Name : Abhisek Panigrahi

Student ID : z5224608

Location of the site: 280 Coward Street, Mascot, NSW

Assignment Due date and Time: 4:00 pm on 18th July 2019
Civil Engineering Task: Piling
Executive Summary:
This report provides an analysis and evaluation of the current activity of piling operation at
the site 280 Coward Street, Mascot, Sydney, NSW. The fundamental purpose of this site
observation was to have a better understanding of materials and machinery involved on the
site, to be aware of the environmental impacts along with getting familiarised with
construction activities and safety precautions at a site.
This report discusses the design and installation of piles in accordance with various
Australian Standards along with technical observations of concrete testing and management
of environmental risks. During my observation, I was exposed to several types of machinery
used for the completion of the construction tasks. One of them was the piling and drilling rig
of LRB 355 series by Liebherr group, whose technical data, specifications and advantages are
mentioned in this report.
The various training and license requirements for workers and visitors are also discussed in
this report. This report provides an understanding of basic construction processes and a
practical aspect of the on-site application of construction techniques as compared to its
theoretical aspect.

1
Table of contents

1. INTRODUCTION………………………………………………….…………… 4

2. SITE LOCATION………………………………………………………………… 5

3. ACTIVITY OBSERVED-PILING OPERATION……………………………...... 5

4. DATE AND TIME OF

OBSERVATION……………………………………..………………………….. 6

5. PILING -A CIVIL ENGINEERING TASK…………………………………...… 6

6. CONTRACTOR AND SUB-CONTRACTOR HANDLING THE OPERATION 8

7. PRINCIPAL OF SITE………………………………………………………....... 8

8. LICENSE REQUIREMENTS……………………………………….……...……. 8

8.1 WHITE CARD……………………………………………………..………… 8

8.2 TRAFFIC CONTROLLER LICENSE……………………………………… 8

8.3 HEAVY VEHICLE LICENSE………………………………………………. 9

8.4 HIGH RISE WORK LICENSE……………………………………………… 9

8.5 SUPERVISOR LICENSE……………………………………………………. 9

8.6 CONTRACTOR LICENSE………………………………………………….. 9

8.7 CONSTRUCTION PERMIT………………………………………………… 9

8.8 INSURANCES……………………………………………………………… 9

2
9. AUSTRALIAN STANDARDS………………………………………............... 10

9.1 AS 1726:2017-SITE INVESTIGATION…………………………………… 10

9.2 AS 2159:2009-DESIGN REQUIREMENTS OF PILE………………. …… 10

9.3 AS 2159:2009-GEOTECHNICAL DESIGN………………………………. .10

9.4 AS 2159:2009-STRUCTURAL & DURABILITY DESIGN……………... 10

9.5 AS 1470:1986- HEALTH AND SAFETY AT WORK……………………… 11

9.6 AS 1012.9:1994- COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TESTING OF CONCRETE.. 11

9.7 TENSILE AND FLEXURAL STRENGTH TESTING…………………… 11

9.8 HB 203:2012-MANAGEMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL RISKS…………. 11

10. UNACCEPTABLE PRACTICES……………………………………………. 11

11. ENVIRONMENTAL REQUIREMENTS……………………………………… 12

12. PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT…………………………………... 12

13. CONCLUSION………………………………………………………………….. 12

14. REFERENCES………………………………………………………………….. 14

15. APPENDIX……………………………………………………………………… 16

3
1. Introduction
Construction activities and planning is a vital and challenging endeavor in the administration
and execution of building projects. It includes the choice of technology, the definition of
work tasks, the estimation of the required resources and intervals for individual tasks, and the
identification of any interactions among the various scheduled work tasks. As the
construction industry is turning more and more into a tremendously technical and pioneering
undertaking with a keen detail to quality and specification, therefore essential aspects of it
now heavily relies upon heavy-duty vehicles and complex machinery. The general objective
of every construction-related activity is the assembly and erection of a structure or various
structural parts, within a given time period, so that it can grant the required performances
with enhanced productivity and the most sensible cost-effectiveness, along with the
environmental impact assessment guidelines as per the Australian standards.
The following document outlines the details of a development activity being observed over a
period of one month at a high-density housing site. The site in development is going to be a
