Cqs Epr Ts Gen PHL 001 Rev 3.0

BULK STORAGE FACILITY
LOSS PREVENTION PHILOSOPHY
CQS-EPR-TS-GEN-PHL-001
27-06-16 3.0 Issued for Approval C.M.O A.E.O O.A.F
24-05-16 2.0 Issued for Review C.M.O A.E.O O.A.F
26-04-16 1.0 Issued for Interdiscipline Check C.M.O A.E.O O.A.F
Date Rev Description Prepared by Reviewed by PM Approval

Bulk Storage Facility CQS-EPR-TS-GEN-PHL-001
Loss Prevention Philosophy Rev 3.0
TABLE OF CONTENTS
List of Abbreviations ................................................................................................................................3
1.0 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................4
2.0 DESIGN CRITERIA............................................................................................................................6
2.1 Codes and Standards...............................................................................................................6
2.2 Design Documents ...................................................................................................................6
3.0 PLANT ORIENTATION AND LAYOUT ..............................................................................................7
3.1 Layout Principles ......................................................................................................................7
4.0 AREA CLASSIFICATION ..................................................................................................................8
4.1 Equipment Selection ................................................................................................................8
4.2 Ventilation ................................................................................................................................8
4.3 Area Classification Drawings ....................................................................................................9
5.0 MEANS OF ESCAPE .......................................................................................................................10
5.1 Escape Routes .......................................................................................................................10
5.2 Escape Route Markers ...........................................................................................................11
6.0 PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION ........................................................................................................12
6.1 Fireproofing Zones .................................................................................................................12
6.2 Buildings ................................................................................................................................13
7.0 ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION ...........................................................................................................14
7.1 Fire Water Distribution System ...............................................................................................14
7.2 Deluge System .......................................................................................................................18
7.3 Sprinkler System ....................................................................................................................19
7.4 Foam System .........................................................................................................................20
7.5 CO2 System ...........................................................................................................................21
7.6 Water Mist System .................................................................................................................21
7.7 Hydrants and Hosereels .........................................................................................................21
7.8 Portable Fire Extinguishers ....................................................................................................22
7.9 Monitors .................................................................................................................................22
8.0 DRAIN SYSTEM ..............................................................................................................................23
8.1 Surface Water Drains .............................................................................................................23
8.2 Process Drains .......................................................................................................................23
9.0 PERSONNEL PROTECTION ...........................................................................................................24
10.0 CODES AND STANDARDS ............................................................................................................25
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List of Abbreviations
Abbreviations Meaning
AFP Active Fire Protection
AFFF Aqueous Film Forming Foam
API American Petroleum Institute
CCR Central Control Room
CO2 Carbon Dioxide
DED Detailed Engineering Design
ESD Emergency Shutdown
FEED Front End Engineering Design
FFFP Film Forming Fluoroprotein Foam
F&G Fire & Gas
FPZ Fireproofing Zone
HAZOP Hazard and Operability
HL Hazard Level
HSE Health, Safety and Environment
ISO International Organization of Standardization
NFPA National Fire Protection Association
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1.0 INTRODUCTION
Eko Petrochem and Refining Company Limited wishes to construct and commission 20
new PMS storage tanks on a green field maximizing its capacity utilization.
In view of this, Crystaquantum Solutions has been awarded the contract to carry out the
DED and the requisite design to meet industry and regulatory requirements.
This document outlines the loss prevention and safety design criteria to be applied to the
design of the facility. The purpose of this document is to ensure that the same
philosophy and design approach is applied to all aspects of the development:
 Control.
 Suppression.
 Extinguishment.
 Providing measures to limit the effects or escalation of a hazardous
consequence.
 Providing local and remote manual facilities for the operation of fixed fire fighting
systems.
 Providing audible and visual alarm information to alert the Central Control Room
(CCR) to enable the operator to assess the situation.
 Providing audible and visual alarm information to site personnel, where
considered to be needed, for personnel to take any necessary action.
 Ensure a safe working environment for personnel.
 Ensure adequate means of escape is provided.
 Minimize the potential for pollution of the environment from accidental spills
and/or venting of hazardous materials.
The engineering and design of the facility shall ensure inherent safety by specific
attention to the following:
 ESD System.
 Plant layout.
 Hazardous area classification.
 Safeguarding by instrumentation and control.
 Start-up and shutdown.
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 Fire and gas detection.

