AUTOMATIC PLANT WATER SYSTEM

INTRODUCTION

Irrigation is the artificial application of water to the land or soil. It is used to assist in the
growing of agricultural crops, maintenance of landscapes, and re vegetation of disturbed soils in
dry areas and during periods of inadequate rainfall. When a zone comes on, the water flows
through the lateral lines and ultimately ends up at the irrigation emitter (drip) or sprinkler
heads. Many sprinklers have pipe thread inlets on the bottom of them which allows a fitting
and the pipe to be attached to them. The sprinklers are usually installed with the top of the
head flush with the ground surface. When the water is pressurized, the head will pop up out of
the ground and water the desired area until the valve closes and shuts off that zone. Once there
is no more water pressure in the lateral line, the sprinkler head will retract back into the
ground. Emitters are generally laid on the soil surface or buried a few inches to reduce
evaporation losses.

Healthy plants can transpire a lot of water, resulting in an increase in the humidity of the
greenhouse air. A high relative humidity (above 80-85%) should be avoided because it can
increase the incidence of disease and reduce plant transpiration. Sufficient venting or
successive heating and venting can prevent condensation on plants surfaces and the
greenhouse structure. The use of cooling systems during the warmer summer months
increases the greenhouse air humidity. During periods with warm and humid outdoor
conditions, humidity control inside the greenhouse can be a challenge. Greenhouses located in
dry, dessert environments benefit greatly from evaporative cooling systems because large
amounts of water can be evaporated into the incoming air, resulting in significant temperature
drops.

Since the relative humidity alone does not tell us anything about the absolute water holding
capacity of air, a different measurement is sometime used to describe the absolute moisture
status of the soil. The vapor pressure deficit is a measure of the difference between the amount
of moisture the air contains at a given moment and the amount of moisture it can hold at that
temperature when the air would be saturated. Pressure deficit measurement can tell us how
easy it is for plants to transpire: higher values stimulate transpiration (but too high can cause

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wilting), and lower values inhibit transpiration and can lead to condensation on leaf and
greenhouse surfaces.

In the mid 20th century, the advent of diesel and electric motors led to systems that could
pump groundwater out of major aquifers faster than drainage basins could refill them. This can
lead to permanent loss of aquifer capacity, decreased water quality, ground subsidence, and
other problems.

Apart from all these problems and failures, there has been a considerable evolution in the
methods to perform irrigation with the help of technology. The application of technology in the
areas of irrigation has proven to be of great help as they deliver efficiency and accuracy.

This project is about a moisture-sensing automatic plant watering system using Arduino UNO.
The system reads the moisture content of the soil using soil moisture sensor and switches ON
the motor when the moisture is below the set limit. When the moisture level rises above the
set point, the system switches off the pump.

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LITERATURE REVIEW

Automatic irrigation systems are convenient, especially for those who travel. If installed and
programmed properly, automatic irrigation systems can even save you money and help in
water conservation. Dead lawn grass and plants need to be replaced, and that can be
expensive. But the savings from automatic irrigation systems can go beyond that. Watering
with a hose or oscillator wastes water. Neither method targets plant roots with any significant
degree of precision. Automatic irrigation systems can be programmed to discharge more
precise amounts of water in a targeted area, which promotes water conservation.

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BLOCK DIAGRAM AND EXPLANATION

Figure 1 Block Diagram

In this project we use two functional components. One is soil moisture sensor and other is
water pump. Here we used Arduino Board where programmed is done by using Arduino IDE
software. Soil moisture sensor sense the level of moisture in the soil and temperature sensor
which sense temperature of soil. The motor/water pump supplies water to the plants. The
Arduino Uno can be powered via an external power supply which can come either from an AC-
to-DC adapter or battery and use USB connection. The board can operate on an external supply
of 6 to 20 volts. If supplied with less than 7V, however, the 5V pin may supply less than five
volts and the board may be unstable. If using more than 12V, the voltage regulator may
overheat and damage the board. The recommended range is 7 to 12 volts.