residential building of Ground + 12 floors with three level of parking. It is estimated that the
construction of the building would be completed in the next three years. Presently, there are
two activities which are being conducted simultaneously on the site, i.e., Excavation and
Piling. Precisely, this report talks about the piling operation which was being carried out
during the observation period.
The selection for the operation of pile foundation depends on different operations and
consideration, such as ground conditions, proximity to other structures, accessibility,
sensitivity to noise and vibration, cost, and, the durability of the materials. Piles can be
classified depending upon their functional design, replacement or their method of
construction. They are formed by slender, columnar and long elements made from steel or
reinforced concrete. As the site location, 280 Coward Street in Mascot, Sydney, NSW is in
proximity to urban buildings, so non-displacement piles (NDP) or bored piles are used for the
foundation as there is the least vibration and, the risk of heave is minimalistic, as well.
The design and installation of piles are done according to the guidelines in AS 2159-2009 in
Australia, which is specified in this report including the machines deployed for the piling
operation as well as the environmental practices on the site.

4
2. Site Location
The observed site recognized as 280 Coward street, Mascot is located on the southwestern
corner of the Bourke street and Coward street intersection which would be bounded with a
suggested extension of John street. The site is bounded by Kent Road, Bourke Street,
Gardeners Road, and Coward Street. It is located approximately 3 km from Sydney
International Airport Terminal and 1 km from Sydney Domestic Airport Terminal. The
developed site is emerging into a luxurious residential infrastructure which is transforming
the precinct from an industrial repository. The developed area is in close proximity to Mascot
station and major road networks which facilitates excellent employment opportunities and
accessibility.

3. Activity Observed- Piling Operation

The Piling operation involved drilling a vertical hole into the soil, using a full displacement
piling machine.AnNDP pile is a pile that is cast on the construction site itself, and they
provide quality design, installation, and assurance at the most cost-effective solution. They
have the advantage of being noiseless, minimalistic vibration, and no waste along with
exhibiting the benefits of bored and driven piles. The drilling machine can be equipped with
specially designed tools and with a bucket or scuttle to remove the rocks and soil.
The installation of piles is started by drilling a vertical hole into the soil by using a piling and
drilling rig from the large machinery manufacturer Liebherr group. The combined piling and
drilling rig used for the operation was LRB 355 which can be used for significantly divergent
applications including drilling with double rotary head, full displacement tool, and
continuous flight auger as well as piling jobs with vibrator and hydraulic hammer. It is also
capable of soil mixing. This machine provides good output while being consistently efficient
with emissions and fuel consumption. If needed, the rig can be incorporated with several
casing oscillators which are operated by equipment’s hydraulics on-board.
The LRB 355 piling rig as shown in figure-1 of the appendix has an operating weight of 95.3
tonnes and a maximum torque of 450 kNm which justifies its large operating area. The
maximum drilling depth for full displacement drilling is 36 meters, whereas the maximum
drilling diameter is 600 mm. The minimum transport width and height of 3500 mm and 3800
mm respectively, allows for its quick and convenient transportation between sites.
The process of drilling comprised of driving a temporary steel cylindrical casing into the soil,
which would be held in its place until the pile is poured. Then drilling would be continued to
its final depth using auger and drilling bucket due to which the soil is loosened and conveyed
continuously. Following that the installation of reinforcement cage and concrete is carried
out. Lastly, the temporary casing is extracted.

