Carleman AND Rieman Hilbert

The Carleman Type Singular Integral Equations
Author(s): R. Estrada and R. P. Kanwal

Source: SIAM Review, Vol. 29, No. 2 (Jun., 1987), pp. 263-290
Published by: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics
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SIAM REVIEW ? 1987 Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics
Vol. 29, No. 2, June 1987 004
THE CARLEMAN TYPE SINGULAR INTEGRAL EQUATIONS*
R. ESTRADAt AND R. P. KANWALf
Abstract. We present a consolidated account of Carleman type singular integral equations. We have
started from the most basic equation of this type and have at first attempted to integrate from the existing
literature the progress which has been made so far in this field. Many different techniques are presented to
solve these types of integral equations both in the real and the complex domains. In the complex domain
both closed and open contours for integrals are considered. In the process of this study we find that many
known methods need to be polished and extended. We attempt to accomplish this and then interrelate
different concepts and solutions. Thereby we obtain solutions of more general singular integral equations
of the Carleman type. Many interesting examples are presented to illustrate the general theory.
Key words. factorization, fundamental solution, Hilbert transform, integral operator, normal and
nonnormal problems, Riemann-Hilbert problem, singular integrals
AMS(MOS) subject classifications. 30E20, 45E05
1. Introduction. There are many problems in physics and engineering which can
be reduced to the integral equation
(1.1) att)(t- Xf3(a) j/(j)g( Wdw=f(d),
where a(s), fl(t), y(w) and f(t) are prescribed functions of a real or complex vari-
able. The range of integration C can be an interval over the real line or a closed or an
open contour in the complex plane C. An explicit solution of this equation was first
given by Carleman [2] for real t and, therefore, it bears his name. It has been
recognized for several decades that this equation plays a pivotal role in the theory of
singular integral equations. When a(t) and A(t) are constants, (1.1) reduces to the
Cauchy type integral equation. Subsequent to the analysis of Carleman, many more
results have been found [1 1], [12], [15], [18], [20].
In this article we attempt to present the study of (1.1) and many of its generali-
zations as a unified approach. In ?2 we first present the complete solution of (1.1) for
real t on a finite real interval by finding the solution of the homogeneous equation
and a particular solution. Then we find that we can reduce the general case of a
complex t to this simpler case mentioned above.
In order to extend the analysis to closed contours, we must consider an important
class of boundary value problems for sectionally analytic functions, the so-called
Riemann-Hilbert problems. The Riemann-Hilbert problem is to find the sectionally
analytic functions defined on C\C whose boundary values satisfy certain equations
[3], [7], [8], [10], [13]-[15], [19], [22]. We find that even this well-known concept
needs to be refined and extended to help us in our attempt to solve the general
Carleman type integral equation. Indeed, there appears a discriminant which neces-
sitates the splitting of the present problem into normal and nonnormal problems. We
present this analysis in ?3.
* Received by the editors October 7, 1985; accepted for publication (in revised form) July 16, 1986.
t Escuela de Matematica, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Jose, Costa Rica.
t Department of Mathematics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802.
263
264 R. ESTRADA AND R. P. KANWAL
In ?4 we use the analysis of ?3 and present the sol
(1.2) a(Q,gQ + -b(s) g(w) dw

(r2 y _-t
over a closed contour C. Here a(t), b(s) and f(Q) are given functions on the contour
and are subject to the normality condition a2(t) - b2(t) 0 O for t E C. Section 5 is
devoted to nonnormal Riemann-Hilbert problems. We present the solutions for the
corresponding Carleman type integral equations.
In ?6 we present a factorization procedure to solve these singular integral
equations while in ?7 we discuss an operator theoretic approach to solve the singular
integral equation
(1.3) a(t)g(w)d +! fb)b(w)dgw fd

ir c -t X~ c -t
where C may be a closed or an open contour. The

is to write (1.3) as
Lg- X2L-g=f
where X is a constant, L is a suitable integral operator and L-1 is its inverse. This
procedure helps in reducing (1.3) to two independent singular integral equations
which are easy to solve [17].
An important feature of the Carleman type integral equations is that many
singular integral equations arising in physical sciences can be reduced to them. To
illustrate this point, we consider the integral equation
(1.4) f ( i Q))dt= ?(t) O<s< 1.
This equation arises in wave guide theory and the theor

of this equation have been discussed in [ 1], [4], [21]. W
of this equation and find that the known solutions are
very simple fashion.
Throughout our presentation we have presented num
to illustrate our analysis.
2. Carleman's integral equations over a real interval.
(2.1) a(x)g(x) - x r =f(x)
was first discussed by Carleman [2]. It can be

analytic function
(2.2) F(Z)=!fsgt, XEC\[-1, 1].

In view of the Plemelj formulas [8]
(2.3a) F+(x) - F(x) = 2ig(x),
(2.3b) F+(x) - F(x) = 2 t) d

r Ix t-x a
THE CARLEMAN TYPE SINGULAR INTEGRAL EQUATIONS 265
planes, respectively, it is possible to rewrite (2. 1) as
(2.4) [a(x) - Ari]F+(x) - [a(x) + Xri]F4(x) = 2if(x).

Equation (2.1) can be satisfied by setting
(2.5) F(z) = eT(z)U(z),
provided the sectionally analytic function T(z) satisfies the condition
(2.6) [a(x) - Xri]eT+(x) = [a(x) + Xiri]eT(x).

Then from (2.4) we obtain
(2.7a) U+(x)- U_(x)= ai(x)e T+(x)
(2.7b) U+(x)-U(x) = 2if(x)e e

a(x) +Xiri
From these solutions it follows that
(2.8) U+(x)- U_(x)= ) 2if(x)

-(a 2(x)e-(T+(x)+T_(x))12
+ x2%-2)1/2
because we have merely multiplied the two equivalent expressions on the right sides
of (2.7) and then taken the square root.
From (2.7) and (2.8), it appears reasonable to assume that the expression
a 2(x) + X2ir2 never vanishes in (-1, 1). In the sequel we shall assume that this
normality condition is satisfied unless we state otherwise.
Next, we observe that (2.6) will be satisfied if the jump across (-1, 1) is given by
(2.9) [T] = T+(x)- T-(x)=ln a(x)+AXri =2iarctan X )

ka(x) + Avir a(X)
where arc tan Xr/a(x) denotes a fixed continuous branch of the multi-valued inverse
tangent function. Accordingly, we put
(2.10) T(Z) =J'Otdt, zEC\[-1, 1],
where
(2.11) 0(t)=arctan -t
a(t)'
The Hilbert transform of 6(x) is thus given by
(2.12) if 7)dt= (T+(x)+ T-(X))
so that (2.8) becomes
(2.13) U (X )- U () la2ie9(x) x2r2129

where
(2.14)A % zA I 0'(t)dt
The solution of (2.13) that vanishes at z = oo, is
(2.15)~~~~~~~~ JI e-V(' f(t) dt
Finally, we appeal to (2.3a) and (2.5) to determine the required function g(x) as
g(x) =2 [e U+(x) eT UU(x)]
e<(x)+iO(x)EFl e-V(')f(t) dt ie-<(x)f(x) 1