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM AND WORKING

Figure 2 Circuit Diagram

An automatic plant watering system using Arduino microcontroller UNO R3 is programmed

such that it gives the interrupt signals to the motor via the motor driver module. Soil sensor is
connected to the A0 pin to the Arduino board which senses the moisture content present in the
soil. Whenever the soil moisture content values goes down, the sensor senses the humidity
change, giving signal to the microcontroller so that the pump (motor) can be activated. This
concept can be used for automatic plant watering system. The circuit comprises an Arduino
UNO board, a soil moisture sensor, a 5V motor pump, motor driver IC to run the water pump.
Arduino board uses a 5V to 9V wall wart or plug in adaptor or solar panel. You need a separate
5V to 9v battery for the pump motor. The LCD display is connecter to Arduino and it displays
the moisture level. When the moisture of soil goes below a threshold value, the microcontroller
switch ON the water pump for a certain time set by program.

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COMPONENTS REQUIRED

1. MICROCONTROLLER - AT Mega 16

2. RELAY MODULE - 12V 4 CHANNEL

3. SOIL MOISTURE SENSOR

4. WATER PUMP

5. RELAY MODULE

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COMPONENTS DESCRIPTION

1. ARDUINO
Arduino is an open-source platform used for building electronics projects. Arduino
consists of both a physical programmable circuit board (often referred to as a
microcontroller) and a piece of software, or IDE (Integrated Development Environment)
that runs on your computer, used to write and upload computer code to the physical
board.
The Arduino platform has become quite popular with people just starting out with
electronics, and for good reason. Unlike most previous programmable circuit boards,
the Arduino does not need a separate piece of hardware (called a programmer) in order
to load new code onto the board -- you can simply use a USB cable. Additionally, the
Arduino IDE uses a simplified version of C++, making it easier to learn to program.
Finally, Arduino provides a standard form factor that breaks out the functions of the
micro-controller into a more accessible package.
ARDUINO ATmega 328
The Arduino UNO is an open-source microcontroller board based on the MicrochipATmega328P
microcontroller and developed by Arduino.cc. The board is equipped with sets of digital and
analog input/output (I/O) pins that may be interfaced to various expansion boards (shields) and
other circuits. The board has 14 Digital pins, 6 Analog pins, and programmable with the Arduino
IDE (Integrated Development Environment) via a type B USB cable. It can be powered by a USB
cable or by an external 9 volt battery, though it accepts voltages between 7 and 20 volts. It is
also similar to the Arduino Nano and Leonardo. The hardware reference design is distributed
under a Creative Commons Attribution Share-Alike 2.5 license and is available on the Arduino
website. Layout and production files for some versions of the hardware are also available.
"Uno" means one in Italian and was chosen to mark the release of Arduino Software (IDE)
1.0.The Uno board and version 1.0 of Arduino Software (IDE) were the reference versions of
Arduino, now evolved to newer releases. The Uno board is the first in a series of USB Arduino
boards, and the reference model for the Arduino platform. The ATmega328 on the Arduino Uno

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comes preprogrammed with a boot loader that allows uploading new code to it without the use
of an external hardware programmer. It communicates using the original STK500 protocol.[1]
The Uno also differs from all preceding boards in that it does not use the FTDI USB-to-serial
driver chip. Instead, it uses the Atmega16U2 (Atmega8U2 up to version R2) programmed as a
USB-to-serial converter.
The ATmega48PA/88PA/168PA/328P is a low-power CMOS 8-bit microcontroller based on the
AVR enhanced RISC architecture. By executing powerful instructions in a single clock cycle, the
ATmega48PA/88PA/168PA/328P achieves throughputs approaching 1 MIPS per MHz allowing
the system designed to optimize power consumption versus processing speed The
Arduino/Genuino Uno has a number of facilities for communicating with a computer, another
Arduino/Genuino board, or other microcontrollers. The ATmega328 provides UART TTL (5V)
serial communication, which is available on digital pins 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). An ATmega16U2 on
the board channels this serial communication over USB and appears as a virtual com port to
software on the computer. The 16U2 firmware uses the standard USB COM drivers, and no
external driver is needed. However, on Windows, a .inf file is required. The Arduino Software
(IDE) includes a serial monitor which allows simple textual data to be sent to and from the
board. The RX and TX LEDs on the board will flash when data is being transmitted via the USB-
to-serial chip and USB connection to the computer (but not for serial communication on pins 0
and 1). A SoftwareSerial library allows serial communication on any of the Uno's digital pins.
Technical specification
1. Microcontroller: Microchip ATmega328P [7]
2. Operating Voltage: 5 Volts
3. Input Voltage: 7 to 20 Volts
4. Digital I/O Pins: 14 (of which 6 provide PWM output)
5. Analog Input Pins: 6
6. DC Current per I/O Pin: 20 mA
7. DC Current for 3.3V Pin: 50 mA
8. Flash Memory: 32 KB of which 0.5 KB used by bootloader
9. SRAM: 2 KB

