‘TOWARDS THE FUTURE OF INDIAN ARCHITECTURE AND

INTERIOR STYLES:
Revisiting the Traditions for a Sustainable approach’

By

TANVI CHATURVEDI

Submitted to NIFT in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of

Master of Design
Department of Design Space

Faculty Guide: Ms. Sushama Saitwal

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF FASHION TECHNOLOGY

MUMBAI

2018

i
 „TOWARDS THE FUTURE OF INDIAN ARCHITECTURE AND
INTERIOR STYLES:
Revisiting the Traditions for a Sustainable approach‟
By Tanvi Chaturvedi

M. DES. 2016-18

Submitted by Ms. Tanvi Chaturvedi to NIFT in partial fulfillment of the

requirements for the degree of Master in Design of the National Institute of
Fashion Technology at Mumbai and hereby certify that in the judgment of the
following members of jury it is worth of acceptance: -

NAME INSTITUTE/ORGANISATION SIGN & DATE

Remarks regarding fulfilling further requirements, if any: -

Signature of CC - Design Space:

Date:

ii
 DECLARATION

The work in this project titled “TOWARDS THE FUTURE OF INDIAN ARCHITECTURE
AND INTERIOR STYLES: Revisiting the Traditions for a Sustainable approach” is
authentic and original and is the outcome of my contribution & research. The project was
carried out under the guidance of Ms. Sushama Saitwal. No portion of this work has
been submitted in support of an application for another degree / qualification to NIFT or
any other university or professional organization.

_____________________

Name: Tanvi Chaturvedi

Place: Mumbai

Date:

iii
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Ms. Tanvi Chaturvedi has completed her Master‟s
dissertation project on the topic „TOWARDS THE FUTURE OF INDIAN
ARCHITECTURE AND INTERIOR STYLES: Revisiting the Traditions for a
Sustainable approach‟ under my guidance. She is hereby allowed to participate in
the internal and external jury for the graduation project.

Date:

Ms. Sushama Saitwal

Department of Fashion Communication
NIFT Mumbai

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 ABSTRACT

The Indian architects have been looking up to the west for guidelines and to find
validation in their work with a perspective to develop a more 'modern' identity for
the profession in India. The traditional heritage of the country has been
overlooked in the process. This is the reason, why so many skyscrapers are
being built in India, and why many of the country's remarkable historic buildings
are being demolished without concern.

The reins of the change are in the hands of the professionals, mostly architects
and also the educators in the field whose job should be to raise awareness about
our traditional practices which the people are unfamiliar with of late. Recently, it
has been observed that some of the designers are going back to the roots and
including sustainable aspect with their designs but the fact that these buildings
stand out is itself a proof that the number of such professionals who practice
vernacular architecture are very few. Some designers are also camouflaging their
work as a mix of traditional and contemporary by adopting some technique in
their design but they forget that it can only be done by creating a balanced blend
of the two sensibilities and not just for the sake of it.

This study is an attempt to explore the present scenario and the future
possibilities for this synergistic approach which encompasses both traditional and
modern sensibilities ideally in order to preserve the identity of a place. The key
role is to be played by the architects and designers, who have the authority to
take such initiative and make others also realise the potential of this inclusive
practice.

Keywords: Conservation; Heritage; Traditional Architecture; Vernacular

Architecture; Sustainability

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I express my gratitude to my dissertation project mentor Ms. Sushama Saitwal,

Dept. of Fashion Communication, NIFT Mumbai, for her constant guidance,
patience and support throughout the project. Her insights on the research
methodology and visual presentation have significantly contributed to my project.

I sincerely thank all the conservation architects from INTACH, CRCI and GREHA,
who provided me their valuable time and wisdom, which was significant to my
project.

Last but not the least, I would like to thank my family to be actively involved in my
primary fieldwork and provide me with motivation and unconditional support along
the span of the project. Also, I appreciate the co-operation of the entire faculty
and my batch mates of Design Space Dept.

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 CONTENTS

Page No.

Chapter – 1 Introduction 1-2

Chapter – 2 Research Design 3-4

2.1 Significance of the Research 3

2.2 Scope of the research 3

2.3 Objectives 3

2.4 Research Methodology 4

Chapter – 3 Review of literature 5-35

3.1 Literature Review 5-21

3.2 Analysis of literature to draw insights for 22-27

the project
3.3 Secondary Research 27-29

3.4 Agencies working for heritage 29-34

conservation in India
3.4.1 INTBAU 30

3.4.2 INTACH 31

3.4.3 CRCI 32

3.4.4 GREHA 33

3.4.5 Hunnershala Foundation 34

3.5 Gaps Identified 35

3.6 Objectives - Refined 35

Chapter – 4 Primary research 36-55

4.1 Primary research Action-plan 36

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 4.2 Stage – I: Case-studies 36-48

4.2.1 Architecture Design Elements 38-44

4.2.2 Traditional Identity 46-49

4.2.3 Case-studies Analysis 49

4.3 Stage – II: Interviews with the 50-53

Professionals
4.3.1 Interview Data 50-52

4.3.2 Analysis of the interviews 53

4.4 Stage – III: Survey of the architecture 54-55

students and young architects
4.5 Research Findings 56

Chapter – 5 Conclusion 57-58

5.1 Conclusion – Learning Outcomes 57

5.2 Limitations of the Research 58

5.3 Scope for further research 58

Chapter – 6 References & Bibliography 59-60

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 LIST OF FIGURES

Figures Description Page No.

Fig. 1 Factors governing Vernacular Built-form 27

Fig. 2 Sensitive approach to architecture 28
Fig. 3 Identified Keywords 28
Fig. 4 Research Design insights 29
Fig. 5 Indian agencies for heritage conservation 29
Fig. 6 Primary Research action-plan 36
Fig. 7 Stage-1 action-plan 36

Fig. 8 Geographical map of Rajasthan 37

Fig. 9 Sites Visited 37

Fig. 10 Layout of a standard traditional house 38

Fig. 11 Architecture design elements to be analysed 38

Fig. 12 Stage – 2 Action plan 50

Fig. 13 Interview Analysis 53

Fig. 14 Stage – 3 Action plan 54

Fig. 15 Recommendations for further research 58

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1. Introduction
The Indian architecture has always been a spectacle of its cultural heritage and
deep rooted traditions. And as the tradition is not static but keeps on evolving
with time with due acceptance to the changing circumstances, the architecture
also adapts to the changing needs. It was only during the era the post-colonial
era, that India voluntarily accepted modernism with involvement of the likes of Le
Corbusier in shaping the infrastructure of young India, who disregarded the
traditional sensibilities and created avant-garde design explorations and
interpretations, detached from the context. The same path was followed by the
professionals to come as they took to west for training and follow the footsteps of
their predecessor. The city of Chandigarh is one such example. Does it really fit
in the traditional Indian landscape? It did give origin to the sector system in India
but at the cost of monotony and infrastructure devoid of the essence of the
culture of India. The one important thing it failed to take into consideration is the
people, their lifestyle, their social interactions, traditions, etc. But overtime, people
have adapted themselves to the growing change and have been moving towards
the modernist approach with an ignorant attitude. The urge to copy the western
lifestyle has since been so deep rooted in us, that we are ready to compromise
with our own identity and sensibilities. Although many a pioneers of architecture
have tried to change the scenario by embracing our traditions in their works, but
they could not have a lasting impact on the people and so their work only
remained as exclusivity.