2i gr J-i (a 2(t) + A2ir2)1/2(t-x) (a (x) + A2ir2)1/2j
e,(x) -i0(X) !e-V(t*f(t) dt ie-<(X)fi(x)

2i -ir i1 (a 2(t) + AX2r2)1/2(t -x) (a 2(x) + x2,r2)1/22
e,e(X)(eio(x) + e-iO(x)) F e-"(')f(t) dt (eiO(x) + e-iO(x))f(x)

2i7r -1 (a 2(t) + +2r2)1/2(t x) 2(a 2(X) + X2)1/2
Because
eiO(x) + ei'O(x) Air a(x)

(2.16a) 2 = cos 0(x)= cos arc tan -x=___+_____
eio(x) - e -iO(x) __ __ _ __ __ _ __ _
(2.16b) 2 = sin 6(x) =sin arc tan(a()+A%)1'
2 ~~~~~~~a(x)- ( = 2( +X2
we have the required solution as
(2.17) g(x) a(x)f(x) + Aef(X) e-P('!f(t)dt

(2.17) g(x) a2(X) +AX2r2 (a 2(X)+AX2r2 -i(a 2(t) +Ax2r2)1/2(t-)
Observe that (2.17) is a particular solution of the Carleman equation (2.1
fact, the solutions of the homogeneous equation
(2.18) a(x)g(x)-A J g(t) dt = 0
are obtained by taking
(2. 19) U(z) =(z + 1I)-n(Z _I1)-m.

where n, m = 0, 1, 2, ... are such that n + m 1 and such that th
function
(2.20) F(z) = eT(A)Z+ I)-n(Z _1)-m

across (-1, 1) is locally integrable near the endpoints. Using (2.10) and (2.20),
obtain the basic solution of the homogeneous equation (2.19) as the jump
=0 I [eT+(x) U+(x) -e eT(x)U (x)]
(2 .2 1 ) = 1 . -[e (X)+ i _ eI V(x)i@(x) I(x + I )-n(X- 1 )-m
e<(X) sin 6(x)
or
Xire""(X)
(2.22) (x+ 1)'(X-1)'(a 2(x) + 27r )1/

solongasn, m_O ,n+m 1 andgoisintegrableon[-1, 1.
Example 1. Let us suppose that a(X) = 1 so that (2.1) becomes the Cauchy
integral equation
(2.23) g(x) - x I t-x =f(x).

In this case
(2.24) 6 = arc tan ar= r,r
where v is a constant and we assume that it satisfies 0 < Re v < 1. Thus
(2.25) e() = Z+ 1
(2.26) e(1 x) - z
The solution of the homogeneous equation is obtained from (2.22). Indeed, the only
possible choice is n = 0, m = 1, which gives the basic solution
(2.27) go(x)
(2.27) ~~~~go(x) = (I1 + X
Combining it with the particular solution (2.17), we obtain the well-known solution
[8] as
(2.28) I+X2X2 1+X2X2 1+X )I1-t t

C
+(I1 +.X)(l I-x)"-

Example 2. Let us now solve the equation
(2.29) - g(x) - xt S gt(t) dt =f(x), -1 <x< 1.

x I ~t-x
In this case
0(x)= arc tan X7r -

X+ 1
eT(Z)= 1 + X7r((Z- 1)/(Z + 1))1/2

1 +XT7
(X) =1 + X27r2((1 - X)/( 1 + X))1/2

1 +XT
In the homogeneous equation we should take n = 0, m = 1, so that
g(x VI (x= I)
Using ( 1.17), we obtain the solution as
g(x)=(x+ 1)+X27r2(x 1) (x+ I

(2.30) 1 2 1)1/2
I' (t- 1/2 f(t) dt+ c
-I (t-_ 1)+ X272(t 1) t_Xdt+(X2_ 1)1/2
Finally, we would like to point out that the method just explained applies equally
well to equations over any interval [a, b] and more generally to equations over an
unclosed contour C in the complex plane.
It is interesting to observe that the more general equation of Carleman type
(2.31) a(Q)g() - Xfl(4) J )( dw =f(4), 4EC,

can be reduced to the standard form (2. 1) by introducing the new unknown
g1Q() = -(y)g(4) and by dividing by ,3(t), so that it becomes
(2.32) a,( )gQ(4) - X jf gi (w) dw =P05
where
(2.33) a,(Q)- aQf (4) /()

Using (2.17), we obtain the particular solution as
aQ)fQo Xe)PQQ+ )
a 2(4) + X2 r2'y2(4)f32(4) (a 2() + X27r2'y2(4)l2(4))1/2
(2.34) r e-V(W)y(w)f(w) dw
Jc (a2(W) + X2 2,y2(W)32(W))'12(W - 4)'
while the basic solution of the homogeneous equation is found from (2.22) as
e~lp(O N
(2.35) go(O) = (4- a)n(b - 4)m(a 2(4) + X2,y2(4)fl2(4))1/2'
where a, b are the endpoints of C and n, m - 0, n + m _ 1 and the function go(0) is
integrable along C.
3. The Riemann-Hilbert problem. In order to extend the analysis of the Carle-

man type integral equations to closed contours, we consider, in this section, an
important class of boundary value problems for sectionally analytic functions, the so-
called Riemann-Hilbert problems.
Let C be a closed contour in the complex plane and let ?,(t) and 4P2(4) be two
continuous functions defined on C. The Riemann-Hilbert problem is to find the
sectionally analytic functions Y(z) defined on C\C whose boundary values satisfy
(3.1) I Q)Y+Q)- 2Q)Y_() = FQ),

where F(4) is a function given on C. We say that the problem
never vanish on C. Here we present the solution of the norm
of nonnormal problems is considered in ?5. Under the normality condition we can
divide both sides of (3.1) by PI( ) to obtain the normal form
(3.2) Y+(Q) = 4(P)Y-4P) + f(),

where P = P2/O1 and f = F/b1. An important special case of
so that we have the homogeneous Riemann-Hilbert problem
(3.3) X+(t) = (NOX_().

The behaviour at x = oo of the solutions of th
beforehand. As far as (3.2) is concerned, we usually expect Y(z) to vanish at mo. For
the homogeneous problem (3.3), because of its auxiliary character, we look for
solutions that have a polynomial behaviour at z = oo and, as before, we single out
those solutions that vanish at z = oo. The basic procedure to solve the Riemann-
Hilbert problem (3.2) is to reduce it to the simpler problem
(3.4) W+(Q) = W_(Q) + f(0),

which is obtained from (3.2) by setting 4(e) = 1. The solution of this problem is
known to be
(3.5) W(z) = Ft f(); z} = 2I fXC d -

As we explain below, once the homogeneous problem (3.3) is solved we can reduce
the inhomogeneous problem (3.2) to (3.4).
The homogeneous problem can be solved formally by taking logarithms of both
sides of (3.3) so that we have
(3.6) ln X+(t) = ln X() + ln 4(P).
Clearly, this step cannot be justified unless In 4(e) is single valued on C and we,
therefore, assume this condition to be satisfied for the time being. We shall soon find
out that the general case when ln 4IQ) is multivalued can be reduced to this one.
A particular solution of (3.6) is given by the analytic representation
(3-7) In X(z) = Filn 4PQ); z) = 27ri