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10. EEPROM: 1 KB
11. Clock Speed: 16 MHz
12. Length: 68.6 mm
13. Width: 53.4 mm
14. Weight: 25 g
Pins

Figure 3 Arduino UNO R3

General Pin functions Edit

15. LED: There is a built-in LED driven by digital pin 13. When the pin is HIGH value, the LED
is on, when the pin is LOW, it's off.
16. VIN: The input voltage to the Arduino/Genuino board when it's using an external power
source (as opposed to 5 volts from the USB connection or other regulated power source). You
can supply voltage through this pin, or, if supplying voltage via the power jack, access it through
this pin.
17. 5V: This pin outputs a regulated 5V from the regulator on the board. The board can be
supplied with power either from the DC power jack (7 - 20V), the USB connector (5V), or the
VIN pin of the board (7-20V). Supplying voltage via the 5V or 3.3V pins bypasses the regulator,
and can damage the board.
18. 3V3: A 3.3 volt supply generated by the on-board regulator. Maximum current draw is
50 mA.

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19. GND: Ground pins.

20. IOREF: This pin on the Arduino/Genuino board provides the voltage reference with
which the microcontroller operates. A properly configured shield can read the IOREF pin
voltage and select the appropriate power source or enable voltage translators on the outputs
to work with the 5V or 3.3V.
21. Reset: Typically used to add a reset button to shields which block the one on the
board.[7]
Special Pin FunctionsEdit
Each of the 14 digital pins and 6 Analog pins on the Uno can be used as an input or output,
using pinMode(),digitalWrite(), and digitalRead() functions. They operate at 5 volts. Each pin
can provide or receive 20 mA as recommended operating condition and has an internal pull-up
resistor (disconnected by default) of 20-50k ohm. A maximum of 40mA is the value that must
not be exceeded on any I/O pin to avoid permanent damage to the microcontroller.The Uno
has 6 analog inputs, labeled A0 through A5, each of which provide 10 bits of resolution (i.e.
1024 different values). By default they measure from ground to 5 volts, though is it possible to
change the upper end of their range using the AREF pin and the analogReference() function.[7]
In addition, some pins have specialized functions:
1. Serial / UART: pins 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). Used to receive (RX) and transmit (TX) TTL serial
data. These pins are connected to the corresponding pins of the ATmega8U2 USB-to-TTL Serial
chip.
2. External Interrupts: pins 2 and 3. These pins can be configured to trigger an interrupt on
a low value, a rising or falling edge, or a change in value.
3. PWM (Pulse Width Modulation): 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11 Can provide 8-bit PWM output
with the analogWrite() function.
4. SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface): 10 (SS), 11 (MOSI), 12 (MISO), 13 (SCK). These pins
support SPI communication using the SPI library.
5. TWI (Two Wire Interface) / I²C: A4 or SDA pin and A5 or SCL pin. Support TWI
communication using the Wire library.
6. AREF (Analog REFerence): Reference voltage for the analog inputs.[7]

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2. MOISTURE SENSOR
Soil moisture sensors measure the water content in soil. A soil moisture probe is made up of
multiple soil moisture sensors. Technologies commonly used in soil moisture sensors include:
 Frequency domain sensor such as a capacitance sensor.
 Neutron moisture gauges, utilize the moderator properties of water for neutrons.
 Electrical resistance of the soil