 Fire protection systems.
 Overpressure protection systems.
 Equipment isolation for maintenance.
 Specification breaks.
 Equipment design.
 Vents.
 Drains.
 Control building requirements.
 Escape routes.
 Fire and safety equipment.
 Personnel protection.
 Operating Manuals.
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2.0 DESIGN CRITERIA

The safe design of the facility shall be achieved by applying the requirements of
identified statutory codes, and relevant international codes, standards and
recommended practices as listed in Section 10.0, together with a structured hazard
identification and assessment programme. Details and schedule of the hazard
identification and assessment programme shall be provided in the project ‘HSE’ Plan.
The purpose of the hazard identification and assessment activities shall be to ensure
that the hazards associated with the operation of the facility are identified at the earliest
stage in order that measures can be taken to either eliminate them, or to minimize them
and their effects. Hazard identification will be by hazard and operability (HAZOP)
studies; coarse HAZOP will be performed early in the design activities, to ensure that
major hazards are identified, whilst a detailed HAZOP will be performed at the end of
DED.
2.1 Codes and Standards
Codes and standards to be applied to the design works will be applied in the following
order of precedence:
 Employer standards.
 Internationally recognized design codes and standards (e.g. API recommended
practices, NFPA codes);
Safety-related codes and standards to be applied to the project are detailed in Section
10.0. Where no local, company or internationally recognized standard is available, the
contractor standards and design practices will be applied as necessary.
2.2 Design Documents
A comprehensive range of Fire and Safety design specifications, data sheets and design
drawings shall be developed during the various phases of the Project, in line with the
philosophy laid down in this document.
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3.0 PLANT ORIENTATION AND LAYOUT

The plant layout and design shall reflect the results and recommendations of the
Preliminary Hazard Assessment and the basic guidelines given in this document.
3.1 Layout Principles

The following principles governing plant layout shall be taken into account when
designing the facility:
 Adequate separation between flammable hydrocarbons and ignition sources.

 Adequate separation between hydrocarbon handling areas and emergency
services, main safety equipment, escape routes, and areas considered non-
hazardous.
 Maintenance of structural integrity during a hazard condition to avoid escalation
and provide sufficient time to enable orderly evacuation to be achieved.
 Control facilities and related buildings shall be preferentially located so that they
are largely unaffected by incident heat radiation or explosion overpressures
resulting from credible accidents. Where this cannot be achieved, construction of
buildings shall be sufficient to withstand the effects of accidental loads. If
construction requirements are excessively onerous, risk assessment techniques
may be applied to establish appropriate protection requirements.
 Adequate maintenance and access to all areas for fire fighting and associated
vehicles.
 Suitable drainage and spill control.
 Orientate the plant such that prevalent winds direct flammable and toxic gases
away from safe areas.
 Vents are located so as to cause minimum interference or hazard to plant and
personnel.
 Vehicle access (noting the constraints of hazardous area classification).
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4.0 AREA CLASSIFICATION

The facility shall be classified according to the likelihood of flammable gases and liquids
being released, and the hazards which they would present. The classification shall be
carried out in accordance with Institute of Petroleum Model Code of Safe Practice – Part
15 ‘Area Classification Code for Petroleum Installations’ (IP 15).
The following areas shall be defined as non-hazardous by location:
 Control and electrical rooms

 Normally manned buildings
 Firewater Pump Houses
 Emergency Diesel Generator Rooms
 Fire Station
Other general buildings may be defined as non-hazardous by positive pressurisation

from an HVAC system.
4.1 Equipment Selection
4.1.1 Electrical Equipment

Electrical equipment installed in a hazardous area shall be suitable for use in the
appropriate area classification and shall comply with the requirements of API 500 and
505.
4.1.2 Mechanical Equipment

All mechanical equipment installed in hazardous areas shall be of a type which will
ensure that hot surfaces are insulated, is non-sparking and adequately protected against
the generation of a static charge.
4.1.3 Vehicle Access

Vehicles and mobile equipment that constitutes a potential ignition source shall be
prohibited from process units and hydrocarbon storage areas unless suitably protected
and specifically authorised.
4.2 Ventilation
To minimise the classification of a hazardous area, adequate ventilation is necessary. In
unrestricted open areas a natural airflow across the area is considered to be sufficient by
area classification codes to be applied. For enclosed areas in which flammable
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hydrocarbon processing equipment is to be installed, there are specific ventilation

requirements.
4.3 Area Classification Drawings

Area classification drawings and schedules shall be prepared in accordance with IP 15
and shall include the following information:
 Identification of sources of release.