5
4. Date and Time of Observation
The activities at the site were observed for a time period of one month from 10th June 2019 to
9th July 2019. The activity is expected to take two more months for its completion. The exact
date and the corresponding time for the site observation have been listed below in the table: -

Date Time
10/06/2019 2 PM – 3 PM
17/06/2019 10.30 AM – 12 PM
24/062019 1 PM – 2 PM; 7 PM – 8 PM
09/07/2019 10 AM – 1 PM

5. Piling – A Civil Engineering Task

Foundations are an essential part of a structure, needed to support the entire weight of the
structure by transferring the load to the earth. The foundation design helps in avoiding any
lateral movements of the supporting material by providing an interface between the ground
surface and structure, thereby, improving the soil bearing capacity and ensuring the safety of
the building structure. Mostly, foundations are designed as per the soil conditions of a site,
and by keeping the subsidence or settlement of the soil in mind, which when exceeded can
cause a significant distortion and damage to infrastructure and services.
Three major factors that are needed to be considered for the safety of foundation are
fluctuation of the water table, soil type and the bearing capacity failure of soil, failing to be
comprehending which, would lead to problems like foundation cracking, the upheaval of
foundation and foundation sinking. For example, if the groundwater level on the construction
site rises, then there would be a reduction in soil strength which can lead to failure of slopes.
On, the other hand if there is a decrease in the groundwater table, then it can cause the soil to
consolidate, which later would result in settlement. Another instance would be the type of soil
on which the foundation is to be installed, if it is a silty soil then it would result in foundation
upheaving, as it tends to retain moisture and drains poorly which causes the soil to expand
pushing against a foundation. (The impact of changes in the water table and soil moisture on
the structural stability of buildings and foundation systems, 2012)
The soil type, from my observation, on-site location of 280 Coward street in Mascot is Sandy
soil, hence piling operation is used to provide strength to the vertical structure. The bored
piles are used as they can be extended into any soil type without any disruption to adjacent
piles, soil, and structures. Along with the key benefit of decreased vibrations and noise, there
is no necessity for the excavation of a large area. Moreover, the piles could be made to be
moisture resistant and outlast beyond seasonal variations. These are specifically used as a
foundation for tall buildings and bridgeworks. Usually, the nature of the pile is decided by the
soil investigation report, and then the piles are inserted into the surface and are contained
using a pile cap.
The entire activity of piling is carried out with regards to the soil investigation report. Hence,
installation of piles is an extremely delicate and important engineering task which should be

6
executed by only a specialist contractor or sub-contractor with prior experience and
knowledge, and with the ability to assess the future implications of damage to structures due
to environmental change.

7
6. Contractor and Sub-Contractor handling the operation
The contractor for the observed site is CF Group Pty Ltd. This Australian company
specializes in Geotechnical Engineering techniques such as bored piles, retaining structures,
pile testing in addition to other activities like anchoring and Under-pinning.
The sub-contractors for anchoring activity at the site are Rix Group, while the de-watering
and excavation are overlooked by Coates hire, which is a subsidiary of Seven Group
Holdings and Earthworxrespectively. The concrete contractor for the site is Beton Group.

7. Principal of Site
Meriton is the principal of the site in development. It is Australia’s largest luxurious
apartment developer. They also undertake the development of luxurious apartments in
Sydney, Queensland, and Gold Coast. Meriton has their apartments located all over in
Sydney such as in Bondi, Chatswood, North Ryde, Zetland, and Paramatta to name a few.

8. License Requirements
As per my observation, all the activities at the site are carried out in compliance with the
regulatory and safety guidelines set by Workplace health and safety (WHS). So that the
health and safety of the employees working at the site can be protected from the risks and
potential hazards in the workplace.

8.1 White Card: -

It is a General Construction Induction course which is compulsory for anyone who wants to
work or who works in the construction industry. Below is the list of personnel who are
required to have a white card as per the National Code of Practice for Induction for
Construction Work: -

• Workers who regularly visit operational construction zones.