Figure 4 Moisture Sensor

In this particular project, we will use the moisture sensors which can be inserted in the soil, in
order to measure the moisture content of the soil.
Soil electrical conductivity is simply measured using two metal conductors spaced apart in the
soil except that dissolved salts greatly alter the water conductivity and can confound the
measurements. An inexpensive fix is to embed conductors in a porous gypsum block which
releases calcium and sulphate ions to swamp the soil background level of ions. The water
absorbed by the block is correlated with soil water potential over the range -60 to -600 kPa
providing a tertiary indicator for use in medium to heavy soils. Non-dissolving granular matrix
sensors are now available with a more exacting specification for the range 0 to -200 kPa and
use internal calibration methods to offset variations due to solutes and temperature. Methods
for exploiting soil dielectric properties actually measure proxy variables that more or less
include a component due to the soil electrical conductivity and are thus inherently sensitive to
variations in soil salinity and temperature as well as water. Measurements are also affected by
soil bulk density and the proportion of bound and free water determined by the soil type.
Nevertheless, good accuracy and precision can be achieved under specific conditions and some
sensor types have become widely adopted for scientific work. In general, conversions from raw

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sensor readings to volumetric moisture content or water potential using secondary or tertiary
methods tend to be sensor or soil specific, affected or precluded at high salinity levels and
dependent on temperature. Research-grade instruments typically have laboratory measured
accuracy worse than +/- 4% when relying on factory settings or as good as +/- 1% when
calibrated for the specific soil. Sensors based on the TDR method seem to require least
calibration but may be unsuitable for soils with very high salinity or clay content. There are no
comparable laboratory specifications for granular matrix sensors, possibly because they are
technically more difficult to calibrate, their response times are relatively slow and the output is
hysteretic for wetting and drying curves. Soil dielectric measurement is the method of choice
for most research studies where expertise is available for calibration, installation and
interpretation, but scope for cost reduction through sensor multiplexing is limited due to the
possibility of stray capacitances. A lower manufacturing cost is possible through development
of application specific integrated circuits (ASICS), though this requires a high level of
investment. Multiple sensors are required to provide a depth profile and cover a representative
area, but this cost can be minimized through use of a computer model to extend the
measurements in a predictive way. Thus, by using the moisture sensors, the over-riding factor
will be reliable, cost-effective sensors and electronic systems for accessing and interpreting the
data.
Sensor Installation
A single sensor can be used to control the irrigation for many zones (where an irrigation zone is
defined by a solenoid valve) or multiple sensors can be used to irrigate individual zones. In the
case of one sensor for several zones, the zone that is normally the driest, or most in need of
irrigation, is selected for placement of the sensor in order to ensure adequate irrigation in all
zones.

Some general rules for the burial of the soil moisture sensor are:
 Sensors should be buried in the root zone of the plants to be irrigated, because this is
where plants will extract water. Burial in the root zone will help ensure adequate turf or

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landscape quality. For turf grass, the sensor should typically be buried at about three
inches deep.
 Sensors need to be in good contact with the soil after burial; there should be no air gaps
surrounding the sensor. Soil should be packed firmly but not excessively around the
sensor.
 If one sensor is used to control the entire irrigation system, it should be buried in the
zone that requires water first, to ensure that all zones get adequate irrigation. Typically,
this will be an area with full sun or the area with the most sun exposure.
 Sensors should be placed at least 5 feet from the home, property line, or an impervious
surface (such as a driveway) and 3 feet from a planted bed area.
 Sensors should also be located at least 5 feet from irrigation heads and toward the
center of an irrigation zone.
 Sensors should not be buried in high traffic areas to prevent excess compaction of the
soil around the sensor.

3. WATER PUMP
A small pump plus a driver. A driver is to provide enough current for the pump, my application
needs a spray distance about one meter, so this pump is enough. But if you need to make a
system that needs a large spray range, you may need larger pumps, or even a pressurized
device to make the projectile even farther, such as the watering system in a tea garden.

