chris the Mischnical doctors arose, who by their com: ments and conclusions added to the number of lowe treauone whieh ad boon received and sl of | different look, tone, oF cruphaxis, which MISREPRESENTATION lowed by Ezra anid the men of the great ru gogue: s0 that towanls the middle of the sera century after Christ, under the empire of Ante nninas ‘Pius, it was found necessary to commit these traditions to writing more cepecially their country bad considerably suffered onder ‘Adrian, and many of their schools had been d- solved, and their learned men cut off; and ther fore the unual method of preserving their tradition Thad failed. Rabbi Judah on this occasion the sanhedrim in that place, un and compiled it in nix books each coming rector of the school at Tiberias, inl gratad several tracts, which altogether make number of sixty-three. | Prid. Connez. wl 468, &c. ol. 9. ‘This learned author that the Mischina was composed about the Litt year of our Lond; but Dr. Lightfoot mr, tht Rabbi Judah compiled the Mechna aboot thy year of Christ 190, in the latter end of the rigt ‘of Commodus; of, as some compute, in the yt of Christ 990. Dr. Lardner is of opinivn tht this work could not have been finkabed befrethe year 190, or luter. Collection of Jevich end ‘Heathen Testimonics, vol. i. jx 178, Thus the book called the AMischna was formed; » bok which the Jews havo generally received wih te veneration. ‘The original has been pub shed with a Latin translation swith notes of his own and others frora the ‘Maimonides, vols, fol. Amster. A. 1698-1708 See Tarmcp. It is written ia ‘much purer style, and isnot near so full of dre and visions as the Gemara, MISREPRESENT ATION, the act of fully representing = thing otherwise than it “This,” as an elegant writer observes, “is Om of the mischiefe of conversation. Se 1? How often regret the unfoir turn gale cause hy placing a sentiment in ox ad ew, which the speaker had used in anebetl the letter of truth preserved, where its violated : a superstitious exnctness tained in the underparts of reas such an idca of integrity eri forthe miarepresenter, while cdly mistaking the leading. pri we observe a new character gives to. ‘as much ay words coukl have done! the ression of a sermon conveyed, when we dBA ce the preache hin 9 wish to make religion iteelf ridicuhus; the to avoid literal untruths, while the mischiel ® better effected by the unfair quotation of « pa nage divested ofits context: the bringing: detached portions of a subject, and making the parts ludicrous, when connected, which "a xerious in their distinct position? the ue tna of sentiment by represent opinion of him who had only brought it wa in onicr to expone it! the relating opinions which had merely been put hypothetically, as if ey were the avowed principles of hi we would a credit ! that subtle false! wi is 90 made! incorporate with a certain quantity of trth ttMISSION : thane kif moral a cannot analyze ot separate t ‘8 good misrepresenter know’ it rcceaaful he most have n certala infusion af trath, or it will not go down. : tmalganation ia the test of his skill woth would defeat the end of his mischief, and lap ite would destroy the helief of the hearer. ty and equivoration ‘Uthat prudent deceit, wi roplied | han expressed ; those ‘more delicate artifices of themhool of Loyola and of Chesterfield, which dow ox, when we dare not deny a truth, yet 20, {oduguise and diacolour it that the truth’ we re- ‘we aall not resemble the truth we heanl: there, tnd all the thousand shades of simulation and Setcaton, will he caeflly guarded againn i the conversation of vigila ns axnah More on Education, vol. ii. p. MISSAL, the Romish mase-book, containing Weseveral mistes to he said on particular dayn. Itinderived from the Latin worl misea, which in ‘be ancient Christian Church signified every part ‘ii : (ON, a power or commission to preact be Gorpel, “Tiros Jesus Christ gave his disciples heir miion, when he said, “Go ye into all the rorld, and preach the Guspe! to every creature.” lee next article. ‘MISSION, an establishment of people zenlous w the glory of God and the salvation of souls, ‘he ge god preach the Grapel in remote coun- among infidels. No man possessed wheat degree of feeling or coinpession for the aman race can deny the necessity and utility of hietan missions” Whoever consiers that the ‘ajor part of the world is enveloped in the grose-| ¢ darcnem, bound with the chai sage, urbarity, and immersed in the awfal chaos of tal igpranen, ant if he be not dante of rery of religion and humanity, concur HB She design and applaud the: priciples of vase who engage in so benevolent a work, We nll ot, however, in this pace, enter into w de ‘Bee of missions, but shall present tho reader| th short view of those that havo been esta- In the sixtcenth century, the Romish church Hcularly exertal herself for the propagation "tect rligion. ‘The Portuguese and Spaniards fig fofave done mighty expos in the spread "the Christian faith in Asia, Africa, and Ame- ca: but when we consider the superstitions they agesm on some, andthe dreadful erucice they ‘on others, it more