• Site Supervisors, Site Managers, Labourers, and Surveyors
• People who enter the worksite without any proper supervision.
The White card training course is essential as per the legal requirements of Australia for
safety and health on a construction site. The course mainly focuses on identifying any safety
hazard or issue at the worksite, and preventive measures in order to minimize the risk of
injuries and accidents. The minimum age to take part in the training is 14 years. (SafeWork
NSW 2018)

8.2 Traffic Controller License: -

It is also known as Yellow Card. The primary task for anyone with a traffic controller license
is he/she must get to know the work site thoroughly. They, then should be acquainted with
the vehicle movement plan of the site and be aware of the blind spots of the construction
machinery on the workplace for the safety of others as well as their own. They are also
responsible for directing traffic on a busy construction site with a signboard of stop or slow
down. (SafeWork NSW 2018)

8
8.3 Heavy Vehicle License: -
At the observed site, the Heavy Vehicle License is a necessity to operate loaders, excavators,
pile driving equipment, and dump trucks. This license is issued only after completing Heavy
Vehicle Competency Based Assessment (HVCBA) from a registered organization.

8.4 High Rise Work License: -

The minimum age for the issuing of this license is 18 years. This license is required to
perform high risk works such as forklift operation, scaffolding, rigging work, and crane &
hoist operation spanning from basic level to advanced level. This license is valid for 5 years
and is recognized throughout Australia. (SafeWork NSW 2018)

8.5 Supervisor License: -

The holder of this license is responsible to ensure that the work is being carried out according
to code standards, and in compliance with the regulations, ordinances, and proper use of
materials. (Service NSW)
8.6 Contractor License: -
This type of license is required to carry out certain activities during the entire timeline of the
construction process.

8.7 Construction Permit: -

This is the government permit and council approval required before commencement of any
kind of civil work.

8.8 Insurances: -
It provides coverage for damage to structures due to improper construction or during
renovation, and damage to temporary work. It also provides coverage to employees and
workers who might get injured while working at the site.

9
9. Australian Standards
9.1 AS 1726: 2017 – Site Investigation
This provides information about the geotechnical design of piles, groundwater conditions,
and negative friction effects. It also provides data on the type of soil and problems related to
it, and characteristics of rocks which is helpful in selecting proper machinery for excavation
and piling processes.
It also assesses any potential of contaminated sites, acid sulfate soils, and weak or
compressible layers below the base of the pile. It further discusses the difficulties faced
during the construction of the pile cap and obstructions in installment due to boulders or
rocks. It gives an overview of rock and soil classification which is helpful in execution and
assessment of various activities at the site. (Australian Standard 2017)

9.2 AS 2159: 2009 – Design Requirements of Pile

For the design of piles, the ultimate strength, serviceability, durability, and other relevant
design requirements. The action effects for ultimate and serviceability limit states and
deflection limit are to be used in the design of the piles which can be analyzed from the
supported structure. Using the given loads and actions in clause 3.3.1, the design load can be
determined as per clause 3.3.2. In the design of a single pile or group of pile it is necessary to
determine the design action effect (𝐸𝑑 ) on the piles, which is then to be compared with
design geotechnical strength (𝑅𝑑,𝑔 ) and structural strength (𝑅𝑑,𝑠 ) and satisfy the clause
3.2.2(1) and 3.2.2(2).
The design of serviceability for a single pile and group of piles is to be done by limiting
horizontal displacement, rotation, and settlement. Clause 3.3.3 provides load combination for
serviceability design in accordance with the actions given in AS/NZS 1170.0. (Australian
Standard 2009)

9.3 AS 2159: 2009 – Geotechnical Design

The design geotechnical strength and geotechnical strength reduction factor is to be
calculated according to clause 4.3.1. If it fails to satisfy the criteria of this clause then the
procedure in clause 8.3.4 is to be followed. Table 4.3.2 (A), 4.3.2 (B), and 4.3.3 (C) show the
weight factors, individual risk ratings and strength reduction factor in average risk rating
respectively, which helps in the assessment of strength reduction factor.
By considering the serviceability design, the deflection of the pile can be calculated in
accordance with clause 4.6. The clause 4.6.5 reflects the effects of cyclic, impact, dynamic,
earthquake or other loads on the deflection of the pile. (Australian Standard 2009)