Figure 5 Motor Pump

The pumping of water is a basic and practical technique, far more practical than scooping it up
with one's hands or lifting it in a hand-held bucket. This is true whether the water is drawn from

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a fresh source, moved to a needed location, purified, or used for irrigation, washing, or sewage
treatment, or for evacuating water from an undesirable location. Regardless of the outcome,
the energy required to pump water is an extremely demanding component of water
consumption. All other processes depend or benefit either from water descending from a
higher elevation or some pressurized plumbing system

4. LCD DISPLAY
A liquid crystal display or LCD draws its definition from its name itself. It is combination of two
states of matter, the solid and the liquid. LCD uses a liquid crystal to produce a visible image.
Liquid crystal displays are super-thin technology display screen that are generally used in laptop
computer screen, TVs, cell phones and portable video games. LCD’s technologies allow displays
to be much thinner when compared to cathode ray tube (CRT) technology.

Figure 6 LCD screen16x2

Liquid crystal display is composed of several layers which include two polarized panel filters and
electrodes. LCD technology is used for displaying the image in notebook or some other
electronic devices like mini computers. Light is projected from a lens on a layer of liquid crystal.
This combination of colored light with the grayscale image of the crystal (formed as electric
current flows through the crystal) forms the colored image. This image is then displayed on the
screen.

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5. RELAY MODULE
A relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use an electromagnet to
mechanically operate a switch. This is a 5V 4-channel relay interface board, and each channel
needs a 15-20mA driver current. It can be used to control various appliances and equipment
with large current. It is equipped with high-current relays that work under AC250V 10A or
DC30V 10A. It has a standard interface that can be controlled directly by microcontroller.

Figure 7 Relay Module

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PROGRAM

/* automatic plant watering system using soil moisture

* and water level sensor

* soil moisture to A0

* water sensor to 5

* pump 6 *

*/

#include <LiquidCrystal.h>

LiquidCrystal lcd(7,6,5,4,3,2);

int sensor_pin = A0;

int pump = 13;

int output_value ;

void setup()

{ Serial.begin(9600);

lcd.begin(16,2);

lcd.print("plant watering system");

lcd.setCursor(0,1);

lcd.print("............");

delay(1000);

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lcd.clear();

Serial.print("system ready....");

lcd.setCursor(0,1);

lcd.print("Reading Sensor ...");

delay(2000);

lcd.clear();

void loop()

output_value= analogRead(sensor_pin);

output_value = map(output_value,550,0,0,100);

lcd.setCursor(0,0); lcd.print("Moisture:"); lcd.print(output_value);

lcd.print("%");

delay(1000);

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if(output_value<30)

digitalWrite(pump,LOW);

Serial.print("PUMP TURNED ON");

delay(100);

else

digitalWrite(pump,HIGH);

Serial.print("PUMP TURNED OFF");

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ARDUINO IDE TOOL

Interface almost anything; the best choice for beginners – this is the Arduino UNO board. Using
an ATmega328 microcontroller and 14 I/O pins, Arduino UNO is one of the most popular
development boards in robotics and electronics as well. We take a look around and select the
best tutorials to start working with the board. From tutorials to setup Arduino UNO, and up to
blink an LED or how to control a robot wirelessly using an Android phone. This article is a good
starting point and a good introduction to Arduino UNO board.
Steps for Using Arduino IDE

Step 1

Arduino microcontrollers come in a variety of types. The most common is the Arduino UNO, but
there are specialized variations. Before you begin building, do a little research to figure out
which version will be the most appropriate for your project.

Step 2

To begin, you'll need to install the Arduino Programmer, aka the integrated development
environment (IDE).

Step 3

Connect your Arduino to the USB port of your computer. This may require a specific USB cable.
Every Arduino has a different virtual serial-port address, so you'll need to reconfigure the port if
you're using different Arduino.

Step 4

Set the board type and the serial port in the Arduino Programmer.

Step 5

Test the microcontroller by using one of the preloaded programs, called sketches, in the
Arduino Programmer. Open one of the example sketches, and press the upload button to load

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it. The Arduino should begin responding to the program: If you've set it to blink an LED light, for
example, the light should start blinking.

Step 6

To upload new code to the Arduino, either you'll need to have access to code you can paste
into the programmer, or you'll have to write it yourself, using the Arduino programming
language to create your own sketch. An Arduino sketch usually has five parts: a header
describing the sketch and its author; a section defining variables; a setup routine that sets the
initial conditions of variables and runs preliminary code; a loop routine, which is where you add
the main code that will execute repeatedly until you stop running the sketch; and a section
where you can list other functions that activate during the setup and loop routines. All sketches
must include the setup and loop routines.