I Is nc ?(t)
-z
dt
which on taking exponentials becomes
(3.8) X(z) = eFIIn?(;zi
Observe that the formula (3.8) does ind

never vanishes on C\C and whose boun
X (Q) = exp [F+ I In b(Pc); }-F I
= exp [ln 4bQ)] = 4PQ).
Moreover, this basic solution satisfies
(3.9) X(0) = 1.
If Y(z) is any other solution of the homogeneous problem (3.3), then the function
Y(z)/X(z), which is known to be analytic on C\C, is also analytic on C since its jump
across C vanishes:
(X+ (X_ X_ X_?
It follows that Y/X is an entire function. Therefore, the most general solution of the
homogeneous Riemann-Hilbert problem is
(3.10) Y(z) = P(z)X(z),
where P(z) is an entire function. In particular, the most general solution with
polynomial behaviour at z = 00 as given by (3.10) is called the fundamental solution
of the Riemann-Hilbert problem.
Let us now consider the general case when ln 4(e) is not single-valued on C. In
this case we introduce the number k defined by
(3.1 1) k =-A~ .,(ln 4(P)) =- A(arg ln 4(e)),

2ri 2r
where Aj(f(Q)) denotes the in

traversed once in the positive dir
with respect to the curve C', t
number k is called the index of the Riemann-Hilbert problem. It is always an integer.
Let z0 be an arbitrary point of S+. If Y(z) is a solution of the homogeneous
Riemann-Hilbert problem (3.3), we define the sectionally analytic function Y(z) as
(3.12a) Y(z)= Y(z), zES+,
(3.12b) Y(z) = (Z_zo)kY(z), zES_.
Using (3.3), we find that Y(z) satisfies the boundary value problem
(3.13) Y+(w) = Pow k-w)

where
(3.14) bpo(t) = tZo)-kt)

Observe now that ln bP(Q) is single valued on C and thus ou
We can then conclude that the solutions of equation (3.13) with polynomial behaviour
at z = oo are all of the form
(3.15) Y(z) = P(z)X(z),
where P(z) is a polynomial and where X(z) is the fundamental solution
(3.16) X(z) =exp [F I n bPoQ); z I].

If we now appeal to relations (3.12) we find that the solutions of equation (3.3) with
polynomial behaviour at z = 00 are of the form
(3.17) Y(z) = P(z)X(z),
where P(z) is an arbitrary polynomial and where the fundamental solution X(z) is
given by
(3.18a) X(z) exp [2I JIn (4o( Zd] zES+,
(3.18b) X(z)I= (z-z)kexp [ I fln o(P]), zES.
In general, a fundamental solution is one from which all other solutions are
obtained by multiplying with an arbitrary polynomial. It is easy to see that all
fundamental solutions are of the form CX(z) where C is nonzero constant and where
X(z) is given by relations (3.18). Fundamental solutions can be characterized as those
solutions whose degree at z = oo is minimal.
Let us summarize the above discussion in the form of the following theorem.
THEOREM 1. Let 4?t) be a Holder continuous function defined on C which never
vanishes there. Let
k= I .A c(In (tQ)),
27rj
be the increment of( 1/27ri) ln (tQ) around C. Then every solution of the homogeneous
Riemann-Hilbert problem
NO t= m(N) KWt
is of the form
Y(z) = P(z)X(z)
where P(z) is a polynomial and where thefundamental solution X(z) is given by (3.18).
If k _ 0, there are no solutions that vanish at z = oo. If k > 0, the solutions that vanish
at z= oo are of the form Y(z) = P(z)X(z) where the degree of P(x) does not exceed
k- 1; that is, it is of theform
Y(z)=(ao+alz+ * +ak_lzk-l)X(z)
where ao, * , ak-I are arbitrary constants.

Once a fundamental solution of the Riemann-Hilbert problem has been obtain
it is an easy matter to solve the inhomogeneous problem. Indeed, if X(z) is a
fundamental solution and if Y(z) is a solution of (3.2), namely if
NO(t = b()-W ) K + f(0),

and because 4 = X+/X_, we can rewrite this equation as
y+ X+ Y_ + g
+ X_
or
(3.19) X+ X +X
X+ - X+
The solution of this equation with polynomial behaviour at z
(3.20) X(z) (z) {X+(t) J
where P is a polynomial. Therefore,
(3.21) Y(z) = P(z)X(z) + X(z)F{4f) ;z}.
Formula (3.21) gives the solutions of the Riemann-Hilbert proble

nomial behavior at z = oo. To obtain the solutions that vanish at z =
to consider the sign of the index k. When k ' 0 relation (3.21) will be a solution
provided the degree of P does not exceed k - 1. When k < 0, however, for the solu-
tion to vanish at z = oo, the polynomial P(z) should vanish and so should the
coefficients al, a2, a , a-k of the Taylor expansion
Ff( ~ aj{ a2 a3+.

(3.22) F X+() z = 2 z
of the analytic function FjfQt)/X+(Q); z} at z = oo. T
theorem.
THEOREM 2. The general solution of the inhomogeneous Riemann-Hilbert
problem
NOt = W)Y (K) + f()

with polynomial behaviour at z = oo is
Y(z) = P(z)X(z) +X(z)F{4M) ;z},
where P(z) is an arbitrary polynomial and where X(z) is a fundamental solution of the
homogeneous problem.
If k -' 0 the solutions that vanish at z = oo are of the form
(3.23) Y(z)=X(z)[aO+alz+ * +akIzk- +F z}]

{X+(Q) 9Zj
where ao, al, *I* , ak-I are arbitrary constants. If k< 0, there is a solution at z= oo if
and only if
(3.24) Jf-x() d( = 0 O ?0-i_-k- 1,
and if these conditions are satisfied, there is a unique solution given by
(3.25) Y(z)=X(z)F{(g) ; z}
Example. Let us consider the Riemann-Hilbert problem
(3.26) Y (t) = ( n y-( + g(t)~ W = 1,
where n e Z, g(Q) is given in It: I I = l} and Y(z) is sectio

C\lz: IZI = II.
The index of this equation is n. By taking zo = 0 we obtain Go
(3.27a) X(z)= 1, IZI < 1,
(3.27b) X(Z) =Z-n. IZI > 1.