than counterbalanc ay gual that was done. For a time, the Domi- ‘cans, Franciscans, ani other ugh the Portuguese set- Eust Indies through most of the tdian continent, and of Ceylon, In 1519 he ed to Japan, ‘and laid the foundation of a wareh there, which at one time was said to have (Gristed of bout 600,000, After hirm, others ‘metrated into China, and founded « church, ich continued about 170 years, Abwut 1350, hers penetrated into Chili and Peru, in South ‘metica, and converted the natives, Others be- irred themsclves to convert the Greeks, Nesto- MISSION Copts, “Tt i, howover,”” an one ol He matter of doubt whether the disciples of a Xavier, or the converts of a Loyola and Dominic, wit their partisans of the Romish church, should be admitted among the number of Christians, oF their labours be thought to have contributed to the promotion or to the hindrance of the religi of Chri. Certain it ix that the methods these ‘men pursued tended much more to make disciples to theinselvew and the pontifls of Rome, than to form the mind to the reception of evangelical truth. With ardent zeal, however, and unwearied industry, these aportles laboured in thin work. In 1662 we find tl tion of cardi which could forwanl the missions was liberally supplied. In 1627, also, Urban arlded the college far the propagali if the faiths in which missionaries were taught the Tanguages of the countries to which they were to be seit, France copied the example of Rome, and formed an evta- lishment for the samo purpores. ‘The Jesuits claimed the frst ronk, as slue to their zeal learn- ing, and devotednces to the holy see. ‘The Di minicans, Franciscans, and others, disputed the palm with them. ‘The new world and the Asiatic regions were the chief field of their labours, They penetrated into the uncultivated recesses of America. They visited the untried regions of Siam, Tonquin, and Cochin-China, en tered the vast empire of China itself, and hum. bered millions among their converts. ‘They dared affront the dangers of the tyrannical government of Japan. In India they assumed the garb and austeritiea of the Bruhming, and boasted on tho coasts of Malabar of a thousand converts bay lized in one year by a single minsionary. ‘Their sufferings, however, were very great, and in ‘China and Japan they were exposed to the most dreadful persceutions, and many thousands were cut off, with, at lost, final expulsion frown. the aire 1m Altice the Capuchin were chiefly employed, though it docs not appear that they foray considerable success. And in America their laborious exertions have had but little infu- ence, we fear, to promete the real conversion of the natives to the truth, Inthe year 1631, the Dutch opened a church in the city of Butavia, and from hence ministers were sent to Amboyna. At Leyden, ministers ‘and assistants were educated for’ the purpose of miasions under the famous Waltus, and sent into the Enet, where thousands emi the Christian religion ut Formosa, Columba, Java, Malabar, &c.; and thouh the work declined in some places, yet there aro still churches in Cey- Jon, Sumatra, Ambwna, &c About 1705, Frederic 1V., of Denmark, ie plied to the university of Haile, in Germany, for Missionaries to preach the Gospel on the coast of ‘Malabar, in the East Indies; and Memrs, Zic- rnbalg and Plutsche were the firat eunployed on hia important usiadion ; to them others were soon added, who liboural with considerable sucrose, It ix said that upwards of 18,000 Gentoos havo ‘bwen brought to the profession of Chridianity. ‘A jreat work has been carried on among the Indian nations in North America. One of the first and most eininent instrumenty in this work was the excellent Mr, Eliott, commonly called Muropbysies, Abyainians the Egyptian the Indian apostle, who, from the time of hisMISSION to New England, in 1631, to hits death, in esd devoted hintelf to this great work by his fips and pen; tranedating the Biblo and other books into the natic dialect. Some years after th ‘Thomas Mahew, Eeq., governor ahd patentec Seighbourtng lands greedy ezcred Rita neighbouring i ext aimaelf in Thefatompe f conver tre Indians in that part of America. Alis son Jolin gathered and founded. fan Indian church, which, after hia death, not heing able to pay a minister, the old gentleman himself, at seventy years of ege, became their in- structor Seine ‘than treaty year and = ‘ mm ath wuceod fla fe the tang wok Mie'D. Brainerd wan ‘leo a. tral ‘and succensful ‘miwionary among the Susquehanna and Delaware Indians. “journal contains instances of very extra: ordinary conversions, But the Aforarians have exceeded all in their mndonary exertion They. have varios sone thee ng sah, a Sorensen Sos of me kind, in different regions of the earth, have been brought to the knowledge of the truth. Vast nunt the Danish islands of St. Thomas, St. and St. Croix, and the English islands of Jamaica, Antigua,’ Nevis, Barbadoes, St Kites, and Tobago, have, by their mi called to worship God ia the inhospitable climes, of Greenland and Labra- dore they bave met with wonderful auccess, after tundersolng the moet astonishing danger and