9.4 AS 2159: 2009 – Structural & Durability Design

This outlines the ultimate structural strength for the design of piles. The calculation of the
design bending moment needs to comply with clause 5.2.2. Table 5.3.2 shows the assessment
of concrete placement factor which provides us with the pile construction method
corresponding to its appropriate circumstances. (Australian Standard 2009)
The cast in place piles is designed in accordance with AS 3600. Strength check for structures
can be done for a combination of factored actions like specified in AS 1170 clause 2.4.
10
(Concrete Structures, 2009). The Durability design for the piles can be followed according to
Section 6. Table 6.4.2 (B) and 6.4.2 (C) illustrates the exposure classification for concrete
piles in the soil which focuses on the effect due to acidic ground conditions and variation in
pH& risk of corrosion due to contamination. Table 6.4.3 illustrates the concrete strength and
reinforcement cover in piles according to its respective exposure condition. (Australian
Standard 2009)

9.5 AS 1470: 1986 – Health and Safety at work

This outlines the recommendations and procedures in conjunction with relevant statutory
requirements for the placement of personnel with their respective responsibilities and
promoting the health and safety of workers at the construction site. It illustrates the
techniques and strategies for occupational hazard, supervision, and control of organizational
arrangement and handling of plant & equipment, harmful chemicals additionally with the use
of Personal Protection Equipment (PPE).

9.6 AS 1012.9: 1994 – Compressive strength Testing of Concrete

This standard explains and provides guidelines for the methods of concrete testing. As
described the compressive strength of the concrete can be done by subjecting it to a concrete
testing machine (CTM) after a curing period of 28 days.

9.7 Tensile and Flexural strength testing

Tensile and Flexural strength testing of concrete is done according to AS 1012.10 and AS
1012.11 respectively. The tensile strength of concrete is its ability to resist elongation and
usually, it is one-tenth of the compressive strength. The tensile strength can be determined
using the uniaxial tensile test, split cylinder test, as well as flexure test in accordance with AS
1012.11. From my observation of the site, the grade of concrete being used varies between 50
Mpa to 65 Mpa.

9.8 HB 203: 2012 – Management of environmental risks

The activities related to construction are not intrinsically environment-friendly. Excavation
and Piling operation at the observed site, which is near residential buildings and commercial
area can cause several issues such as noise pollution, air pollution, and waste pollution which
can affect public health adversely. Furthermore, pile driving may result in ground
displacement and carbon dioxide emission during construction and transportation process.
This guide describes the advantages of proper environmental risk management and provides a
substructure for the construction activities to be implemented by the organization in
achieving the environment-friendly results. (Australian Standard 2012)

10. Unacceptable Practices

After observing the site over a period of one month, I can say that there were no unacceptable
practices at the site. The entire site was properly fenced along with safety signboard
displayed around the site. Everyone at the site, whether a worker or visitor was not permitted
into the site with proper protective equipment and licenses. Proper care was taken by the site
management for the proper parking and movement of the construction machinery.

11
11. Environmental Requirements
The site near the mascot station is a prime area with a dense population of residentials and
corporate employees so a traffic controller was always present near the intersection of
pedestrian footpaths and entrance to the site to facilitate smooth transportation of construction
materials and large equipment without jeopardizing the public safety.
The excavated soil was sprinkled with water to avoid the dust from rising and causing any
problems to pedestrians and residents in the adjacent buildings. Special efforts were made by
the site management to minimize the noise pollution while operating the piling and drilling
rig and no construction was carried out at night. The soil was diverted to dumping grounds by
trucks to avoid waste pollution.