In the current scenario, this barbaric practice has led to an urban layout which
mimics the west in all possible ways. The metropolitans being the biggest victims,
with space crunch turning the space into a concrete jungle with monotonous
skyscrapers all around, the traditional identity of the cities are being lost. The
need of the hour is the contemporary architecture which is also based on
vernacular sensibilities which fulfils the local needs of the place and people, while
also keeping their identity intact. The flag-bearers of this change can be
architects, civil consultants, designers, etc. who are directly responsible for bring
a change in their style and also the clients and people in general should be made
aware of the importance of preserving our cultural heritage and the probable
possibility of it without having to compromise on our modern tastes.

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With this thought in mind, I have taken this opportunity to explore what is the
present condition of the architectural and interior styles are, especially in the
areas which boast of strong cultural heritage and still have traditional settlements
intact in their places. I have analysed what potential does this synergistic
approach carries and what is the future of this approach: will it flourish or be just
another example of monumentalism, which will die down soon?

2
2.1 Significance of the Research
To bridge the gap between the past and the present- the vernacular and
contemporary
To illustrate the innate sustainability in vernacular built-forms and its
relevance in the contemporary times
To encourage designers to look within India for models of sustainable
design rather than importing international designs which may or may not
be relevant to the Indian context

2.2 Scope of the research

Drawing upon the limitations, this study will examine a specific type of
vernacular architecture, in order to portray its consistency or lack thereof
with the contemporary design practice.
Findings based on primary fieldwork in the state of Rajasthan, to find
homogeneity of traditional factors in the heterogeneity of the varied
architecture.
Why Rajasthan? It has been one of the few regions preserving its
traditions, with the natives still embracing the essence of the traditional
architecture by means of conservation, restoration, alteration and the new
construction as well.
Interactions with the professionals working in the region by means of
interviews will help in getting a clear understanding of what the guidelines
are for newer settlements and what standing do traditions hold in present
design practice.

2.3 Objectives

To identify the various factors of the traditional architecture which can be

adopted in the contemporary architecture to enhance sustainability and
energy-efficiency

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 To contribute to strengthening the relevance of traditions in the
contemporary design decisions and technology
To analyse the emphasis on heritage conservation and vernacular
traditions as integral part of education and its impact on the design
philosophy of budding architects and designers

2.4 Research Methodology

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3.1 Literature review

Books:
Deependra Prashad, Saswati Chetia (2010). New Architecture and Urbanism:
Development of Indian Traditions

This book presents the arguments, axioms and case studies related to Traditional
Architecture and Urbanism in a sequential format. Firstly it examines the “New
ways of looking at Heritage” by separating it from pure history into a living and
evolving process. The book looks at what defines traditional methods and their
relevance to the contemporary context. It also examines the aspects of Continuity
and Contextual frameworks in the built environment. The section on “Sustainable
Buildings, Places and Communities” explores the many facets of locally driven
processes from the viewpoint of tradition and sustainability. These include many
community based planning methods and their applications in shaping the built
environment, aspects of environmental sustainability and on how appropriateness
could be ingrained into current architectural education. Lastly, the book delves
into a number of executed examples in architecture seeking to learn from
tradition and examples in “place-making urbanism” which in turn promotes
humane, walkable and connected neighbourhoods.

G. H. R. Tillotson (2014). Paradigms of Indian Architecture: Space and Time in

Representation and Design

This book explores conceptions of Indian architecture and how the historical
buildings of the subcontinent have been conceived and described. Investigating
the design philosophies of architects and styles of analysis by architectural
historians, the book explores how systems of design and ideas about aesthetics
have governed both the construction of buildings in India and their subsequent
interpretation. How did the political directives of the British colonial period shape
the manner in which pioneer archaeologists wrote the histories of India's
buildings? How might such accounts conflict with indigenous ones, or with
historical aesthetics? How might paintings of buildings by British and Indian
artists suggest different ways of understanding their subjects? In what ways must

5
we revise our conceptions of space and time to understand the narrative art
which adorns India's most ancient monuments? These are among the questions
addressed by the contributors to the volume.

Klaus-Peter Gast (2007), Modern Traditions: Contemporary Architecture in India

The book depicts the rise of modern architecture in India since independence in
1947. The main section describes the important tendencies of contemporary
Indian architecture in thematic chapters, each with built examples. In addition to
the new younger generation of Indian architects, it also considers the first post-
independence generation, including Balkrishna Doshi and Charles Correa.

Vibhuti Chakrabarti (2013). Indian Architectural Theory and Practice:

Contemporary Uses of Vastu Vidya

In this study, the traditional Indian science of architecture and house-

building,Vastu Vidya, is explored in terms of its secular uses, at the levels of both
theory and contemporary practice. Vastu Vidya is treated as constituting a
coherent and complete architectural programme, still of great relevance today.
Chakrabarti draws on an impressive amount of textual material, much of it only
available in Sanskrit, and presents several extremely valuable illustrations in
support of the theories expounded. Each chapter deals with one architectural
aspect, and chapters are divided into three sections. For each aspect, the first
section explains the prescriptions of the traditional texts; the second section deals
with the rather arbitrary use of that aspect by contemporary Indian architects
trained in the western manner but striving to relate to Indian roots; while the last
section in each chapter explores the selected use of that particular aspect by
contemporary Vastu pundits, with their disregard for architectural idiom.

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Thesis / Research Papers (International):

Travis Wayne Durham (1990). Current applications of indigenous architecture

The systems approach to architecture discussed in this thesis is intended to meet

the necessary criteria for the development of a complete architecture. The
uniqueness and significance of this study is that instead of examining indigenous
architecture using just one point of reference, i.e., environment or energy or
economics, this study identified five points that were together considered
necessary for the creation of a complete architecture. If an architectural approach
equivalent to the systems approach described in this thesis is to take form, then it
should be incorporated with and built upon the knowledge of previous cultures
which demonstrated similar characteristics. In dealing with the question of what
the current applications of indigenous architecture are, it has to be noted that the
examples cannot be considered a model for the development of a systems
approach to architecture. But, within the systems approach there are particular
features of the indigenous architecture discussed that can be applied to the
individual points thought to make up a systems approach to architecture.

Robert Paul Finta (1999). The interpretive center for Taos, New Mexico: A study
of architecture in context

New architecture must respond to the fundamental issues and various aspects of
a region, such as the need to provide visual continuity or harmony among the
already established built environment, no matter what the period. This built
environment consists of Indian, Spanish and Anglo influenced architecture. This
new architecture must relate to a region, to a specific location, to topography, to
climate, the culture and the emotional needs of the people, very simply 'the
context'. To create architecture in context this thesis focuses on the movements
of Critical Regionalism and Regionalism in architecture to integrate a new
architecture into an existing, visually harmonious context by the use of motifs
derived more or less directly from the existing style, whatever that context may
be. In conclusion, the contextual appropriateness should contain particulars of
historical origin and context, local traditions and pertain to local vernacular.

