Effects of Bran Fortification on Physical Characteristics

Characteristics and
and
Antioxidant Activity in High Tannin
Tannin Sorghum
Sorghum Extrudates
Extrudates
Turner, D., Barron, M., Awika, J., Riaz, Cereal Quality Lab, Food Protein R&D
R&D Center,
Center,
M., Waniska, R., and Rooney,
Rooney, L.L. Texas A&M University
College Station, TX 77840

Abstract Fig. 2 – Raw Materials Production Flowchart Table 1. Fiber and protein composition of
selected material (dry wt)
WHOLE
WHOLE Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy
A Hi-Tannin sorghum (whole or cracked) SORGHUM
SORGHUM Treatment Protein % Crude Fiber Dietary
with addition of various levels of bran % Fiber % Fig.7 –ESEM photos of 50% bran substituted extrudates
(15%, 30%, or 50%) produced by roller
Whole sorghum 12.6 4.5 ***
milling or decortication were extruded Decorticated bran Roller-milled bran B – bran pieces, E –endosperm,
Decortication
Decortication Grinding
Grinding Rollermilling
Roller milling
through a high- shear Maddox MX-3001 Cracked sorghum 11.2 5.1 *** AW – air cell walls, and AC –air cells
(PRL)
(PRL) ((Attrition
Attritionmill)
mill) (Chopin)
(Chopin)
Extruder. Whole sorghum was successfully Bran(decort.) 8.7 11.6 40.3
extruded into average quality products, Bran (roller-milled) 11.6 7.7 29.4 •Decorticated bran inhibited
cracking the sorghum improved the 50% decort. bran *** 8.6 18.0 expansion of the air cells and air
texture of the extrudates. Extrudate extrudate cell walls; the small size added no
expansion ratio decreased and bulk BRAN
BRAN CRACKED
CRACKED BRAN
BRAN support to the air cell walls and the
density increased, with the addition of (13%
(13 %Yield)
Yield) SORGHUM
SORGHUM (19%
(19 %Yield)
Yield)
Decorticated bran contained less starch and pieces tended to roll up during
bran, more significantly in decorticated (92%Yield)
(92% Yield) fewer endosperm pieces than milled bran. processing.
bran added samples. ESEM pictures •Roller-milled bran retained its
revealed that milled bran aided in the conformation, and acted as support
Fig. 3 – Extrusion Processing Flowchart
support of extrudate expansion, while to the air cells and walls.
decorticated bran hindered expansion. •Particle size differences or other
Tempering
Tempering
Overall extrudate antioxidant activity and unknown factors may be
phenols increased with increased bran
(13.5% moisture)
(13.5% moisture) Results and Discussion responsible for the decorticated
fortification. However, actual percentage of bran behavior.
antioxidant activity retention in extrudates
decreased with increased bran. Extrusion Effect of bran addition on extrudate
Extrusion
Maddox MX-3001
Maddox MX-3001 quality
Introduction Fig 5. Change in expansion ratio of
Effect of extrusion on phenols and antioxidants
Tannin sorghums have high antioxidant extrudates with bran addition Fig 8.- Change in antioxidant activity due to Fig 9.- Change in antioxidant activity due to
activity. Bran from these sorghum bran Oven Drying
Oven Drying extrusion at different roller milled bran levels extrusion at different roller milled bran levels
has been used to produce cookies and (100C, 30
(100C, 30 min.)
min.) R2= 0.99

Bulk Density (kg/L)

6
bread with high antioxidant activity and

Antioxidant activity (Umol TE/g)

25 Raw material Raw material
300

Phenol content (mg GAE/g)

good sensory attributes (Awika 2003). Fig. 4 –Extrudates
4 Extrudate Extrudate
R2= 0.95 20 250
Fortification with high antioxidant sorghum Whole grain Cracked
2 200
bran could impart nutraceutical properties 15
to extruded snacks and other foods. 150
0 10
0 20 40 60 100
15% bran
Objectives Bran substitution (%) 5
50
To determine how sorghum bran fortification Extrudates Roller milled Bran Decorticated bran
from whole 0 0
affects physical and antioxidant and cracked •Bulk density of extrudates increased with 0 15 30 50 0 15 30 50
characteristics of extrudates. tannin
30% bran bran addition.
sorghum and Bran substitution % Bran substitution %
those from •Decorticated bran produced extrudates with
Materials and Methods fortified higher bulk density than roller-milled bran.
• 2001 College Station high-tannin cracked
sorghum at
•Antioxidant activity in extrudates Summary
sorghum 50% bran increased with increased levels of
different • Whole tannin sorghum can be
roller-milled
bran.
extruded into snacks. Cracking the
• Cracked sorghum was obtained by bran Fig 6. Change in expansion ratio of

Extrusion decreased antioxidant and sorghum improves the texture of
grinding whole sorghum in an attrition substitutions. extrudates with bran addition
phenol levels. Addition of bran the extrudate.
mill (Glen Mills Inc. Maywood, N.J.). 4
R2= 0.99 increased antioxidant levels in the
Expansion Ratio

• Bran incorporation improved

• Sorghum brans were obtained by roller 3 extrudates.
milling (Chopin mill, Perten, Springfield,
Bulk Density: weight of extrudates in a nutrition (fiber and antioxidants) of
15 L container divided by volume. 2 extrudates. However, the texture
IL) and decortication (PRL Mini-Dehuller,
The decrease in antioxidant levels in
R2= 0.99 was harder.
Nutana Machine Co., Saskatoon, Canada). Expansion Ratio: extrudate diameter extrudates was partly due to
1
divided by die diameter. interaction of sorghum tannins with • Tannin sorghums are potentially
0 proteins and other components into viable ingredients for healthy
• Brans were added to cracked sorghum at
ESEM: Electroscan Model E-3 0 20 40 60 non-extractable complexes. extruded snacks.
0, 15, 30, and 50 % of the batch weight.
Environmental Scanning Electron Bran Addition (%)
Microscope; extrudate microstructure. Roller milled bran Decorticated bran
We are currently analyzing the References
Fig 1 extrudates to confirm previous work Awika, J. 2003. PhD Dissertation: Texas A&M
University, College Station, TX.
Whole (left) •Increased bran addition caused a decrease indicating that extrusion breaks down Awika, J.M., Dykes, Gu, L.L. Rooney, L.W., Prior,
and cracked Antioxidant activity and phenols: in expansion. high MW tannin polymers to lower MW R.L. 2003. Processing of sorghum and sorghum
sorghum •DPPH method used for antioxidant assay. products alters procyanidin oligomers and
•Effect was more pronounced in constituents (Awika et al. 2003). polymer distribution and content. J. Agric. Food
•Total phenols: Folin-Ciocalteu method. decorticated bran extrudates. Chem. 51:5516.
Roller-milled
•Smaller particle size (Fig 1) and higher
Feeding trials are underway to Acknowledgement:
(left) and Fiber and protein : dietary fiber determine bio-effects of such changes Cassandra McDonough of The Cereal Quality
decorticated measured by the Prosky method, protein fiber content (Table 1) were likely
in sorghum tannin profile. Laboratory of Texas A&M University for the digital
Brans and crude fiber measured by NIR responsible. and ESEM Pictures.