12. Personal Protective Equipment

Every worker working on the site and visitor visiting the site were not permitted inside the
site without proper Personal Protective Equipment (PPE). The list of PPE worn for the health
and safety of the workers are listed below: -

• Boots
• Gloves
• High Visibility Clothing
• Helmets
• Goggles
• Hearing protective devices, such as earmuffs and earplugs (Safework NSW 2018)

13. Conclusion
From my various observation, it is safe to say that a site manager was always present at the
site to supervise the activities and to make sure each activity is in accordance with the
guidelines of Australian Standards regarding the construction, installation of piles, and testing
of concrete.
This document highlight the piling operation carried out for the construction of a multi-
storeyed residential building. The site was observed for four days with a total of seven hours.
As far as the site productivity is concerned during my first day of observation, casing was
inserted and the drilling of the ground surface for installation of a pile was being carried out
with an LRB 355 rig. During my second and third observations concrete was being poured
and the casing was removed. For my final day of observation, it was observed that
approximately seven piles were already installed into the surface.
Meriton is the principal of the site and CF Group Pty Ltd is the contractor for piling
operation. From my observation, I had the chance to witness how much they emphasize on
safeties in the site. Every worker is demanded to have proper safety equipment along with
appropriate licenses. Even the visitors have to wear a safety helmet to ensure their safety.
Furthermore, appropriate safety signboards were seen to remind employees about their own
safety.

12
The installation of piles is an important task at the site and bored piles are used as the soil
type is sandy and it provides a great load-bearing capacity. As the site is located in a prime
area, the use of bored piles allows the work to progress rapidly and neatly, without disturbing
adjacent structures.
This report also discusses different Australian standards regarding the construction site. The
major standards are the AS 1726: 2017 – Geotechnical Site Investigations, AS 2159: 2009 –
Piling design and installation, AS 1470: 1986 – Health and Safety at work, HB 203: 2012 –
Management of environmental risks, and AS 3600: 2009 – Concrete Structures.
The site observation has really helped me visualize better in whereabouts of piles,
foundations, in-situ concrete, and excavation which are outlined in this report along with
license and environmental requirements.

13
14. References
1. SafeWork NSW 2018, 'White Cards (CIC)', accessed 15 June 2019,
http://www.safework.nsw.gov.au/licences-and-registrations/licences/white-cards-cic
2. SafeWork NSW 2018, 'High-Risk Work Licenses', accessed 15 June
2019,http://www.safework.nsw.gov.au/licences-and-registrations/licences/high-risk-
work-licences
3. Standards Australia 2012, 'Managing environment-related risk', accessed 21 June
2019,www.saiglobal.com
4. Australian Standard 1986, 'Health and Safety at Work - Principles and Practices',
accessed 21 June 2019, www.saiglobal.com
5. Nik Norulaini Nik Ab Rahman, NorizanEsa 2014, ‘Managing Construction
Development Risks to the Environment’, accessed 21 June 2019,
https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-4-431-54804-1_16
6. Infostore saiglobal.com 2018, AS 3600-2009 ‘Concrete Structures’, SAI Global, e-
book, accessed 27 June 2019, https://infostore.saiglobal.com/en-us/standards/AS-
3600-2009-1382662/
7. Infostore saiglaobal.com 2018, AS 1726-2017 ‘Geotechnical Site Investigation’, SAI
Global e-book accessed 27 June 2019, https://infostore.saiglobal.com/en-
us/standards/AS-1726-2017-1382662/
8. Toll, D.G. and Abedin, Z. and Buma, J. and Cui, Y. and Osman, A. S. and Phoon,
K.K. (2012) 'The impact of changes in the water table and soil moisture on structural
stability of buildings and foundation systems: systematic review CEE10-005 (SR90),
accessed 29 June 2019, http://dro.dur.ac.uk/18298/
9. A.Zh. Zhussupbekov, J. Frankovská, J. Stacho, Abdullah I. Al-Mhaidib, M.
Doubrovsky, N. Uranhayev, S. Yerzhanovvi, and I. Morev 2016, ‘Geotechnical and
construction considerations of pile foundations in problematical soils’, accessed 29
June 2019,
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/292337405_Geotechnical_and_construction
_considerations_of_pile_foundations_in_problematical_soils
10. Ir. Dr. Gue See Sew 2007, ‘Piled Foundation Design and Construction’, accessed 1
July 2019, https://www.pdfdrive.com/piled-foundation-design-and-construction-
e17133516.html
11. Ken Fleming, Austin Weltman, Mark Randolph, Keith Elson 2008, ‘Piling
Engineering’, accessed 1 July 2019,
https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9780429181177
12. William F. Van Impe& Peter Van Impe 2008, ‘Deep Foundations on Bored and
Auger Piles’, accessed 1 July 2019, https://www.pdfdrive.com/deep-foundations-on-
bored-and-auger-piles-bap-v-proceedings-of-the-5th-international-symposium-on-
deep-foundations-on-bored-and-auger-piles-bap-v-8-10-september-2008-ghent-
belgium-e161941606.html
13. Z. Sirozhiddinov 1992, ‘Bearing capacity of driven piles in sandy soils according to
resistance characteristics and their variability’, accessed 3 July 2019,
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02094708