7
E. Creangă, I. Ciotoiu, D. Gheorghiu & G. Nash (2010). Vernacular architecture
as a model for contemporary design

The quest for a deeper approach of contemporary architecture to nature

sometimes conceals the achievements of the past. Vernacular architecture is, by
its definition, aim and structure, the most integrated architectural form in
communion with the environment. Two important traces of vernacular
architecture can be resources for contemporary architecture: the deep respect
and perfect communion with the natural environment the perfect relation and
understanding of user‟s needs. The result of a complex balance between
material, shape and natural context, vernacular architecture could become an
extremely useful model of inspiration for the present. From the intimate and
personal experience with the wooden and wattle and daub architecture of South
Eastern Europe, we noticed that the mentioned triad created very efficient eco-
design outcomes that could be used today as models to generate an architecture
closer to nature. This paper describes a series of case studies of vernacular
architecture from different zones of the Carpathians and the Danube area, which
could function as models for an eco-architecture model. Modern perspectives on
the mentioned values include a new approach of specialists and communities,
having as a purpose the understanding and integration of vernacular experiences
and values in today‟s projects in order to enable architects to be an active part in
plural-disciplinary teams, to promote their responsibility to conserve built and
landscape heritage and the re-use and integration of existing buildings,
technologies and skills in contemporary design.

Farida Abu Bakare (2012). Modern Vernacular: Translating First Nations

Traditions Towards A Model Of Contemporary Sustainable Architecture

Current contemporary buildings consume resources, generate waste and

contribute to atmospheric pollution, relying on green rating and point systems to
dictate the sustainable attributes of a project. The effectiveness of these point
systems has come into question and current designers are examining the
knowledge generated by thousands of years of vernacular architecture, which is
becoming increasingly valued for its sustainable attributes. First Nations peoples
reflected a bias for sustainable thinking long before the sustainable architecture

8
of today; their architecture was derived from a direct response to site and an
intimate understanding of nature. Using the architecture of the past as a means
of looking forward, the goal of this thesis is to assert key sustainable design
strategies derived from the First Nations peoples approach to architecture
towards a model of contemporary sustainable design.

Courtney Angen (2013). Concept and Technique: How Traditional Japanese

Architecture can contribute to Contemporary Sustainable Design Practices

In recent years sustainability has become a more widely discussed topic among
societies seeking to lessen the detrimental effects that wasteful consumption has
had on the environment. This increased acknowledgement may have resulted
from the newfound understanding of the importance ecosystems hold in the
balance of the environment; yet it may also simply be out of fear of what the
future may bring in terms of global climate change. Contemporary societies have
inherently become increasingly detached from nature in a way that is harmful to
both the environment and people. In general, this disconnect has mostly
developed from our own desire to advance our ways of life. People design and
adapt structures and technologies to cope with natural forces beyond our control
as a means of gaining some power over them. This power, in turn, allows for a
creation of a sense of both physical and emotional comfort, from which people
feel protected and happy. In order to truly understand how vernacular design can
inform contemporary architecture, it is essential to bring concrete meaning to the
term sustainability. As a fairly new concept, sustainability encompasses a variety
of meanings and connotations, but there is only one purpose: to lessen the
detrimental effects of our societies on the environment.

Poomchai Punpairoj (2013). The changing use of Materials in Construction of the

vernacular Thai house

This study focused on three types of vernacular houses in the central Thailand:
the traditional Thai house; the transforming Thai house; and the reproduction
Thai house. This study examined the features in these contemporary vernacular
houses which have been influenced by changing use of materials and

9
construction methods. The study was conducted by examining the changes of
vernacular houses in three locations in Ayutthaya province: the urban district
village, the rural village, and the motorway buffer area. Data were collected with
the uses of materials, construction types, and features of construction elements.
The data were analysed and discussed through typological analysis and constant
comparative analysis to reveal the differences of vernacular houses among the
studied locations. The findings show the ways in which vernacular traditions have
been integrated with modern influences. The development and change of use of
materials are indicated for reflecting the evolution of vernacular Thai houses. The
results reveal that, from the earliest period of modern Thai industry,
contemporary vernacular Thai housing has been influenced by materials
available and construction methods employed. Industrial materials have been
used to improve the performance and change the appearance of the traditional
Thai houses. Because of the availability of early industrial materials and
construction methods, the transforming Thai houses will therefore continue to be
sustained by their current owners. Traditional and modern materials are applied
to the reproduction Thai houses with updated construction techniques.
Vernacular Thai houses are confirmed as a continuous process and appreciated
in the context of the present. The results of this study offers some clues to
support an understanding of living heritage, and thus promoting conservation of
vernacular buildings in Thailand.

Mamun Rashida, Dilshad Rahat Ara (2014). Modernity in tradition: Reflections on

building design and technology in the Asian vernacular

Vernacular buildings across the globe provide instructive examples of sustainable

solutions to building problems. Yet, these solutions are assumed to be
inapplicable to modern buildings.

Despite some views to the contrary, there continues to be a tendency to consider

innovative building technology as the hallmark of modern architecture because
tradition is commonly viewed as the antonym of modernity. The problem is
addressed by practical exercises and fieldwork studies in the application of
vernacular traditions to current problems. This study investigates some aspects

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of mainstream modernist design solutions and concepts inherent in the
vernacular of Asia, particularly that of the Chittagong Hill Tracts(CHT). This work
hinges on such ideas and practices as ecological design, modular and
incremental design, standardization, and flexible and temporal concepts in the
design of spaces. The blurred edges between the traditional and modern
technical aspects of building design, as addressed by both vernacular builders
and modern architects, are explored.

Maria Philokyprou (2014). Continuities and Discontinuities in the Vernacular

Architecture

Vernacular architecture has been growing over time with continuities, changes,
transformations and adaptations to the different social and economic conditions
of each period in response to actual needs with the available means of every
place. Continuities in vernacular architecture are closely related to space, time
and materiality and involve structural, typological, functional and social issues
with multiple readings and interpretations. The recent abandonment of a large
number of traditional dwellings mainly due to urbanization and the romantic
nostalgia towards the past have led to the conservation and reuse of traditional
buildings following a different approach compared to previous periods. Τhe
previous tactic of segmented partial and on-going maintenance without
interrupting the continuity and use has been replaced today with an integrated
comprehensive and thorough conservation and transformation of a building. Is
conservation of vernacular architecture an act of continuity with the past or
discontinuity within the context of the existing data and processes? When
conserving traditional buildings is it possible to accomplish morphological,
structural and social continuity? How is the potential integrity of traditional
buildings achieved? These are some of the questions discussed in this paper
with the focus of seeking a contemporary way of keeping alive and genuine the
relationship with the cultural works of the past.