difficulties The Arrownck Indiana ‘aul the negroes of Surinam and Berbice, have been col. lected into bodies of faithful people by thet Canada and the United States of North America, wtalite, afforded happy wet the Cienpe ERO those estecined the last of human’ beings, for : meg the Thttentts have il upwanls of curehipping Gea eof Gaal Hope. In been formed into the seven lnndred are tempts to penetrate into Abyminia, to carry the Gospel to Persia and and toascend the ve? ‘Their invincible pax ted zeal, their self-denial, he deserve the meed_of highest appribation. Nor are they wearied in so honoumble a service; for they have numerous rmissionatics still employed in different parts of the world, Sce Morave Gool fas heen also Methodiste, who am certainty not the least in missionary work. ‘They have several misdona- riew in the British dominions in America and inthe West Indies. They have some thousands of members in their societios in thowe parts. Sce Metnonisra, Tn 1791, a society wat instituted among the Baptints called, “Te Varia spat Soe Giety for propucating the Gospel amon the ‘Heathen ;” under the auspices of which mission- ‘aries were sent to Inuia, and favourable accounta of their auccees have heen received. We learn, with pleasure, that through their indefatigahle Sedustry, the New ‘Testament, and part of the hy the Weeteyan MODERATION Bible, have been trandated and printed in the Bengalce; and that parta of the Scriptares baw ‘been translated into ten of the languages spokes in the Enst. See Periodical Accounts of tis society. In the year 1795, The London Missionary Society wan formed. This is not confined ‘one hody of people, but consiste of Episcopalian, Preabptenane Botedera, Methouiste, and Inde endeita who ho an ‘annual meeting i Lae don in May. As the state of this society is before tho public, it would be unneresars bee to enlarge ; snffice it to say, that it ia now onthe © most permanent and respectable footing. “It has tuned consivtency and order; i combion ie tegity of character, fortitude of mind, and Saab naa plato, ha contnad yrs ot rein niin doctrines of the Theesel ompel to the ance ofthe pershing heathen, ans of exhib an uncorrupt example of their tendencies ‘effects in their own charncters and evnduct” Besides the above-mentioned socictien her hare Lowe Sed of ne nee, Jn 16 ciety was instituted in Englapd for prowling Christian Knowledge. In 1701, another formed for the propagation of the Goqel a foreign purta In Scotland, about the rear 17 ‘ ‘been | a society was instituted for the Propagetion Christian Knowleds Reeently, some cegy mmen of the edablished church bave femal a ties for spreading the places, Fram the whole, it cme ie : the light and knowledge of the Gord bo moro diffused than ever throughost lie earth. And who is there that has ans cme for the souly of men, any love for trath and ro on, but what must rejoive at the fornati number, aud. steceae of those instit tears whe effects which are likely to take plare, nind will receive the pe veful princes fr ce ; the savage harhanan ‘oessinz, aud fv the be im the ignorant idbat will be directed to offer up hie prayers anal aba to the true God, and Iearn the way of safe throuzh Jesus Christ, ‘Tle habitations of re lty will beeame a while ignorance and supe to the celostial Messings and joy. Happy mien, who are employed at struments in this cause! who forego your Pe 14 rlinguish your wative: county, fand voluntarily devote yourselves to the mat noble and hoimurable of services! Pease wal prosperity be with you! Willer'e History oft ropuration of Christ: Kennett's dit; liens Historical Collection; Carey's Bmw respecting Missions; Loskiell's History of tt Morarian Missiomay Crants's History of Grew land Maes Latter an Mie + Somes and Reporte ofthe Landi Moxivnary Sey MISSIONARY ‘SUCIETIES, See ORTA, MODERATION, the ing ade mean between extremes: calmincns, temperance or equaninnity. It iv sometimes uscd with eAE | of intelligence, panMONASTERY act to our opinions, Rom. xii. 3; but in general it our conduct in that state which comes tader the description of caso oF prosperity ; and mght to take place in our wishes, pursuits, ex- Peeing pleasurew and puss Bee Bishop Hall on Moderation, ser. 163 Blair's Sermone, vol. iti ver. 12; "Topladys Werks, vol. iii, ser. 10. MODESTY jis sometimes used to denote hunilty, and sometimes to exprens chastity. — Greek word seems, modeatus, signifies teat or clean, Modesty, ‘therefore, consists in Puy of sentiment and manners, inclining us to sppearance of vice and indecency, ‘md to fear doing any thing which will incur eeamure, An exceat of modesty may be called heabfulnees, and the want of it iunpertinence. ‘There is 2 falec or vicious modesty, which influ- execs a man to do any thing that ia ill or indis- 5 such ax through fear of offending his ‘Gurpenions he runs into their follies or excessen; weit is a false modesty which restyains a man fm doing what is good or ta acing ashamed to speak of religion, teen in the exercises of piety and devotion. MOLINISTS, 2 oect in the Romish church who follow the doctrine and sentiznents of the