Thus, the solution of (3.26) with polynomial behaviour is given by
(3.28a) Y(z) =P(Z) +2rJl= gt) d lZl < 19
(3.28b) Y(z)=P(z)z-n+2 s-f g(t)dt

where P is an arbitrary polynomial.
If n 0' O this is still the general solution that vanishes at z = 00 provided the
degree of P(z) does not exceed n - 1. If n <0, there is a solution that vanishes
at z = X0 if and only if
(3.29) J gQ)tid = O, O'j -n- 1,
and if that is the case, the solution is
(3.30a) Y(z) = I J27ri

g(Q)d
ie=i t-z
lzl < 1.
(3.30b) Y(z) =2J gtd IZI > 1.
In particular, the problem
y+(t) = (n E_(t) + Re (
has solutions that vanish at z = 00 if and only if n ' 0 and in that case the solution is
Y(z)=ao+(a1+ )z+a2z2+ * +an_1zn-I, IZI < 1,
+1 zn zn-I +z
where ao, * , an-I are arbitrary constant
4. Carleman's integral equation on a closed contour. We shall now consider the

Carleman type integral equation
(4.1) a(Q)gQ) + (-) j. i))) f

7ri C -t
over a closed contour C. Here a(t), b(s) and f()

the normality condition a2(t) - b2(t) $ 0 for t E
(4.2) G(z)= )
27ri c Z-
be the analytic representation of the unknown function g(Q). Next, w

Plemelj formulas
(4.3a) g(Q) G+(Q)- G-Q),
(4.3b) I g(w) dw G+(Q) + G4Q)

7ri co @-
in (4. 1) and get
(a(t) + b(Q))G+(Q) + (b(s) - a(Q))G-Q) =f(Q),

or
(4.4) G+(Q) = (P)G-Q) +fQ),

where
Problem (4.4) is a Riemann-Hilbert problem o

previous section. Accordingly, we compute the inde
(4.6) k=1 _c_In _a_)_-_b_)

2iri a)+b)
and then define the fundamental solution X(z) as
(4.7a) X(z) = exp {I -.JIn - tk} dd, zES+,
(4.7b) X(z) = (Z - exp I In ['Q- oYi d{} zES_.

Now observe that
X+(Q) = exp {F+[ln [4?(w)(w - zo)-j; t]j
(4.8) - exp In [4(k)(Q - zo)'j +
(Zo)k2
where
(4.9) 'Y= 1 ln [k(w)(w - zo)-1 dw.

Similarly
(4.10) XQ) =
V j~j(~ - ~o)k2
If k _ O, the solution of (4.4) is g
(4. 1 1 ) G(z) = X(z)P(z) + X(z)F ) ;}
where P(z) is a polynomial of degree k - 1 at the most. If k < 0, the solution is

by
(4.12) G(z)=X(z)F i) }
provided
(4.13) =?c(()+ ()X(, =0' O _ j_ -k- l.
Observe now that
(a(s) + b(Q))X+(Q) = (a(s) + bQ)) )Q - o)-k/2ey(t)

= la2(t)- b2(j)(_ -o)-k/2 0
Hence, if we use (4.3a), (4.8) and (4.10) in relation (4.12), we obtain
a(Q)fQ() e'y - zo)-k/2b(Q) f(w)e-Y(w)(w -zO)k/2d

g414a (g)=b2(d) wa2(t)b2(t)ri c Va2(w)-b2(w)(wt)
as the solution of Carleman's integral equation (4.1) so long as k < 0 and
(4.15) dfi(=)e-(w)(w-zo)k/2d 0 O'j' -k- 1.

-%a 2(W) -b -(w)
Similarly, when k '0 , the solution becomes
(4.16) g(Q)= a(Q)f(Q) _e7y(t-zo)-k/2b(Q) f(w)e-y()(w -

a2(t)-b2(t) a2(t)-b2(t)ri L- c a2(w)-b2(w
where P(s) is a polynomial whose degree does not exceed k - 1.
Example 1. If a and b are constants, then k = 0, b and y are constants. Therefore,
the solution becomes [8]
af(Q) b g(o) dw
(4.17) O 2 (a2 b2)7ri Jc w-1
Example 2. Let us consider the equation
(4.18) (Re m)gQ g(w)dw f() d 1

7r 11=1 co-t
Here
(4.19a) a(Q)=Ret=(
(4.19b) NOt=H m(=l t-l)

Introducing the sectionally analytic function G(z) = Fjg(Q); z} and using th
formulas, we are led to the following Riemann-Hilbert problem
(4.20) G+Q) G-Q) +
The index is -2 and the solution is
(4.2 1a) G(z) = I gj27ri

f(o) dco lzl < 15
I=i cw(o-z)
(4.2 1b) G(z)= #-13 wgi1@=

f(o-)dw IzI>l
(w-z)'
provided
(4.22) f()dw= d J3 f(w)dw= ( f=()d=0
Thus, the solution is given by
g(Q) G+(Q) - G-(4)
If() I f(co)dw 42 I f(M) 1 1 f(Q)dw 1

2 t 2wriJ1@,1=w(w-t) 2[L 2 t 2iriJiwi=ico(w-t)J'
or
d3-~ f(w) dw
(4.23) g(Q)=(Re )fQ()+ 2-ir J (-)'
27ri W@1=1 W(W-0)
provided relation (4.22) is satisfied.
Example 3. Now we solve the equation
(4.24) lO+ Aj 7rig(w)d

1W=1 W -
=fitl=1,
where X is a constant that satisfies the normality condition XI A

We have 4(b) = (Q - X)/(Q + X); the image of G under 4b is a cir
enclose the origin and thus the index is zero. If l XI < 1, we have
I _ w+X/wI I\~+XJ
(4.25a) 2gi Q) l= In (,, + ) , _tdw=-
while for l XI > 1,
(4.25b) 2 (Q + A)
Accordingly, if l XI < 1, the solution is
(4.26a) g( x d3 f(w)dw
and if lx I> 1 the solution is
(4.26b) g( x f(w) dw
The case I XI = 1 is considered in the next section.
5. Nonnormal problems. Sometimes it is necessary to consider nonnormal

Riemann-Hilbert problems and nonnormal Carleman type integral equations. A
rather simple approach to these problems can be obtained within the distributional
framework [5], [6], [9], [16]. Here we consider several examples in the classical
context.
The typical nonnormal Riemann-Hilbert problem is of the form
(5.1) b I ) NO - bA)Y_() = M),

where 4)(,) and ?2(t) are continuous but may have one or se
simplify the analysis, we shall suppose that there is only one ze
point 40 E C so that the problem can be taken to be of the form
(5.2) Y+(W)= (t)Y-4) +fM(),

where
(5.3) (W) = Q - Wo)(

and the function I() never vanishes on C.
Let Xo(z) be the fundamental solution of the Riemann-Hilbert problem
(5.4) Y+(t) = )Y(,
so that Xo(z) never vanishes and
XA)
(5.5)
(S S) 4,(t) ~~~XO(Q)
We define the generalized fundamental solution of the nonnormal problem (5.2)
as
(5.6a) X(z)=XO(z), zES+,
(5.6b) X(z)= (Z),z- -zES_.

The solutions of (5.2) with the polynomial behaviour at z = Xo take the form
(5.7) Y(z) = X(z)[P(z) + F$f(Q); zl],

where P(z) is a polynomial. Within the distributional framework the polynomial P(z)
is arbitrary, because for any P(z) the distributional boundary limits Y+(z) and Y_(z)
of the sectionally analytic function Y(z) given by (5.7) exist. In the classical context,
however, the polynomial P(z) has to be chosen in such a way that
(5.8) P(Qo) + F_ if(); ojI = 0,

to make Y4Q) an ordinary function.
To obtain the solutions that vanish at z = oo, we shall pay attention to the index
k defined as one plus the index of the normal problem (5.4), so that
(5.9) limX(Z)= 1.
z- * zk
If k _ 1, the degree of the polynomial P(z) has to be k - 1 at the most and it

should satisfy (5.8). If k ' 0, the polynomial P(z) should vanish and f() should satisfy
(5.10) F_{I f(Q); toj = -wiC d_ (0 dt 2
and if k < 0, f(s) should also satisfy the usual conditions
(5.11) f{^X+t)d= 0 0?-jV-k- 1
for the existence of a solution.