Setijanti, Silas, Firmaningtyas, Hartatik (2015). Vernacular Housing in

Contemporary Urban Living

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Indonesia has a numerous vernacular architecture that embodied local values
and cultures. However, the number and variety of vernacular housing decreases
significantly, became extinct in most big cities such as Jakarta. People tend to
leave the vernacular architecture particularly as the style is considered out of
date, limited material resources needed such as large measurement of timber
and lack of traditional carpenter/ skill. Referring to the Laboratory for Housing and
Human Settlement‟s experiences in rebuilding and/or renovating vernacular
houses in Nias, North Sumatera after the tsunami in 2005 and medical facilities
reconstruction in Padang, West Sumatra following the earthquake in 2009, this
study aimed to explore the wisdom of vernacular architecture, particularly its
houses. The aim is to bring values and forms of traditional architecture into the
contemporary housing design and at the same time bring awareness on the
preservation of vernacular architecture. This is a descriptive research using
qualitative methods with vernacular housing in Padang as the sample. This
research also explores the typology of vernacular housing in Padang based on
materials, forms, and functions. Further, the connectivity between the
architectural forms and the social value system, and the environmental
adaptation aspects are examined. From those, the normative aspects of Padang
vernacular housing are formulated. Based on the formulation, new design can be
developed to address the challenges of the new world but still has a core of a
vernacular architecture.

Yousef Al Haroun (2015). Contemporary Attitudes to Vernacular Elements in

Kuwait’s Domestic Architecture: A Mixed Method Study

Understanding people‟s perceptions of and attitudes towards Kuwait‟s past and

present domestic built environments has not only been essential in highlighting
the challenges associated with modernization but also necessary to explore the
potential for future sustainable developments. The study has used Kuwait's
traditional vernacular elements in the first stage and the courtyard in the second
stage as a vehicle for exploring the broader socio-cultural, economic and political
issues surrounding the move towards modernity in the domestic built
environment and away from the vernacular and sustainability. The courtyard has
been the most consistently recognized and desired traditional vernacular element

12
by the participants throughout the methods and stages of the study. This finding
may suggest a significant potential for people to use courtyards in their houses
today. Evident in the findings are contradictions and disconnects in socio-cultural
understandings between participants, which reflect the disunity between past and
present built environments and further highlights the larger effects of
modernization. This has been revealed by people‟s appreciation of the
vernacular, yet still preference of the modern villa. The core of the empirical work
contributes to understandings of people‟s attitudes and perceptions of traditional
vernacular elements in Kuwait‟s domestic built environments. Specifically it
shows how a changed perception of what is important for them in their house and
their relationship with social practices. Knowledge gained was understanding how
people dealt with and adapted with the collision between traditional concepts and
modernity. For example, how the courtyard has been replaced by the family living
room. And how people‟s misunderstanding of the courtyard may in fact show how
they valued outside space. People‟s desire for more space in their houses is not
only to accommodate their high standard of living but a need to secure housing
for their children for the future by adding an apartment. This is a direct
consequence of the government‟s mismanagement of its housing welfare
programme, which resulted in the scarcity of residential land, high real-estate
prices and eventually led to Kuwait‟s current housing crisis. This situation has
directly reshaped house form into heterogeneous box like structures, and as a
result, no space may be left for a traditional vernacular elements such as the
courtyard.

Research Papers (National):

Kozhikode Bijoy Ramachandran (1998). In the service of the sacred:
Development for conservation

Urban historic-core precincts, throughout India, provide some of the most

unforgettable images of the Indian vernacular. Many are now 'protected' by the
Heritage Commissions, strictly regulating new development and making
renovation/conservation a part of the government's planning/urban design
agenda. But due to the lack of funds, the government has been unable to sustain
these environments leading to the deterioration of some of the most distinct
quarters in the country. This thesis looks at one such quarter in Bombay, arguing

13
that this deterioration could be stemmed if new development, within the precinct,
is made to cross subsidize conservation/preservation efforts. The thesis
discusses the various opportunities within the project area for this new
development and the regulations that would be necessary to control the new
landscape, and encourage prospective investors. The guidelines for the sites
earmarked for new development are drawn out keeping in mind characteristics of
the context, the contribution these new buildings will make to the precinct and the
real estate package. As most of these areas are rent controlled, owners have no
incentive to maintain the buildings and with government subsidies almost non-
existent, revenues generated from new development will help take the load off
the government and provide for the urgent repair of the existing built landscape.
The study also looks at the historical evolution of Bombay, up to the late 19th
century establishing the importance of Banganga and the references made by the
British, in their planning initiatives outside the Fort, to the precinct. This thesis
concentrates on the quality of these precincts and the derivation of formal
guidelines from the existing morphology. It is the contention of the thesis that
given the distinct character of such precincts new development should primarily
respond to the character and the sense of place. The market forces will have to
play a subservient role to the architectural and urban design agenda generated
from the existing typology. Banganga, is the last of the religious tanks in Bombay.

V. Padmavathi (2005). Climatic architectural tradition of India

The main aim of this paper is to introduce the environmental awareness which is
spiritually instilled in the traditional Indian architecture. It is also to inspire a much
needed view about climate responsive architecture today. As we have seen in the
principles, the scientific concepts were followed meticulously and through this
pure science a form of spiritual philosophy was invoked. This delicate balance
between science, art and philosophy gives Indian Architecture its unique
character. India is a land of unity in diversity. It has varied climates, cultures and
„feels‟ to it. The common link which binds all the differences is the deep
philosophy and spirituality. Due to this architecture was not just a „discipline‟ or a
business as it has become now. It was considered holy and its practice sacred.
Hence we get total dedication and commitment to excellence which is why the

14
traditional buildings in India are not only climatic masterpieces but also „all
encompassing‟ truths of architecture.

Nibedita Das (Kolkata) (2006). Courtyard houses of Kolkata: Bioclimatic,

typological and socio-cultural studies

This research explores the bioclimatic and socio-cultural benefits of Kolkata‟s

courtyard houses. A typological and historical analysis of courtyard houses from
around the world, as well as in Kolkata, provides a context for the field research.
The main intention of this study is to explore the roles of solar shading and
natural ventilation in courtyard houses located in the hot-humid climatic region.
For this purpose interviews with the heads of household of ten courtyard houses
in Kolkata were conducted in January 2005, to finally choose three houses for
detailed experimental analysis. All three houses have high thermal construction
and similar socio-economic conditions. This helped in comparing the results of
the temperature (both ambient and surface temperatures) and air speed
measurements among the three houses referred to as House A, House B and
House C houses. House A and House C houses have shallow courtyards, while
House B house has a deep courtyard. Further, ventilation analysis has been
done with the help of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) software. The
simulation study and the experimental data measurements focused on the
comfort conditions generated within the house based on their differences in
proportion of form and massing. The effects of solar shading and natural
ventilation on activity patterns and uses of a space are also examined through
occupant surveys. Finally, this research explores the historic courtyard houses in
Kolkata, with a view to address the benefits of the universal courtyard form of
design and speculate the appropriateness of the vernacular courtyard form in the
modern architectural arena of Kolkata.