 The classification and extent of all hazardous zones.
 Notes regarding selection of electrical equipment.
 Differentiate between lighter and heavier than air releases.
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5.0 MEANS OF ESCAPE

The general requirements for means of access and egress are detailed in the codes
listed in Section 10.0 and provide information on necessary minimum clearances
between equipment items, also horizontal and vertical clearances.
5.1 Escape Routes

At least two escape routes shall be provided from all areas, and buildings throughout the
plant. Where the distance from any point within an enclosed area exceeds 12 metres,
there shall be two exits from the room or enclosure. For main corridors/passage ways
within two hour fire rated buildings, the maximum permitted walking distance shall be 25
metres. Buildings of a lower fire resistance shall have shorter distances in line with the
appropriate code. For blind or dead end passageways, the maximum distance to an exit
shall be 8 metres.
Escape routes in process areas shall take the most direct route from the immediate
hazard to an area of lesser hazard and shall avoid directing personnel escaping from a
non-hazardous area through a Zone 1 or Zone 2 hazardous area to a place of safety.
Escape routes shall be designated as follows, based on the layout specification prepared
for this project:
 Primary escape routes from all areas to assembly points shall have a minimum
clear width of 1500 mm.
 Secondary escape routes where escape is in one direction only shall have a
minimum clear width of 1000 mm.
 Stair widths on primary escape routes shall be 1500 mm.
 The clear height of any escape route shall be 2150 mm.
 Tank stairs are considered to be for maintenance only in normally unmanned
areas and are excluded for the above, but should be 750 mm wide, as a
minimum within handrails.
The configuration of the primary escape routes shall provide adequate room for fire and
rescue teams to operate unhindered. Where changes in elevation of escape routes
occur, ramps or stairways shall be provided. The minimum clear width of stairways shall
generally be the same as the escape route they serve.
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Fixed ladders specifically for escape purposes are only required as follows:
 Escape from access platforms less than 5m long or from cranes, towers, etc.,
where the use of fixed ladders is common practice.
 Secondary escape from an elevated process area which has a main escape
stairway.
Every escape route and assembly point shall be readily accessible, unobstructed and
well marked. Each route is to be provided with adequate lighting and the routes are to be
kept clear at all times. Equipment and fixtures, if located along escape routes, shall be
recessed so as not to reduce the effective width of the passageway.
All doors on escape routes shall be easily opened from either side and shall not be
capable of being permanently locked except by frangible elements. All doors shall be
illuminated by an emergency lighting system. Hinged doors shall generally open in the
direction of escape. Doors which open out on to an escape route shall not reduce the
escape route width below the minimum required.
5.2 Escape Route Markers

Direction arrow markers shall be strategically positioned along escape routes where it is
necessary to guide personnel to assembly points.
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6.0 PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION
6.1 Fireproofing Zones

Selected structures located within a Fireproofing Zone (FPZ) shall be fireproofed, except
in the case of specific equipment as described below. An FPZ shall only be applied to a
plant or system with a maximum operating inventory of more than 5 metric tonnes of
flammable product. In this context, a “system” is the smallest volume of piping and
equipment (including vessels) that can be “blocked in” in the event of a fire.
For liquid pool fires, the FPZ is a volume with a cylindrical shape. The cylinder shall have
a radius of 6m from the Potential Source of Leakage (PSL) and a height of 9m above the
Hazard Level (HL).
6.1.1 Structures Supporting Equipment

Steel structures located within an FPZ shall be fireproofed when the supported
equipment contains a total of more than 2 metric tonnes of flammable product, has a
total mass (including contents) of more than 10 metric tonnes, contains toxic material or
when sudden failure is likely to cause danger to personnel or may lead to consequences
beyond the property limit, including environmental damage.
Columns, beams, and any members within the FPZ designed for the purpose of reducing
the effective buckling length of the columns shall be fireproofed.
Stairways, walkways and platform designed mainly for live loads and top surfaces of
beams supporting floor plates, gratings, or equipment will not be fireproofed.
6.1.2 Steel Pipe Supports

Individual pipe supports and steel structures overhead piping located in an FPZ shall be
fireproofed if one or more of the following apply:
 The pipe is a flareline or an emergency depressurizing vent line.