Example 1. Let to E C and let us consider the problem
(5.12) =(Q- 6) KW + M).

According to our analysis, the generalized fundam
(5.13a) X(z)=1, zES+,
(5.13b) X(z)= _, zES_,
and the solution becomes
(5.14a) Y(z)=F$ f();zj + c, zES+,
(5.14b) Y( )= F,f f); z} + c zES_.
To obtain the classical solution, the constant c has to be chosen as
(5.15) c= -F- If(Q); to} = f212rirJ~~

Ff(-)dS
Suppose, for instance, that C= I : I I = 11, tO = 1 and f(Q) = Re t. Then t

generalized solution of the problem
(5.16) Y+(Q)=( - 1)Y.(Q)+Ret, = 1,

takes the form
(5.17a) Y(Z) Cz= < +,
(5.17b) Y(Z) (-9 + ) IzI>
To make Y_ an ordinary function, we sho
(5.18a) Y(Z)= 1 + IzI < 1,
(5.18b) Y(Z)=+, lzl > 1.
Example 2. Let us consider the singular integr
(5.19) tg(t)+ r g(J dw =ft) lti 1

7rl 11=1 - t
where X is a constant. The case when IXI A 1 was already considered in the pr
section. Here we shall solve the equation when I XI = 1.
Introducing the sectionally analytic function G(z) = F{g(t); z}, we are led
problem
(5.20) (t + X)G+() - (t - X)G_4) =f(t).

It is better to leave (5.20) as it is, instead of dividing by t + X, since this f
vanishes on I I = 1.
Using the same ideas as introduced above, we construct the generalized
mental solution of (5.20) as
(5.21a) X(z)= zES+,

z+X'
(5.21b) X(z)= 1 Az-X'

ZES_.
The distributional solution of (5.14) is thus given by
(5.22a) G(z)= +I[FIf(t);zj+c],

Z+X zES+,
(5.22b) G(z) = 1[F f(t); z} + c], zES-.
To obtain the classical solution, the constant c is restricted in two ways. To obtain G+
as an ordinary function, we should have
(5.23) c + F+ I f();-XI = O,
while to have G_ as an ordinary function we should have
(5.24) c+ F_{ f(Q);-XI = 0.

Accordingly, a necessary and sufficient condition for the exis
(5.25) F+ I f();-XI = F_{ f(Q); XA.

If that is the case, the solution becomes
(5.26)(5.26)
M() =2~A2
~ ~(,-2ErZ=
MO X- Ff(w)
2_A dw 2Xc
Using (5.23) or (5.24), this solution can also be written in the equivalent forms
(5.27a) g(t)~f(~ ( _AX) X F f(w)dw

(5.27b) AO~ = ~ 2 + XfXO ri I=' _______- X
(5.27b) AOt = (2 _ Q2(-A)7rErZ= z- z+A

It is interesting to compare these formulas with (4.26a) and (4.26b).
Example 3. Suppose that we want to solve the equation
(5.28) WO( )+ I1 g(w)dw= 1

In this case
(5.29) F+{1 - ;-I}=F41 --;11=1,
and thus we should take c = -1. Using (5.26), we obtain
(5 (5.30) g(~)W
30) AOt) (l/0)
02_ 1 r(1-
I (2 1/w)dw
)rirz= 2 -
@-t t~
6. A factorization procedure. Equations of the type
(6. 1) L(6.1) ~ ~t ~I ~= ao(Q)gQt)

I g(w); aQ bI(wgw)d
7r
+ca't -~a2)f
b()(@
7r
( +b2(w)g(w)
c
-2t@-
2()()d ( dw
where C is a closed contour, that satisfy the additional condition
(6.2) aoQ) = a, Q)b2(0- aAMbQ),

can be solved by a factorization procedure as we now explain.
Because
(6.3) f! g(f ) dw dz=-ir2g(t), EEC,

it follows that
(6.4) A\ 7 } = L 7 ( -I
where
(6.5a) LI I g(w); zj = b2(z)g(z) +Ifbi()g(w 7r c -Z
(6.5b) L 1{1(z); t }= a, Q)4Q)

Accordingly, (6.1) is equivalent to the f
(6.6a) b2(Q)g(Q) + 1 f b4(w)g(w)dw -(
(6.6b) a I(09Q() + a2() 1 (w) dw =f(O

7r c W-t
Example 1. Let us solve the equation
(6.7) (2- 6)g(Q) +IJ7rg(G)( 3t+ ) dW=42, k11.

1W1=1 W-t
This equation is of the form (6. 1) if we take
a,Qt) = (, a2(Q) = 2, bi(w) = 3, b2(W) = @

Hence, we should consider the pair
(6.8a) WO + 3 g(w)d= ,
(6.8b) 0Q() + 2 41(w,)dw=

7 jWz1=1 W-st
?2.
For (6.8b) we have in the notation of ?4 that
aQ5) =5,bQ5) = 2i, bQ5) = +2i
It follows from the analysis of that section that k= 0 and that e"(o = V . Th
the solution of (6.8b) is
t(t2) 2 Cw 2 d
r 52 + 4 (t+ 2i)w 111 r2)( t
or
(6.9a)
A similar analysis gives the solution of (6.8a) as
( Q(5) 3 41 (w) dw
g( 2 + 9Q(t+ 3i)7r wj=i (w-3i)(w-t)'
or
(6.9b) g(O) =t+21)(t+3i)* E
When ao = 0, the method can be applied to solve equations of the type
(6.10) a (Q) f b(w)a1(w)g(w) dw + a fQ) b(w)a2(W)g(w) dW
An alternate approach to these types of equations is presented in the next section by

using the simple properties of the Cauchy type equations.
7. An operational approach. In this section we consider integral equations of the

type
(7.1) a(t) J(w)dw+ 1 b(w)g(w) dco

Ir c -t X, c -t
where C is a closed or unclosed conto

defined on C, restricted in a way as we shall explain below. The basic idea of the
present method is that we can find a suitable integral operator L such that (7.1) can
be written as
(7.2) Lg-X2L-'g=f
where X is a constant and where L-' is

obtained by solving two independent e
applying the operator L to both sides o
(7.3) L2g-\2g=Lf
This equation can be written in the two equivalent forms
(7.4a) L1,-X l1 = Lf
(7.4b) L4t2 + Xt2 = Lf

where
(7.5) t1=Lg+ Xg, t2 = Lg-Xg,

so that
(7.6) 2Ag= VII\62,

thereby giving the solution of (7.2) provide
Let us assume first that the contour is clo
(7.7) Li g(w);} I ()g (Dd
and observing that
(7.8) L-'Ig(w); = 1 g(w)dw