Reena Patra (2008). Vaastu Shastra: Towards Sustainable Development

This article discusses Vaastu Shastra (an ancient Indian knowledge of

architecture) in relation to the idea of sustainable development. It informs the
complicated problems of urbanization and overpopulated cities of today. By

15
drawing attention towards Vaastu Shastra, this paper discusses the built form of
Indian settlements and explores the possibility of creating a living environment
that is self-sufficient, ecologically balanced and culturally stimulating. It explains
the concept of sustainable development based on ancient Indian traditional
knowledge, through its culture, heritage and orientation towards forest
sustainability, as a way to address elements within sustainable development.
Further, the fundamental principles, the relevance of Vaastu-Purusha-Mandala
and the history of Vaastu Shastra are highlighted with discussions on its
philosophical and social aspects. Last, an attempt has also been made to create
a close relationship between Vaastu Shastra and sustainable development that
can redefine the present form of planning human settlement.

Shikha Patidat, Brishbhanlali Raghuwanshi (2014). Changes in Culture and

Architecture from Vernacular to Modern: M.P., India

India is known for its rich cultural heritage. The culture plays an important role in
defining the architecture of a place or people with time. Madhya Pradesh is one
of the states of India. The objective of the paper is to study the changes in culture
and architecture from vernacular to modern of Madhya Pradesh. Vernacular
architecture has been evolved through a process of trial and error for ages. In
Methodology the vernacular and urban dwellings are documented and analyzed
on various parameters of culture and architecture. The dwelling of potters and
bamboo workers are selected from vernacular and urban settlement. The two
typical dwelling from BHEL, Bhopal is selected from an urban settlement. The
result focuses on influences of urbanization and globalization which brought
threat to cultural identity. The urban settlements are designed according to the
economic status of the residents without considering their culture. The analysis is
to adapt the appropriate technology using locally available material and
construction techniques for a sustainable development. It requires an innovative
and creative approach to integrate vernacular into the modern architecture. The
paper concludes by learning and appreciating the principles of vernacular
architecture and integrating them with the contemporary knowledge and
technology.

16
Ar. Gaurav Gangwar, Prabhjot Kaur (2016). Towards sustainable future:
Typologies and parameters of Courtyard design

The environmental issues like global warming, climate change, shortage of

energy and water etc. could be solved through sustainable approach of design.
The courtyards were acting as sustainable solutions throughout centuries all over
the world and may act for future buildings too. The courtyard concept could be
traced back in Indus valley civilization. The types of courtyards could be
categorized in many ways such as based on level of courtyard, regional variation
and functional use of buildings etc. The paper will discuss the different typologies
of courtyards in general. The courtyard is very effective solution in all types of
climate especially hot arid and hot humid. The use of courtyard in India, Middle
East and China were due to their climatic conditions. The various aspect of
courtyard design could be divided into three main categories namely climatic
aspects, socio- cultural aspects, functional and aesthetic aspects. The climatic
aspects will include the use of sun light, ventilation as well use of water etc. The
socio – culture aspects will include the social interaction within courtyard and
interaction to street, cultural use, religious or mythological belief, different life
style, action radius and affordability of courtyards etc. The functional aspects will
include all functions of courtyard except the climate such as acoustics,
circulation, landscaping etc. and aesthetic aspects will be including the feeling of
enclosures, use of crafts, façade treatment of enclosures etc. This paper will
discuss all above aspects in brief only to understand the overview of parameters
of design of courtyards in general.

Ms. Shreya Ojha and Ar. Anoop Kumar Sharma (2017). Transition from
Vernacular to Modern Architecture: Gurgaon, India

Gurgaon is a city in the Indian state of Haryana, located in the National Capital
Region (NCR) of India. Witnessing rapid urbanization, it has become a leading
industrial and financial hub with the third largest per capita income of India. In the
last twenty years, it has turned from a sleepy village of humans, houses and
buffaloes to a city of multinational towers and apartments. There is certain
„sameness‟ in the architectural manifestations all around, depriving human
habitats of cultural and regional identity. The objective of the paper is to study this

17
change in architectural practice wherein the new wave of technology, with its
multidimensional effects, is responsible for the creation of the global and
homogenizing culture in the field of architecture. Several vernacular as well as
the contemporary dwellings of Gurgaon are documented and analyzed on various
parameters of culture and architecture. It calls for the integration of vernacular
and modern in the contemporary design while devising an environment and
people friendly architecture where technology is used in monitoring, controlling
and governing the infrastructure, rather than creating one.

Research papers (Rajasthan):

Shikha Jain (2002). The havelis of Rajasthan: Form and Identity

The research addresses the issues relating to the interpretation of traditional

architectural forms and identifies factors that determine their regional identity.
The work focuses on the medieval house form of northern India, epitomized as
`haveli', in the state of Rajasthan. It aims to study the generic form and the
specific formal variations of the havelis in the context both of unified Rajasthan
and of its sub regional diversities. The outcomes of the research work are at two
levels: Firstly, the study establishes the characteristics of the generic form by
analysing the socio-ritual activities, formal linguistics and construction methods,
which underlie it. The nature of the form itself allows interpretation that
corresponds to recurrent ideas in Indian philosophy. The spatial, formal and
technological vocabularies of the haveli form reflect the fact that the centric
evolution of the form conforms to the traditional Indian worldview, in which
everything emanates from the centre. In this process, by defining the centres and
sub centres, the research also evolves a methodological framework, which can
be used for interpreting other traditional Indian forms. Secondly, the work
identifies the sub regional variations of the form, and provides a comprehensive
classification of the havelis of Rajasthan. Along with documentation of eighty
havelis in different regions of Rajasthan, the work examines the various
determinants of the haveli form, and shows how the regional variations arise from
social, political and geographical factors such as occupation, caste, topography,
and available material.

18
Avlokita Agrawal, Prof. R.K. Jain and Prof. Rita Ahuja (2006). Shekhawati:
Urbanism in the semi-desert of India: A climatic study

The architecture of any place and time is an outcome of many factors- religious
doctrines, ritual focus, social set-up, resource availability, climatic impact and
economic constraint. India offers a great variety in each of the above-mentioned
factor. Yet if we closely analyse, more or less the social set-up is similar in all
regions in a particular time period. The variation occurred due to the climate,
resource availability and economics. If we analyse the traditional residences of
various regions, we find similarities in their spatial hierarchy and arrangement,
but each presents before us a unique example responding most innovatively to
the local climate. In this paper we have tried to bring forth the climate
responsiveness and appropriateness of the Havelis of Shekhawati, Rajasthan,
India.

Neeta Mittal(Jaipur) (2012). Heritage buildings: An inspiration for energy-efficient

modern buildings

India is known for rich Architectural and cultural heritage. Thermal performance
and air quality inside the buildings can be improved substantially and energy can
be saved through understanding the ancient design concept. Mughal architecture
of India is known worldwide for the wonderful monuments. Landscaping was an
integral part of Indian palaces and monuments. Trees, green areas and water
body around a building improve the physical comfort along with the visual
pleasure. In monumental buildings passive techniques used for the comfort in
different climatic region. Jali is the ornamental feature provided in most of the
palaces in Rajasthan, Taj Mahal and Agra fort which increase the ventilation and
comfort. Study of historical city of Jaipur shows that in desert areas where water
is in short supply step wells are built which improve the microclimate of the place.
Courtyard was also an important design element in old residential buildings in hot
dry climate called Havelis. It was an element of passive cooling for regular fresh
air supply. One of the modern buildings designed in Jaipur on this concept using
these factors is also discussed. The paper highlights the ancient passive
techniques to improve the thermal comfort and ventilation through examples of
19
heritage buildings which may prove an inspiration for energy efficient modern
buildings design.