 The pipe connected to equipment which would be severely damaged by
additional nozzle loading in the event of loss of pipe support.
 The pipe carries fire-fighting water and/or other utilities which would reduce the
fire-fighting capability in the event of loss of support.
 The pipe is an instrument air line or hydraulic control line whose loss would
interfere with the ability to shutdown the plant.
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Extent of Fireproofing
Columns of piperacks and pipe supports shall be fireproofed from hazard level up to
0.3m below the lowest horizontal member of the structure.
Bracing
Diagonal bracing for resisting only lateral wind or seismic forces shall not be fireproofed.
6.1.3 Vessels
Vertical Vessels
The outside of skirts of vertical vessels located within an FPZ shall be fireproofed if the
vessel contains a total of more than 2 metric tonnes of flammable product, the total mass
(including contents) is more than 10 metric tonnes, contains toxic material, or when
failure may lead to consequences beyond the property limit, including the environmental
damage.
If there are flanges pipe connections within the circumference of the skirt, fireproofing
shall be applied to the inside of the skirt as well.
6.2 Buildings
All control buildings and substations which accommodate a control room, instrument
auxiliary room and emergency control centre along with other utility and electrical
facilities fundamental to the control and shutdown of the unit will require special
consideration concerning resistance to fire radiation and blast overpressures, in order to:
 Maximize the safety of operations personnel working in the building.

 Ensure that control of the plant is maintained during a major incident for sufficient
time to permit a safe and orderly shutdown.
The final construction and location of the control buildings and substations shall depend
on the results of fire radiation and explosion overpressure studies during the preliminary
hazard analysis. Physical separation will be provided, but a minimum design blast design
of 0.3 bar is to be used.
As a minimum, the fire rating of a manned control building shall be two (2) hours for all
external surfaces, including control room windows, doors and penetrations. The internal
walls and doors are to be one hour rated as minimum, based on a celleslosic fire.
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7.0 ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION

The AFP System for this facility shall be designed in accordance with the general
provisions detailed in ISO 13702, as applicable to onshore installations, in so far as all
systems and equipment shall be suitable for their intended environment and application
and shall be supported with type approval certification evidence for their major
components. If it is considered essential, the installation of AFP Systems shall be such
that they are located or protected in order that they will be able to withstand the
expected fire or explosion loading for a duration defined as appropriate for the given
situation.
The following are the AFP Systems considered during the design of the facility:
 Fire Water Distribution System
 Deluge System
 Sprinkler System
 Foam System
 CO System
2
 Water Mist Systems
 Hydrants
 Portable Fire Extinguishers
 Monitors
7.1 Fire Water Distribution System
7.1.1 Firewater Pumps

Firewater distribution is generally via a ringmain, which feeds each end-user through a
pipe network supplied with water charged from the firewater pumps. The firewater
pumps shall be designed in accordance with the requirements of NFPA 20, with the
basic premise being that the firewater demand should not outstrip the supply.
In accordance with NFPA 15, a single firewater system shall not protect more than one
Fire Area, in which a fire area is defined as one that is physically separated from other
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areas by space, barriers, walls or other means in order to contain fire within that area
(‘other means’ may include the use of dykes and special drainage systems).
In order to evaluate the required firewater pump capacity it will be necessary to identify
the maximum firewater demand, whilst considering the most onerous fire event.
Maximum firewater demand shall be based on the largest number of firewater systems
which are going to be actuated simultaneously and derive the firewater demand from the
firewater application rates.
NFPA 15 offers guidance for determining how many systems will be activated in a given
fire scenario based on the following:
 The possible flow of burning liquids between areas before or during the operation
of the water sprays systems.
 Possible flow of hot gases between Fire Areas that could actuate adjacent
systems.
 Flammable gas detection set to automatically actuate a water spray system.
 Any other factors that would result in the actuation of systems considered out
with the primary Fire Area.
For large areas with many adjacent systems provided that effective measures have been
taken to avoid the escalation factors identified above, e.g. suitable floor drainage,
bunding or effective separation, then the largest firewater demand can be determined by
adding the flowrate for any system to the flowrates for all immediately adjacent systems.
Design density rates shall be based on test data, published data or knowledge
concerning the particular materials and hazards associated with the site/installation.
Minimum design density rates are published in NFPA 15 and should be referenced
during system design.
It should be understood that the firewater pump capacity shall include factors additional
to the firewater demand, which are designed to compensate for the effects of water
wastage and environmental impact, i.e. wind, as well as additional users such as the use
of hoses and hydrants.
When sizing firewater pumps, the following compensation factors should be applied to
account for the loss effects summarized above:
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LOCATION/EQUIPMENT CONTINGENCES
General Area Protection +15% (Minimum)
Vessels +30% (Minimum)
Equipment (valves, compressor packages, etc) +20% (Minimum)