7r a(w)(w -t
we find that the method can be applied so long as
(7.9) b(Q)a(Q)= A2,

where X is a constant. If condition (7.9) is satisfied, (7.4a, b) reduce to the following
pair of Carleman type integral equations:
(7. I Oa) a(Q) j1 {(w) dw g t a(Q) f (w

(7.lOa) ~ ~ aQ ~ =d a(QJ f(w) dw
(7. lOb) a(tJ3?t'2(w)dw+ W2= )
Dividing by -a(s) and applying the Hilbert transform, we obta
(7.1 la) , Q) + jS yI7rC

(w)dw
a(t)(w - t)
(7 .1 1lb)
(7.1 412 Qt) _ A 4 12(
ib) 1I/2(~)~-SJS dW =-M).
a(w)(w ~
Next, we introduce the new unknowns
(7.12) {X(T)= at), 412 Q) =a(s)

then relations (7.1 1) become the new pair
(7.1 3a) a(Q)iT,l() + X

Xr iT {(w) dw M)
ct @-T()
(7.1 3b) aQ)iT2(Q) - A 2 A2(-) dX 4Md

ir c -t
that can be solved using the techniques establishe

Example 1. Let us solve the equation
(7.14) (Q-2) g(w)dw 4 g(w)dw = I1I 1.

Jr Wj=1 W-t 7 wZl=(w-2)(w-t)
In this case a(s)= - 2, b(s) = -4/( - 2), so that a(Q)b(Q)= -4 and we can take
X = 2i. The pair (7.1 3a, b) becomes
(7.1Sa) (Q - 2)i(T,) + 2i _j _(_) d=_

7r 1W1=1 W-t
(7.15b) Q -2)iT2t) - 2i T 2(w) dw =fw 7r 1W1=1 W-t
It is readily found that the index of (7.15a) is k1 = 1, while the index of

k2= -1. Using relations (4.14) and (4.16), we obtain the solutions as
(7.16a) ITI(o = ((_4 (15|llX4( -T)
(7.16b) - (2-) - Q -2)fQ() 2i3 f(w)ddwc

provided the function f(s) satisfies the condition
(7.17) +J f(3)d=O
that ensures that (7.1 5b) has a solution. Hence
4i
or
(7. (7.18) g(~)= (-

18) g(Q) = 2)
- Qw-
X1=-w)f(w)
(2 4)(Wdw c(
2 -- 2)
+@( - )
ir J111(Q2-4 - (w~4w)(w - ) 5
where c = (ci/4i) is an arbitrary constant and where condition (7.17) is satisfied. O
The case of an open contour is slightly more complicated because the inverse of
a Cauchy type operator is not uniquely defined. In fact, the operators
(7.19) H1 I g(w); = g() da

and
1 f (w-a)(fl-~w~)g (w) dw
(7.20) H2 Ig(W); j=- ( -a)-)3-))ir
where a, A are the end point of C, satisfy the following almost inverse properties
(7.21) H1I H2 I g(w); z}; = I g(0)
(7.22) H2{H,Ig(w);z}; I9) + ,
where
c= -,g(w) dw.
An equation of the form (7. 1) for an open contour, namely
a(t) g(w)dw I ZbG)gGo) dw
can be written in terms of these almost inverse operators by dividing it by

- a)(f - t), so that we have
(7.23)
a(t) fg(w)dw+ 1 Ih(w)g(w)d- f(d)

ir V - a)(fl- ) C i- -(-a)(fl- )JC --
or
(7.24) a() bH{g(w)jj-Hi (b)g(w) ; f()

(7.24) HI I g(w(w-)(fl-w
In case the functions a(t) and b(s) satisfy the condition
(7.25) a(Q)b(Q) = X2(t - a)(3 -

where X is a constant, the equation becomes
(7.26) L$g(w); j _ X2M$ g(W); t I =)
while
(7.27) L g(w);- HI( )Ig fg()d (();)

irV (- a)(fl-) C - Q-a)#-~
=(y(S
M1g(W);fl =- g - ()@t
1 f~~(w -a)(fl- w)g(w) dw
(7.28)
= (- aX(-w)g(w) }
The operators L and M satisfy almost inverse properties as well. Actua
(7.29) L$M$ g(w); z}; t I = g(),
(7.30) MIL{g(w); z}; t} gQ) + _
where
c=- -g(w) dw.
Applying the operator L to both sides of (7.26) and using (7.29), we obtain
(7.31) L21 g(w); j - X2g() = h(),

where
h(Q) = L{- fa) ; ) w)

It is important to point out that (7.27) and (7.31) are not equivalent; i
solution of (7.26) is a solution of (7.31) but if we apply the operator M
of (7.31) and take (7.30) into account, we find that a solution of (7.31
of (7.26) if and only if
(7.32) i L g(w); Id (d )d
Equation (7.31) can then be solved by using the m

namely, by setting i/ = Lg + Xg, i12 = Lg - Xg an
(7.33a) Lp1 - A1=h
(7.33b) Lip2+ Xi2=h.
Operating with M on both sides of these equ
(7.34a) 4(1)- M{1(w); I= fQ) + ,
(7.34b) 42Q)+ M{42(W); }=I ) + B

where A and B are constants. Introducing the new unknowns
we arrive at the pair of Carleman type integral equations
(7.36a) a(Qt)(,) + X j i,(X -f(s) + A
(7.36b) a _ fs2() d = f) + B.
It follows from the above analysis that the soluti

then
(7.37) gQt) = ({,(t) 2(

-X iT2())a(Q)
- (- a f- )
where the constants A and B and whatever other arbitrary constants that arise from
the solution of equations (7.36a, b) should be chosen in such a way that condition
(7.32) is satisfied.
Example 2. Let us attempt to solve the integral equation
(7.38) J*/VY,fg(t)dt+X2J^ J g(t))dtf() -1 1

Xr -it-S X-I t-s
where X is a constant. According to our analysis we should look for solutions of the
form
(7.39) g(s)=- ~Tl (2) J (S)
where i/ and T2 are the solutions of the pair of Cauchy type integral equatio
(7.40a) W, (S) + A i1(t) dt =f(s)+AA

X 1t-s
(7.40b) 1S2(5) - X f -f(s) + B,
that satisfy the additional requirement
(7.41) J'g(t)lIn (1)dt=J" f()
The solutions of (7.40) are
= f(s) +A
(7.42a)I
(Ia LI - t)v(1 + t)'-P(f(t) +A)dt C
p()=f(s) +B X
TAS() = f,')Xp2 + ( 1+X2)( 1_5)I-P( 1+ S) p
(7.42b) (> (-t)i v(1 +t)A(f(t)+B)dt+D1
where tan vr = X, 0D< Re v < 1, and where C and D are arbitrary constants. When the
values (7.42a, b) are substituted in relation (7.9), we obtain
A-B 1
2(l+ X2)JV2 2(1+X2)ir
(7.43) J s) 12i +s)312-t -F 5+C]
+ (1 Is)31 (1 - t)1-v(l + t)'(f(t)