Step 7

Once you've uploaded the new sketch to your Arduino, disconnect it from your computer and
integrate it into your project as directed.

Step 8
Upload the program now; simply click the "Upload" button in the environment. Wait a few
seconds - you should see the RX and TX lids on the board flashing. If the upload is successful,
the message "Done uploading." will appear in the status bar.

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RESULT

Thus the “ARDUINO BASED AUTOMATIC PLANT WATERING SYSTEM” has been designed and
tested successfully. It has been developed by integrated features of all the hardware
components used. Presence of every module has been reasoned out and placed carefully, thus
contributing to the best working of the unit. Thus, the Arduino Based Automatic Plant Watering
System has been designed and tested successfully. The system has been tested to function
automatically. The moisture sensors measure the moisture level (water content) of the
different plants. If the moisture level is found to be below the desired level, the moisture
sensor sends the signal to the Arduino board which triggers the Water Pump to turn ON and
supply the water to respective plant using the Rotating Platform/Sprinkler. When the desired
moisture level is reached, the system halts on its own and the Water Pump is turned OFF. Thus,
the functionality of the entire system has been tested thoroughly and it is said to function
successfully.

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ADVANTAGES

 Less Hardware Involve: This proposed system consist of less hardware as compared to
the previous model hence it is compact as compared to the previous system.
 Cost Efficient: This proposed stem is more cost efficient than the previous system this
claim is made on the fact that the proposed system does not need the heavy and
expensive hardware for implementation.
 The Almirah SMS/Call alert system is cost effective. Its cost is estimated to be around
Rs.3000. The cost which is affordable even for a layman as compared to the market
prices of other security systems used in our houses.
 The qualities of the electronics used in this module are kept up to the standards and
demands a long life.
 Saves Water: Studies show that this type of automated irrigation system consumes 40-
50% less water as compared to the traditional system.
 Improves Growth: Ideal growth condition is been provided when small amount of water
is been applied over large amount of time. This smart irrigation system extends watering
time for plants, and provides ideal growth condition.
 Save Time: In this sprinklers moving and setting is not required hence it saves time and
timer delay as per the environmental condition can be added for automatic watering.
 Adaptable: This smart irrigation system can be adjusted and modified according to the
changing environment.
 Simpler Method: It is simple to operate it starts by designing the map of your garden
and marking the location of planting. Then the required distance is been measured for
length of plastic tubing so that the desired area can be reached.

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DISADVANTAGE

 The power supply should be available all the time. The system will be more effective
when inverters are present in the house (due to high chances of unauthorized power
cuts at the time of burglary).

 The buzzer alert will be active at the time of door opening. However there are chances
of delays in SMS alerting system due to the delays by telephone operators. This
limitation can be overcome if call alert system is implemented.

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FUTURE SCOPE

Using the Arduino UNO board, you can water six different potted plants. By adding a few more

lines in the code, you can water even more plants—by using the Arduino Mega 2560 board

which has more analogue input pins.

You can also add an Ethernet or Wi-Fi shield and use the Twitter library, which will tweet from

your plants side to send messages like: I need water; the tank is empty, refill the tank, thanks

for the water, and so on.

You can also enable the circuit to refill the tank after a few days, depending on the volume of
the tank.

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CONCLUSION

The system has been designed and tested successfully in a successful manner. Also,
functionality of the system, as well as the overall behavior of the plant, has been observed in
the next 30 days and the results were great as expected and desired. As result of our
observation we noticed that plant maintained its homeostasis in desired, regular and health
manner without any deficiencies observed. Whenever a need for water was recognized by the
sensor, microcontroller sent a signal to the pump to start watering the plant until enough
quantity of water was not delivered.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

[1]https://www.electricaltechnology.org/ /Automatic-Plant-Watering-Irrigation-System-Circuit
[2]http://ijarcsse.com
[3]https://www.researchgate.net/profile/ Automatic Plant Watering System
[4]https://www.slideshare.net/JagadeeshKumarDuggin/automatic-irrigation-system
[5]https://www.elprocus.com/ATmega328 microcontroller-architecture-and-applications

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