Jesuit Molina, relating to sufficient and efficacious, mace. He taught that the opcrations.of divine ‘were entirely consistent with the freedom € the boman will; and introduced a new kind hypothesis to remove the difficulties attendin, be doctrines of predestination and liberty, an a reconcile the jarring opinions of Augustines, Thomists, Semi-Pelazians, and other conten: ious divinex, He affirmed that the dceree of redestination to eternal glory was founded upon. ‘Previous knowledge and consideration of the aerits of the elect; that the grace, from whove ion these merits are derived, is not effica- fous by its own intrinsic power only, but also the consent of our own will, and because it ia ministered in thowe circumstances in which the Deity, by that branch of his knowledge which is alled scientia media, foresees that it will be effi. scious. ‘The kind ‘of prescience, denominated a the schools scientia media, is that foreknow- tdge of future contingents that arises from an {uaintance with the nature and faculties of ra- ional beings, of the circumstances in which they hall be pliced, of tho chjects that shall be pre- ented to them, and of the influence which their fremstances and objects must have on their MONACHISM, tho state of a monk, the onastic life. See Moxx. MONARCHIANS, the same as the Patri- asians : which sce. MONASTERY, a convent or house built for be reception of religous; whether it be abbey, ““Giznamtery Es caly ropety apptcd, to the is tot! souses of tanks mendicant fiat and ‘nuns: hhe rest are more properly called religious howse {or the origin of monastery o0e Moser JONK. ‘The houses belonging to the several reli dere which tape fond and Wales rere cathedrals, colle or felon, commantiricy “hoepitain aries” erm ges, chantries, and freo chapel. These were MONASTERY officers, The dissclution of houses of this kind egan so early as the year 1312, when the Tem- plams were suppressed ; and in 1323, their lands, churches, advowsons, und Hbertics, here in Eng- land, were given, by 17 Edw, If, stat. 3, to the Dror and brethren of the hospital of 8: John of jerusalem. In the years 13, 1437, 1441, 1459, 1497, 1505, 1508, aind 1515, several other houres were dissolved, and their revenucs settled on dif ferent colleges in Oxford and wi : afte the last period canlinal Wolcy, pe, obtained fution of of the king and above thirty religious houses for the founding and endowing his colleges at Oxford and Ipewich, ‘About the same time a bull was granted by the ‘same pope to cardinal Wolsey to suppress mones- tories, where there were not above nix monks, to the value of eight thourand ducats year, for en Sowing Winilsor and King’s College in Cam- bridge’ and two other bulls were granted to cardinals Wolsey and Campeiun, where there ‘were less than twelve monks, and toannex them to the greater monasteriew; and another bull to the same cardinals to inquire about abbeys to be supprrasedl in order to be mado cath Ak though nothing appears to bave heen done i eonsequence of these bulls, the motive which duced Wolsey and many «thersto suppress these houses, wan the desire of yromoting lea and archbishop Cranmer engaged in a view of carrying on the Reformation, There rere other causes that concurred to bring on their ruin: many of the religious were loowe and vicious; the monks were generally thought to be in their hearts attached to tho pope's supremacy : their revennes were not employed according to the intent of the donors; many cheats in images, feigned miracles, and counterfeit relics, had been discovered, which brought the monks into dis- ce ; the obwervant friars had opposed the king’s ivorce from queen Catharine; and these ciream- stances operated, in concurrence with the king's want of a supply, and the people's desire to save their ioney, to forward a motion in parliament that, in onir to support the state, 9 supply his wants, all the religious houses might be conferral upon the crown, which were not ble tg wpend above 20,8 yeu; and a act was [ured or that punnec, 97 Hlen. VII ¢; 98, y tia act about three, hundred and, sighty houses were diszolved, and a revenuc of 30,0001. or 38,0001, a year caine to the crown: besides about 100,000/, in plute and jewels. ‘he sup- preasion of these houses ocearioned! discontent, ‘and at length an open rebellion; when this was ypeased, the king resolved to the rest cof the monasteries, and appointed a new visita tion, which eaused tho greater ubbess to be sur- rendered apace: and it was enacted by 31 Henry VILL. e. 13 that all monasteries which have been surrendered since the 4th of Fel in the ith year of his majesty's reign, and which bero fice shull be surrenders), shall be vese in the king. ‘The knights of St. John of Jerwalem were ako snp} Ihy the 33 Hen, VILL ¢, 24. ‘The suppresion of thee greater house by thee two acta produced a revenue to the king of above ORL sem, Levies arge go plate and Jewele, "The list act of diswlution in this king's Feign was the act of 37 Hen, VILL c. 4, for di volving free chapels, chantries, &c. which Bits the tivction an mantgement of various tal was fier afore by I Baw Vic z