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For contact pairs the corwas

58, the minimum 2, and the mean 17


(Table 7). The mutual challenges were
outnumbered by individual challenges
approximately three to one. This is explained
by the fact that the number of
individual challenges was roughly correlated
with the duration of the fight,
while the number of mutual challenges
was not (Table 8). This differed from the
state of affairs in the period prior to
fighting, where neither type of challenging
showed such correlation (Table 4).
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162 JAMES C. BRADDOCK AND ZORA I. BRADDOCK
After the first 30 minutes of fighting,
mutual challenging tended to be replaced
by jockeying for position, which
resembles it in most respects. Also,
jockeying was infrequent during the
early stages of the fights. It is suggested
that jockeying may be the same sort of
activity as mutual challenging and that
the differences between them are the result
of fatigue from fighting. If the totals
for mutual challenging and jockeying are
added, the sum is 1,595 and is found to
outnumber the total for individual challenges.
This is more in line with expecta-
A rough comparison may be obtained
between the relative frequencies of the
various types of challenging during the
periods prior to fighting and the periods
of actual fighting by dividing the total
number of instances of each activity by
the total durations in minutes of the appropriate
periods. The sum of the durations
of all periods prior to fighting was
231 minutes, while the corresponding
figure for the fights was 833 minutes.
When this is done, one learns that the
average number of individual challenges
per minute for the periods prior to fight-
TABLE 8*
FREQUENCIES OF CHALLENGING DURING ACTUAL FIGHTING
(Based upon 21 Fights)
DURATIOONF FIGHTS(M INUTES)t
0-15 15-30 30-35 60-75 75-90 90-105 120-35
ino. indiv. challenges/expt. ... 5 12 32 138 158 172 187
v no. mutual challenges/expt. ... 6 24 16 36 35 10 28
ii no. all challenges/expt......... 16 59 64 53 57 192 215
* The actual numbers in this table have no significance because of the small number of pairs in each time interval. Its importance
is the general correlation between duration and frequency of individual challenges and the absence of any evidence for such in the
case of mutual challenges.
t Omission of some 15-minute intervals is due to absence of fights of that duration in this group of 21 fights.
tion; for it seems reasonable that both
pair-mates would exhibit mutual belligerency
more often during actual fighting
than in the preparatory period.
When the individual and mutual challenges
are combined by counting each of
the latter as an individual challenge for
each of the pair-mates, it is found that
some sort of challenging occurred in each
of the 35 fights. Also, every pair-mate
engaged in challenging. The total number
of challenges of every sort was 1,782
for the 21 fights for which complete
records were kept. The maximum given
by one fish was 163, the minimum 3, and
the mean 42. For experiments the maximum
was 219, the minimum 6, and the
mean 85 (Table 7).

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