(I _-S)312-P( 1 + S)P+ 1/2 LI t - s
We shall now assume that Re X > 0, so that 0 < Re v < 1. To make g(s) locally
integrable near x = -1, under these assumptions, we should take
(7 44) C _JX' ( I~ - t)P(I + t) I-P(fi(t) + A) dt
while to obtain integrability near x = 1, the constant D has to be chosen as
(7 45) D _' ~~~~( 1-t)'-V( l + t)p( f(t) + B) dt
Substituting these values in (7.43), we obtain
A-B 1
g 2 X(1+X2fV7 2(1+X2)ir
(7.46) * { ~I2 1 /- -t) (fi(t)+A)dt

1 C (1+tA(f(t)+B)dt
+( S)12-P(1 + S)112+p I 1-t/ t-I s-
But
(7.47) ~ ~ i: (1 t)vdt~I( )P (1 + X2)1/2
(7.48) 1i: (I 1 + t) dt = (1 +s)+( +XA)
so that relation (7.46) reduces
g(s, - 2(1 + X2)X( 1 S)11/2+v(1 +S)l/2-v
(7.49) 2(1 + X2)1/2X( 1 _S)I/2-(1 + S)1/2+

1 1 {1 - t8^~~~ f(t) dt
2(1 + X2)( 1- S)1/2+v(l + S)1/2-7rIJ1 +( t) s t)d
2(1 + X2)(1 - s)1/2-V(1 + S)1/2+ii, (1 -) t-.ds
We now use the condition (7.41) and find that the constants A and B should
satisfy the condition A + B = 0. Therefore, if we introduce the function
1 1
(7.50) g?(s) = (
we can write th
g( ) =cgo) -2(1 + X2)(1 _ S)l/2+l( 1 S+ tftd- s

(7.5 1)
1 1 +t\vf(t)dt
2(1 +X2)(1 _S)1/2-(1 +S)1/2+7r J_1 -t/ t-s
where c is an arbitrary constant.
8. Solution of the integral equation:
(8.1) I (t-s +5)(t) & = 5?(S), 0<s< 1.

In this section we study the integral equation (8.1) by relating it to the
Carleman type equation. This is achieved by setting t= =1 -y2, s== 1 -x2 so
that (8.1) becomes
(8.2) f( 1 -P) +(I+p)7g (y) dy= f(x),

x -_y2
where
(8.3) g(y)= f (~ ), f(x) = (p ( - ).
The range of definition of g and f can be extended to negative values of

by defining g(-y) = -g(y), f(-y) = f(y), y > 0, so that (8.2) becomes
F'(1p) 1X2 +(1+p) 1-y2~

(8.4a) J 22 yg(y)dy =2f(x), -1 <x< 1.
Observe now that since g(y) is odd, we have
(8.4b) xi 1 x2 +g(y)dy=O.
Adding relations (8.4a) and (8.4b) and dividin

integral equation
(X8 fgg(y)dy A2flVT 77g(y)dy 2f(x)

(8.5) (pl)r
rI y-X 7X y-X (p=-(/7r
where, 2 = ( 1 + n)/( 1 - n).
Now, (8.5) corresponds to (7.38) of the previous sec

by solving the pair of Carleman type equations
(\xf '(y) dy 2f(x) +

A()+ XJ yx=(-hr+A~
, *v2
(X)fA 2(y)dy
rwJI y-x (P2f(x)
-l)r +B
and by setting g(x) = (2X)-'(1 - x2)-'(I2(x) - p2(x)). Accordingly,
(7.51) and obtain the solution of (8.5) as
9 c( 1_ X)l/2+v(1 +X)1/2-+ ( -x)112-(1 +X)112+V)
(8.6) + 21 2(l JX (X I +-y -x

I I+ ly P f(y) dy
+22(1 -X)1/2-(l +X)1/2+vJi( I
where tan vPr = X and c is an arbitrary constant. Since f(x) is even and the solution
g(x) should be odd, we must have c= 0.
Next, we appeal to relation (8.3) between g(x) and {(x) and derive from (8.6)
+1I(S)=s
2r 2(1 - SF)l/2+v(1 + V1 +S2)1/2-v
f i-V-t2 1
* J? Lt1 + jj-
(8.7) fT7j I 1t'P(t)dt
(~~~~~~~~~~1 .t 11 -t2 -Jt+
s
+
2 7r 2(1 -1 -S2)12-'(1 + S)112+v
_ _ _ _ _ _\ 1
I t2 P -I^ t(P(t) dt
Note that we have written the solution (8.7) as ,61(s) to emphasize the fact
particular solution because the homogeneous integral equation
(8.8) f (t - +t> (t)dt=O0 O<s<1
has nontrivial solutions. Indeed, when the odd funct

+V(~F?)/JV7 y2, is introduced, we obtain the equatio
(8.9) f Y+
wx -1 y-X
L
th c a y-x
Y Y
holds even at x = 0 and since the only nontrivial solutions of (8.9) for all x, -1 < x
are even functions we should have g= 0.
On the other hand, if (8.9) is interpreted in the distributional framework [6], we
find that it is equivalent to
(8.v10) F r g(y) dy + r yg(y) dy aO6(x) + a, A' (x) + + an n(x)9

ir -1y-X ir -1 y-X
where ao, a,, ... , an are arbitrary const

the right-hand side of (8.10) should be even, we ought to take a1, a3 and all the other
ai with i odd as zero. A further investigation shows that if ,6(s) is to be integrable, the
constants a2, a4 ... ought to vanish as well. Therefore, to obtain the solutions of the
homogeneous equation (8.9) we have to find the odd solutions of the equation
(8.11) 11 -~ f'~)d3g(y) dy f X 2vg(7y) dy=a(x )

ir -1 y-X 7 -1 y-X
where aO is an arbitrary constant. By appealin

odd solutions are found to be of the form g(x) = a0g0(x)/{27r(1 + X2)j, where,
(8.12) gox[(1 _x)'12+'(1 +X)1/2-+ ( 1-x)2( 1+
It follows that the solutions of the homogeneous equation (8.9) are all multiples of
the function
(8.13) Io(S)= V [(1+ i +)+( + )21
This value corresponds to the solution given by Williams ([21, Eq. 9]). He uses
= P + 2 and has made an error. Indeed the factor before the square brackets of his
value should be (1 - x2)-1/2 and not (1 - X2)112.
Summarizing, the required solution of integral equation (8.1) is given by
sV(s) = sV1(s) + cVoo(s), where the particular solution ,61(s) is given by (8.7) and where c
is an arbitrary constant.
Finally, let us point out that the equation
(8.14) +t; 4,St+)(t)dt=ao+ais+* +anS,
where the factor on the right-hand side, namely, (P(s) = ao + a Is + + an S is a