Ar. Vibha Upadhyaya, Prof. M.P. Jakhanwal (2015). Traditional walled city of
Rajasthan India: A sustainable planning concept

Walled city is a place, surrounded by high walls, with more than four gates for
easy access to all directions. The walled cities depict a very high order of city
planning. They include various residences for royal families as well as common
people, market for daily needs, streets, Chowks, religious places, open spaces,
water bodies and other amenities needed to survive in a city. Beyond the wall,
these cities used to be protected by an all-round moat, river or other water body.
Kings have made walled cities to accommodate the need of growing population
of their city while Military defences are virtually endless. Rajasthan is famous for
its forts and throughout Rajasthan; almost every fort has a walled city near it. The
walled cities constructed in those times present very beautiful and strong heritage
examples for us, but nowadays due to lack of awareness among common
population and lack of policy mechanism and enforcement this heritage is being
lost. Today condition of city walls and gates are very poor. People have made
houses on city walls, somewhere broken the wall to make access, somewhere
pasted the advertisement poster and thrown the garbage destroying it. To
support this article, case studies are done for three walled cities of Rajasthan i.e.,
Jaipur, Jodhpur, & Jaisalmer. This article focuses on present condition of this
heritage and emphasizes on protection and need of conservation to save our true
heritage. While concluding, this article provides recommendation to conserve and
maintain it.

Vibha Upadhyaya (2017). Transformation in traditional havelis: A case study of

walled city Jaipur, Rajasthan

The dwellings of past, which provides us a rich fabric of experiences, bear

witness to such efforts, one may feel a sense of wonder while looking at these
Havelis and finding elements in similar climates, which have been discovered as
a result of the human efforts to control the environment for maximum comfort.

20
Traditional buildings are the reflection of the life style of the local people. These
buildings have a great impact of the period in which they were constructed.
Similar climates result in similar house forms. This article is about traditional
buildings of Rajasthan, viz; Garh, palace, Baag, and havelis. The article
discusses the features of these building and detailed study is done for traditional
residence havelis supported with case study of a havelis in walled city Jaipur.
The architectural built form of these havelis has evolved in response to the
climate, lifestyle and availability of material. These havelis are excellent examples
of sustainability in the hot and dry climate of Rajasthan. The havelis of Rajasthan
used courtyards and other related elements as the perfect architectural response
to Rajasthan‟s diverse culture and climate. But at present due to population
pressure, increasing commercial activities and changing lifestyle of people lot of
transformation is taking place. As a result of that, load on energy and
infrastructure is increasing and creating lots of social and environmental issues.
Also due to lack of maintenance, buildings are in dilapidated state and heritage is
being lost. This article emphasizes on the need of sustainable & energy efficient
development of cities along with Heritage conservation of our traditional
buildings.

21
3.2 Analysis of literature to draw insights for the project

22
23
24
25
26
3.3 Secondary Research

Fig.1 Factors governing Vernacular Built-form

27
Fig.2 Sensitive approach to architecture

Fig.3 Identified Keywords

28
 Fig.4 Research Design insights

3.4 Agencies working for heritage conservation in India

Fig.5 Indian agencies for heritage conservation

29
3.4.1 INTBAU
(International Network for Traditional Building, Architecture and Urbanism)

Patron: His Royal Highness The Prince of Wales

INTBAU is a global network promoting traditional building, architecture and

urbanism.
INTBAU India is the first national chapter of INTBAU, established in
January 2005.
It was launched with the Inaugural Symposium on Emerging Urbanisation
Trends at New Delhi on January 14, 2005. This was followed by the
Mumbai Mills Revitalisation workshop held in Mumbai in March 2005.
INTBAU India has been working in partnership with various educational,
research and policy making institutions all across India.
The activities of INTBAU are focused on research, professional
exchanges, advisory and pilot projects in the field of Urban revitalisation,
Traditional planning and Sustainable design. By education, research and
the promotion of traditional techniques, it encourages people to maintain
traditional buildings and to build new buildings and places which help
improve the quality of life in cities and towns around the world.

30
3.4.2 INTACH
(Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage)

INTACH is a nationwide, non-profit organisation. It was set up in 1984 to

protect and conserve India‟s vast natural and cultural heritage
INTACH is primarily a membership organization comprising enthusiastic
members in all parts of the country.
INTACH has chapters across the whole country, which are clubbed under
five zones: North, South, East, West and Central.
INTACH‟s mission to conserve heritage is based on the belief that living in
harmony with heritage enhances the quality of life, and it is the duty of
every citizen of India as laid down in the Constitution of India.

ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE DIVISION

The Architectural Heritage Division (AHD) is dedicated to the promotion and

conservation of India‟s vast cultural heritage. Since its founding, it has taken on
the task of supplementing the work of the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) by
accounting for the thousands of unprotected historic buildings and sites in India,
its main thrust being the documentation and conservation of built heritage. It has
set standards for conservation work by providing expertise and consultancy, and
by implementing conservation projects. The division consists of in-house
architects, conservation architects, external consultants and specialists, and
looks to a dedicated Advisory Committee for direction and support.
31
3.4.3 CRCI

(Cultural Resource Conservation Initiative)

CRCI was founded in 1996 by conservation architect Gurmeet S. Rai.

Vision: To preserve and promote India‟s cultural heritage with active
community participation.
CRCI consistently tries to harmonize the imperatives of heritage
conservation with the historic and current realities of the site. Towards this
end, it works in participation with communities to develop appropriate
strategies for conservation in both rural and urban areas.
CRCI follows an interdisciplinary method and works in close association
with environmental, financial and urban planners, as well as social
scientists to bridge the gap between heritage conservation and
development concerns.
CRCI has extensive experience working in partnership with local, national
and global institutions ranging from panchayats, district administrations
and municipal corporations, to national and international bodies like ASI,
INTACH, UNESCO and UNDP.

Source: CRCI

32
3.4.4 GREHA

Since its inception in 1974, Greha has concentrated on the growth of

knowledge in the field of environmental development, habitat design and
architecture.
The thrust of Greha's efforts have been towards addressing issues of the
majority of the population; the focus was the marginalised people in rural
and urban settlements; the vehicle was developing knowledge and
methodologies concerning settlement systems more suited to our history
and cultural context.
The founder members, during the early stages of their professional
careers, would meet periodically to engage with majority concerns, away
from the routine of the practice.
These concerns led them towards working with the poor and marginalised
people in our society and eventually to the establishment of a school of
habitat studies.
Greha registered in 1986 as a non-government, not for profit society, with
the aim of generating a body of ideas, involving diverse professional talent
and promoting expert contribution in development projects undertaken by
public agencies.

