(Table 7). The mutual challenges were outnumbered by individual challenges approximately three to one. This is explained by the fact that the number of individual challenges was roughly correlated with the duration of the fight, while the number of mutual challenges was not (Table 8). This differed from the state of affairs in the period prior to fighting, where neither type of challenging showed such correlation (Table 4). This content downloaded from 205.208.116.024 on November 11, 2017 03:30:13 AM All use subject to University of Chicago Press Terms and Conditions (http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/t-and-c). 162 JAMES C. BRADDOCK AND ZORA I. BRADDOCK After the first 30 minutes of fighting, mutual challenging tended to be replaced by jockeying for position, which resembles it in most respects. Also, jockeying was infrequent during the early stages of the fights. It is suggested that jockeying may be the same sort of activity as mutual challenging and that the differences between them are the result of fatigue from fighting. If the totals for mutual challenging and jockeying are added, the sum is 1,595 and is found to outnumber the total for individual challenges. This is more in line with expecta- A rough comparison may be obtained between the relative frequencies of the various types of challenging during the periods prior to fighting and the periods of actual fighting by dividing the total number of instances of each activity by the total durations in minutes of the appropriate periods. The sum of the durations of all periods prior to fighting was 231 minutes, while the corresponding figure for the fights was 833 minutes. When this is done, one learns that the average number of individual challenges per minute for the periods prior to fight- TABLE 8* FREQUENCIES OF CHALLENGING DURING ACTUAL FIGHTING (Based upon 21 Fights) DURATIOONF FIGHTS(M INUTES)t 0-15 15-30 30-35 60-75 75-90 90-105 120-35 ino. indiv. challenges/expt. ... 5 12 32 138 158 172 187 v no. mutual challenges/expt. ... 6 24 16 36 35 10 28 ii no. all challenges/expt......... 16 59 64 53 57 192 215 * The actual numbers in this table have no significance because of the small number of pairs in each time interval. Its importance is the general correlation between duration and frequency of individual challenges and the absence of any evidence for such in the case of mutual challenges. t Omission of some 15-minute intervals is due to absence of fights of that duration in this group of 21 fights. tion; for it seems reasonable that both pair-mates would exhibit mutual belligerency more often during actual fighting than in the preparatory period. When the individual and mutual challenges are combined by counting each of the latter as an individual challenge for each of the pair-mates, it is found that some sort of challenging occurred in each of the 35 fights. Also, every pair-mate engaged in challenging. The total number of challenges of every sort was 1,782 for the 21 fights for which complete records were kept. The maximum given by one fish was 163, the minimum 3, and the mean 42. For experiments the maximum was 219, the minimum 6, and the mean 85 (Table 7).