polynomial, can be solved in terms of the function ,6o(s) as given by (8.13) and the
function ,6o(s) which is a fixed nontrivial solution of the equation
(8.15) - (t)dt =0,
by setting
(8.16) ,6(s) = qI(s2)4,60(s) + sq2(s2) ,6O(s),
where q1 and q2 are polynomials whose coefficients satisfy a linear system of equations.
REFERENCES
[1] H. F. BUECKNER, On a class of singular integral equations, J. Math. Anal. Appl., 14 (1966),
pp. 392-426.
[2] T. CARLEMAN, Sur la resolution de certaines equations integrales, Ark. Mat. Astr. Fys., 16 (1922),
no. 26.
[3] G. F. CARRIER, M. KROOK AND C. E. PEARSON, Functions of a Complex Variable, McGraw-Hill,
New York, 1966.
[4] A. CHAKRABARTI AND W. E. WILLIAMS, A note on a singular integral equation, Inst. Math. Appl.
Conf. Ser., 26 (1980), pp. 321-323.
[5] R. ESTRADA AND R. P. KANWAL, Distributional solutions of singular integral equations, J. Integral
Equations, 8 (1985), pp. 41-85.
[6] , Distributional solutions of dual integral equations of Cauchy, Abel and Titchmarsh Types,
J. Integral Equations, 9 (1985), pp. 277-305.
[7] F. GAKHOV, Boundary Value Problems, Pergamon, Oxford, 1966.
[8] R. P. KANWAL, Integral Equations, Theory and Technique, Academic Press, New York, 1971.
[9] , Generalized Functions, Theory and Technique, Academic Press, New York, 1983.
[10] N. LEVINSON, Simplified treatment of integrals of Cauchy type, the Hilbert problem and singular
integral equations, this Review, 7 (1965), pp. 474-502.
[11] L. LEWIN, On the resolution of a class of wave guide discontinuity problems by the use of singular
integral equations, IRE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., MTT9 (1961), pp. 321-332.
[12] R. C. MACCAMY, Pair of Carleman-type integral equations, Proc. Amer. Math. Soc., 16 (1965),
pp. 871-875.
[13] L. G. MIKHAILOV, A New Class of Singular Integral Equations, Wolters-Noordhoff, Groningen, 1970.
[14] S. G. MIKHLIN, Integral Equations, Pergamon, Oxford, 1964.
[15] N. I. MUSKHELISHVILI, Singular Integral Equations, Wolters-Noordhoff, Groningen, 1953.
[16] M. ORTIN, Distributions and singular integral equations of Carleman type, Appl. Anal., 9 (1979),
pp. 219-231.
[17] A. S. PETERS, Pairs of Cauchy singular integral equations and the kernel [b(z) + a(z)j]/(z - t), Comm.
Pure Appl. Math., 25 (1972), pp. 369-402.
[18] W. POGORZELSKI, Integral Equations and their Applications, Pergamon, Oxford, 1966.
[19] E. W. Roos, Analytic Functions and Distributions in Physics and Engineering, John Wiley, New York,
1966.
[20] F. G. TRICOMI, Integral Equations, Wiley Interscience, New York, 1957.
[21] W. E. WILLIAMS, Note on a singular integral equation, Inst. Math. Appl. Conf. Ser., 22 (1978),
pp. 211-214.
[22] P. P. ZABREYKO ET AL., Integral Equations-A Reference Text Book, Walters-Noordhoff, Groningen,
1975.

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Carleman AND Rieman Hilbert

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The Carleman Type Singular Integral Equations

Author(s): R. Estrada and R. P. Kanwal

THE CARLEMAN TYPE SINGULAR INTEGRAL EQUATIONS*

R. ESTRADAt AND R. P. KANWALf

AMS(MOS) subject classifications. 30E20, 45E05

(1.1) att)(t- Xf3(a) j/(j)g( Wdw=f(d),

In ?4 we use the analysis of ?3 and present the sol

(1.2) a(Q,gQ + -b(s) g(w) dw

(1.3) a(t)g(w)d +! fb)b(w)dgw fd

where C may be a closed or an open contour. The

(1.4) f ( i Q))dt= ?(t) O<s< 1.

This equation arises in wave guide theory and the theor

2. Carleman's integral equations over a real interval.

(2.1) a(x)g(x) - x r =f(x)

was first discussed by Carleman [2]. It can be

(2.2) F(Z)=!fsgt, XEC\[-1, 1].

(2.3a) F+(x) - F(x) = 2ig(x),

(2.3b) F+(x) - F(x) = 2 t) d

planes, respectively, it is possible to rewrite (2. 1) as

(2.4) [a(x) - Ari]F+(x) - [a(x) + Xri]F4(x) = 2if(x).

(2.5) F(z) = eT(z)U(z),

provided the sectionally analytic function T(z) satisfies the condition

(2.6) [a(x) - Xri]eT+(x) = [a(x) + Xiri]eT(x).

(2.7a) U+(x)- U_(x)= ai(x)e T+(x)

(2.7b) U+(x)-U(x) = 2if(x)e e

(2.8) U+(x)- U_(x)= ) 2if(x)

(2.9) [T] = T+(x)- T-(x)=ln a(x)+AXri =2iarctan X )

(2.10) T(Z) =J'Otdt, zEC\[-1, 1],

(2.12) if 7)dt= (T+(x)+ T-(X))

so that (2.8) becomes

(2.13) U (X )- U () la2ie9(x) x2r2129

The solution of (2.13) that vanishes at z = oo, is

(2.15)~~~~~~~~ JI e-V(' f(t) dt

g(x) =2 [e U+(x) eT UU(x)]

e<(x)+iO(x)EFl e-V(')f(t) dt ie-<(x)f(x) 1

e,(x) -i0(X) !e-V(t*f(t) dt ie-<(X)fi(x)

e,e(X)(eio(x) + e-iO(x)) F e-"(')f(t) dt (eiO(x) + e-iO(x))f(x)

eiO(x) + ei'O(x) Air a(x)

(2.17) g(x) a(x)f(x) + Aef(X) e-P('!f(t)dt

(2.18) a(x)g(x)-A J g(t) dt = 0

are obtained by taking

(2. 19) U(z) =(z + 1I)-n(Z _I1)-m.

(2.20) F(z) = eT(A)Z+ I)-n(Z _1)-m

=0 I [eT+(x) U+(x) -e eT(x)U (x)]

(2 .2 1 ) = 1 . -[e (X)+ i _ eI V(x)i@(x) I(x + I )-n(X- 1 )-m

e<(X) sin 6(x)

(2.22) (x+ 1)'(X-1)'(a 2(x) + 27r )1/

(2.23) g(x) - x I t-x =f(x).

(2.24) 6 = arc tan ar= r,r

where v is a constant and we assume that it satisfies 0 < Re v < 1. Thus

(2.28) I+X2X2 1+X2X2 1+X )I1-t t

+(I1 +.X)(l I-x)"-

(2.29) - g(x) - xt S gt(t) dt =f(x), -1 <x< 1.

0(x)= arc tan X7r -

eT(Z)= 1 + X7r((Z- 1)/(Z + 1))1/2

(X) =1 + X27r2((1 - X)/( 1 + X))1/2

In the homogeneous equation we should take n = 0, m = 1, so that

Using ( 1.17), we obtain the solution as

g(x)=(x+ 1)+X27r2(x 1) (x+ I

(2.31) a(Q)g() - Xfl(4) J )( dw =f(4), 4EC,

(2.32) a,( )gQ(4) - X jf gi (w) dw =P05

(2.33) a,(Q)- aQf (4) /()

3. The Riemann-Hilbert problem. In order to extend the analysis of the Carle-