14
14. Australian Standard 2009, ‘Piling- Design and Installation’, accessed 5 July 2019,
https://www.scribd.com/document/334696131/AS2159-Piling-Design-and-
Installation
15. https://setxind.com/civil/understanding-role-piling-civil-construction/, accessed 5 July
2019
16. https://medium.com/@groundengineeringltd/function-and-importance-of-the-pile-
foundation-d3f1212db4a6, accessed 6 July 2019
17. https://www.service.nsw.gov.au/services/business-industries-and-employment/motor-
vehicle-and-road-transport-industry/heavy, accessed 8 July 2019
18. http://www.piledrivers.org/benefits-of-driven-piles.htm, accessed 8 July 2019
19. https://www.liebherr.com/en/aus/products/construction-machines/deep-
foundation/piling-and-drilling-rigs/details/lrb355.html, accessed 9 July 2019
20. SafeWork Australia 2018, ‘Personal protective equipment (PPE)’, accessed 9 July
2019, https://www.safeworkaustralia.gov.au/ppe
21. Infostore saiglaobal.com 2018, AS 1012.9 – 2014 ‘Methods of testing concrete
Compressive strength tests - Concrete, mortar and grout specimens’, SAI Global e-
book accessed 10 July 2019, https://infostore.saiglobal.com/en-au/Standards/AS-
1012-9-2014-111734_SAIG_AS_AS_233709/
22. Infostore saiglaobal.com 2018, AS 1012.10 – 2000 (R2014)‘Methods of testing
concrete Determination of indirect tensile strength of concrete cylinders ('Brasil' or
splitting test)’, SAI Global e-book accessed 10 July 2019,
https://infostore.saiglobal.com/en-au/Standards/AS-1012-10-2000-R2014--
129179_SAIG_AS_AS_273253/
23. Infostore saiglaobal.com 2018, AS 1012.11 – 2000 (R2014), ‘Methods of testing
concrete Determination of the modulus of rupture’, SAI Global e-book accessed 10
July 2019, https://infostore.saiglobal.com/en-au/Standards/AS-1012-11-2000-R2014--
129178_SAIG_AS_AS_273250/

15
15. Appendix

Figure-1 –Liebeherr LRB 355 Drilling and Piling Rig

Figure-2 - Safety signboard

16
 Figure-3 – Kobelco SK350LC-10 excavator

Figure- 4 – Reinforcement Cages for piling operation

Figure- 5 – Front View of Site with excavation and piling simultaneously

17