Source: Greha

33
3.4.5 HUNNERSHALA FOUNDATION

Hunnarshala Foundation, a section 25 company as per the Companies Act

of India, was formed after the massive earthquake of Kutch in 2001 with
objectives to promote eco-friendly construction practices, low energy
building designs & technologies which are scientifically validated through
research initiatives. These technologies have glimpses of local culture and
aesthetics. The knowledge of these technologies is transferred to the local
artisans who further link it to the contemporary market.
Hunnarshala also works towards environmentally sustainable towns and
villages which promote local management and control, empowerment of
the local community and ensure dignified living for citizens by providing
basic housing and services.
Hunnarshala has expertise in restoring heritage buildings.
The company has been set up with participation from NGO‟s like Kutch
Navnirman Abhiyan, educational and scientific institutions like CEPT, IIS,
CSR Auroville and Companies like HDFC, Gruh Finance and Transmetal.

34
3.5 Gaps Identified
Lack of generalization of the concept of sustainability in heritage
conservation
Aspects of sustainability are confined to the courtyard design rather than
other elements or spatial factors.
Instances of integration of old and new are very scarce resulting from the
changing needs.
Awareness to design modern buildings by incorporating the traditional
building design concept
Focus on materials and elements rather than techniques

3.6 Objectives
Objectives framed after analysis of secondary research:

To identify the various factors of the traditional architecture which can be

adopted in the contemporary architecture to enhance sustainability and
energy-efficiency
To contribute to strengthening the relevance of traditions in the
contemporary design decisions and technology
To analyse the emphasis on heritage conservation and vernacular
traditions as integral part of education and its impact on the design
philosophy of budding architects and designers

35
4.1 Primary research Action-plan

Fig.6 Primary Research action-plan

4.2 Stage – I: Case-studies

Fig.7 Stage-1 action-plan

36
 Fig.8 Geographical map of Rajasthan

The case studies will consist of hospitality sector and privately owned
traditional sites in Jaipur and Bharatpur.

Fig.9 Sites Visited

37
4.2.1 Architecture Design Elements

Fig.10 Layout of a standard traditional house

Fig.11 Architecture design elements to be analysed

38
I. Façade

• A building‟s identity can be determined by its façade.

• The outer envelope and the fenestrations typology is the most significant
part of a traditional structure as certain elements are unique to a particular
region.

• These elements can be easily adopted in the newer architecture.

II. Front Yard

39
 • The front yard has the most visual appeal as it has higher visibility as
compared to internal spaces.

• The water-body is one of the most significant element of the front

courtyard as it enhances the aesthetics of the space and is a very efficient
passive cooling technique to provide thermal comfort in the open/ semi-
open space.

III. Corridors

• The corridors act as heat insulators to provide thermal comfort to the

adjacent living spaces

40
 • The space is also used as a space for interaction due to light and
ventilation

• A row of columns create space, which can be enclosed or left open for
added utility

IV. Inner Chowk

• The inner courtyard is the most efficient and commonly used passive
cooling technique as it provides both light and ventilation

• Besides thermal comfort, the courtyard also has a socio-cultural aspect as

it is used for social activities

• The courtyard can be covered by a Jaal or fibre sheets for safety.

41
V. Chhatris

• Chhatris are elevated, dome-shaped pavilions which can be used as

interactive spaces as modern-day gazebos

• Initially not having utility, the chhatris are retrofitted by enclosures in order
to create closed semi-private spaces to facilitate activities.

42
VI. Jali & Jharokas

• Jalis and Jharokhas were used as a privacy element by women in the

ancient times to view outside without being seen

• The stone lattice and small windows also allowed light and ventilation
inside while protecting from weathering conditions

• These days, the jalis are manufactured in various materials like bricks,
metal, wood, etc. for both utility and aesthetic purposes indoors and
outdoors.

43
VII. Interior Spaces

• As the havelis had very private interior spaces, the semi-open spaces are
enclosed to create interior spaces

• The spaces can be used for both private and social activities depending on
the purpose and ownership

• The spaces provide natural light and ventilation while also giving a sense
of added privacy, enabling multi-use of spaces

• The concept is interpreted in many restaurants and interactive spaces like

banquets, galleries, etc.

44
VIII. Aesthetics

• Arches, especially multi-foil arches are the most prominent element of the
Rajasthani havelis, both indoors and outdoors.

• The frescoes and paintings on the walls and ceilings are also an integral
part of the traditional aesthetics, which have made way into contemporary
settings as well.

• In addition to the arches and paintings, the intricacy of stone and wooden
carvings have found way in the contemporary homes as well with people
using it for façade and fenestrations.

45
4.2.2 Traditional Identity
I. Strength

The symmetrical layout creates a structural balance which helps in

strength and stability of the structure

The quality of material and craftsmanship has survived centuries without

much wear and tear

The structural details, with thick external walls and small openings respond
to climate as well as strength of the structure.

46
II. Function

The courtyard when covered by Jaal, adds more utility to the space as it
increases privacy.

The surface area at the upper floor also increases as the Jaal enables
walkability.

The Jali although has the function of light, ventilation and privacy but the
aesthetics dominate the utility as non-functional interpretations are created
within spaces to create similar aesthetics.

47
III. Extension

The extension to the heritage sites have been created by demolition

elements and materials from the site itself owing to the quality of materials
and recreating the similar essence.

The elements are reused or the replication of the traditional elements and
sensibilities in newer material is done.

Sometimes, the construction makes use of new materials but keeps the
traditional sensibilities intact, as the users are aware of the traditional
context and its requirements.

48
IV. Existing + New

While renovating or restoring traditional settlements, the biggest challenge

is accommodation of services and maintenance.

For this reason, the services that require frequent maintenance are
renovated by making use of contemporary materials and techniques to
make installation and maintenance easier.

4.2.3 Case-studies Analysis

The various elements of the traditional architecture of Rajasthan
encourage climate responsiveness, thermal comfort and overall
sustainability, alongside aesthetics.
The significance of the traditional architecture in terms of the traditional
identity, strength and functionality is justified through instances of the
retrofitting and renovation by blending old and new together.
The relevance of heritage conservation and lessons from the traditions is
strengthened by portraying how the vernacular elements and techniques
have been adopted by new construction as well.

49
4.3 Stage – II: Interviews with the Professionals

Fig.12 Stage – 2 Action plan

I. Ashish Ganju: Principal Conservation Architect at GREHA

EXPERIENCE: 59 yrs.
PROJECTS: PPP, private projects
TYPES OF PROJECTS: Renovation, Restoration, Revitalization,
Redevelopment
CHALLENGES: Convincing the youth to take up this profession; Client‟s
lack of understanding
IMPORTANCE: Identity; Authenticity; Natural Habitat; Spirituality; Connect
with the space
AWARENESS: “Encourage the younger generation to take up
conservation”

50
 II. Gurmeet Sangha Rai: Director at CRCI; Vice-President at ICOMOS
India

EXPERIENCE: 29 yrs.
PROJECTS: Government, PPP, private projects
TYPES OF PROJECTS: Renovation, Restoration, Revitalization;
Community settlements
CHALLENGES: No challenges as such
IMPORTANCE: Sensible; Overall sustainability; Natural Habitat; Sense of
belonging; Ethical
AWARENESS: “Pedagogy at fault; heritage conservation should be an
integral part of curriculum as it develops the students into the
professionals they want to be”

III. Ruknuddin Mirza: Senior Architect, Indian National Trust for Art and
Cultural Heritage (INTACH)

51
 EXPERIENCE: 10 yrs.
PROJECTS: Government, PPP
TYPES OF PROJECTS: Renovation, Restoration, Revitalization
CHALLENGES: Convincing the client, material acquisition, local
craftsmanship
IMPORTANCE: Sustainability; Site-responsive; Interactive; Passive
cooling; Appropriateness; Regional identity
AWARENESS: “It starts with you. Instead of having an activist approach,
be an involved practitioner for understanding the necessity”

IV. Nilesh Bansal: Principal Architect at Chaukor Design Studio

EXPERIENCE: 5 yrs.
PROJECTS: Government, private projects
TYPES OF PROJECTS: Regenerative architecture
CHALLENGES: Convincing the client, monetary issues; getting vendors
and suppliers; Skilled craftsmanship
IMPORTANCE: Sustainability; Site-responsive; Interactive; Passive
cooling; Energy-efficiency; Connect with space
AWARENESS: “It all comes down to what they teach you in B.Arch; Or
you can take up membership of INTACH and similar agencies for more in-
depth knowledge; you have to develop the interest in yourself”

52
4.3.2 Analysis of the interviews

Fig.13 Interview Analysis

The biggest challenges to heritage conservation are convincing the clients

and local craftsmanship
Heritage conservation is important to maintain a sense of identity, connect
with the space and overall sustainability
The awareness can be raised by the educators to encourage young and
budding professionals to take up heritage conservation

53
4.4 Stage – III: Survey of the architecture students and young
architects

Fig.14 Stage – 3 Action plan

54
55
4.5 Research Findings
Through various case studies, it was found that the various elements of
traditional architecture are sustainable and climate-responsive and so can
be adopted in the contemporary architecture as well.

Through interviews with various conservation architects, the importance of

heritage conservation for sustainability was emphasized upon and the role
of architects to make clients aware of the vernacular traditions and its
significance in new architecture.

Through survey of the budding architects, it was found that the main
reason of very less professionals practicing vernacular architecture is due
to lack of emphasis given to the study of heritage conservation in the
education.

56
5.1 Conclusion – Learning Outcomes
Various design elements of the traditional architecture encourage
sustainability, passive cooling, and climate-responsiveness.
The design elements can be easily adopted in the newer construction by
means of traditional or contemporary materials, but skilled craftsmanship.
The newer vernacular will be more sustainable and energy-efficient as it
will lower the energy consumption of the building relatively.
The traditional identity remains intact as the spaces are more interactive
and there is a sense of connect, visually and functionally.
Blending the vernacular with the contemporary is easier and timeless if the
focus is on function of an element or technique rather than aesthetics.
The young architects should me more involved in vernacular practices and
should create awareness about its need in the present times.

With the help of this research, the idea of vernacular traditions can be
generalised as the factors and the design elements associated may be specific to
a region, but the methodology enables it to be applied to any region or context.
Through this research, my aim to analyse the vernacular traditions of Rajasthani
Haveli architecture and their adaptability in the contemporary built environment
has been fulfilled as I have given case-studies and examples of similar elements
or techniques been used in the newer buildings as well. The research can help
conduct various similar researches in India and abroad in order to establish the
relationship between the built spaces and the surrounding environment and how
the buildings should responds to its traditions and local practices in order to
achieve a sustainable built environment and keep the regional identity intact and
preserved.

57
5.2 Limitations
The study could be confused as an attempt to dismiss the modern
practices if not analysed properly.
The study may be misunderstood for criticizing modern architecture
whereas in reality, it is an initiative to explore newer possibilities by
encouraging people to embrace their traditions and find common grounds
with contemporary practices.
Due to the stipulated time-span and the nature of the project, the scope is
limited to conservation and the demographics is limited to Rajasthan
region.

5.3 Scope for further research

Fig.15 Recommendations for further research

58
6.1 References & Bibliography
Books

Deependra Prashad, Saswati Chetia (2010). New Architecture and

Urbanism: Development of Indian Traditions
G. H. R. Tillotson (2014). Paradigms of Indian Architecture: Space and
Time in Representation and Design
Klaus-Peter Gast (2007), Modern Traditions: Contemporary Architecture in
India
Vibhuti Chakrabarti (2013). Indian Architectural Theory and Practice:
Contemporary Uses of Vastu Vidya

Research Papers

Travis Wayne Durham (1990). Current applications of indigenous

architecture
Robert Paul Finta (1999). The interpretive center for Taos, New Mexico: A
study of architecture in context
E. Creangă, I. Ciotoiu, D. Gheorghiu & G. Nash (2010). Vernacular
architecture as a model for contemporary design
Farida Abu Bakare (2012). Modern Vernacular: Translating First Nations
Traditions Towards A Model Of Contemporary Sustainable Architecture
Courtney Angen (2013). Concept and Technique: How Traditional
Japanese Architecture can contribute to Contemporary Sustainable
Design Practices
Poomchai Punpairoj (2013). The changing use of Materials in Construction
of the vernacular Thai house
Mamun Rashida, Dilshad Rahat Ara (2014). Modernity in tradition:
Reflections on building design and technology in the Asian vernacular
Maria Philokyprou (2014). Continuities and Discontinuities in the
Vernacular Architecture
Setijanti, Silas, Firmaningtyas, Hartatik (2015). Vernacular Housing in
Contemporary Urban Living

59
 Yousef Al Haroun (2015). Contemporary Attitudes to Vernacular Elements
in Kuwait‟s Domestic Architecture: A Mixed Method Study
Kozhikode Bijoy Ramachandran (1998). In the service of the sacred:
Development for conservation
V. Padmavathi (2005). Climatic architectural tradition of India
Nibedita Das (Kolkata) (2006). Courtyard houses of Kolkata: Bioclimatic,
typological and socio-cultural studies
Reena Patra (2008). Vaastu Shastra: Towards Sustainable Development
Shikha Patidat, Brishbhanlali Raghuwanshi (2014). Changes in Culture
and Architecture from Vernacular to Modern: M.P., India
Ar. Gaurav Gangwar, Prabhjot Kaur (2016). Towards sustainable future:
Typologies and parameters of Courtyard design
Ms. Shreya Ojha and Ar. Anoop Kumar Sharma (2017). Transition from
Vernacular to Modern Architecture: Gurgaon, India
Shikha Jain (2002). The havelis of Rajasthan: Form and Identity
Avlokita Agrawal, Prof. R.K. Jain and Prof. Rita Ahuja (2006). Shekhawati:
Urbanism in the semi-desert of India: A climatic study
Neeta Mittal(Jaipur) (2012). Heritage buildings: An inspiration for energy-
efficient modern buildings
Ar. Vibha Upadhyaya, Prof. M.P. Jakhanwal (2015). Traditional walled city
of Rajasthan India: A sustainable planning concept
Vibha Upadhyaya (2017). Transformation in traditional havelis: A case
study of walled city Jaipur, Rajasthan

Web Sources

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