A minimum of 10% should also be added for the effects of hydraulic imbalance
Note: Major changes in static pressure (due to elevation changes) should also be
considered in addition to the above.
Firewater pumps shall be of the submerged vertical type if draining from open water, and
of the horizontal, between bearings, type if draining from a storage tank.
Firewater supply will need to be sufficient so as to deliver water to the AFP System at
the required pressure and for the required duration. The duration being applicable to the
hazards associated with the equipment can be assumed to be for a minimum of 1 hour;
however it should be noted that careful engineering judgment at the design stage can
potentially limit the density and duration requirements for those systems adjacent to the
primary fire area.
The number of firewater pumps shall be at least 2, with sufficient redundancy capacity in
the event of a single pump failure of a minimum of 50% of the total maximum firewater
demand and this may be increased depending on the outcome of the site specific risk
assessment. It is for this reason that duty and standby fire pumps should be housed in
suitable fire/blast rated enclosures (or a safe area) and they should derive their power
from 2 different independent sources, i.e. 1 electrically driven and the other diesel
driven, and they should be located as far as practicable away from one another to avoid
common mode failure.
Duty and standby electric motor driven jockey pumps shall be installed to maintain the
pressure in the firewater ringmain at 2 barg minimum/3 bar g maximum with a minimum
capacity of 15m3/hr.
7.1.1.1 Pressure Control

For normally manned installations the firewater pumps shall always be started manually.
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Manual starting of each firewater pump shall be possible at the pump, from the control
centre and, if necessary, from the emergency centre. Manual stopping of each pump unit
shall only be possible at the pump.
The control scheme shall be designed so that should the main firewater pump(s) fail to
start manually or, having started, fail to build up the required pressure in the firewater
distribution system within twenty seconds, the firewater pump(s) designated as the spare
or back up shall automatically start.
a) Normal (Stand-by) Operating Condition
During normal operation, the main fire water pump(s) shall be in the stand-by mode, with
the jockey pump(s) or other pressure source maintaining a minimum pressure of 2 barg
in the fire water distribution system.
IOG may decide that other normal (stand-by) operating conditions are required.
b) Fire Operating Condition
When the main firewater pump(s) is manually started, it is expected to attain a pressure
of 4.5 barg in twenty seconds. If the distribution system pressure does not attain this
pressure, a pulse shall be sent to start the fire water pump designated as the spare or
back-up. Thirty seconds after the main firewater pump is manually started, it is required
to maintain the firewater distribution system pressure at 6 barg to 7 barg. This initial set
pressure of 6 barg to 7 barg is chosen for safety reasons (i.e. for hose handlers and/or
other firewater users at the time of pressure increase).
In the central control room, a facility shall be provided to adjust the firewater distribution
system pressure. While normally set at 6 barg to 7 barg, the pressure control system
shall be designed to allow a manual increase of the fire water distribution system
pressure to a maximum of 10 barg unless a higher maximum set pressure is required
from a fire fighting point of view to be able to supply firewater at sufficient pressure to
specific locations. This higher set pressure shall only to be allowed up to a maximum of
12 barg, and only after validation of all components of the fire main system, and only
with the approval of Company.
7.1.2 Distribution System

The firewater ringmain is the water distribution pipework, which generally forms a ring-
loop around the installation from which branch piping leads away to supply all fixed
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water-based AFP Systems. The ringmain can be either a ‘dry’ or a ‘wet’ system and, as
the name suggests, a dry system is normally in a dry, drained condition, whereas a wet
system is permanently charged with water at a pressure maintained by the firewater
jockey pumps.
It should be noted that the firewater “jockey” pumps should be adequately sized to
compensate for small leakages and incidental usage without reducing the pressure in
the ringmain to a level that would start-up the main firewater pumps.
From a reliability point of view it is suggested that dry systems be avoided. Also, for a
more timely discharge of water to the Fire Area a wet system is advised. When
considering a wet system, if the water in the distribution system is considered to be
susceptible to freezing or corrosion (as a result of poor quality water supply) then
provisions need to be designed into the system to counteract these negative effects,
such as, burying the pipework or heat tracing, and flushing of the system.
The choice of material and path taken by the distribution piping will have a considerable
effect on the system hydraulic calculations and should be carefully considered during
design in order to achieve the most efficient system possible.
7.2 Deluge System

The design of AFP Systems for onshore installations depends upon the nature of the
equipment/area being protected and the degree of proximity to potential sources of
ignition or routes of escalation.
Deluge systems, like most fixed AFP Systems, shall be arranged for automatic operation
and supplemented with means for manual actuation.
As for all hydraulically dependent systems, pressure loss calculations shall consider the
piping material and distribution network arrangement and full hydraulic analysis shall be
carried out by competent personnel for each individual system to determine flowrates,
system pressures, pipe sizes, and pump capacity, etc on a case-by-case basis.
Hydraulic simulation modelling tools are available for hydraulic calculations and should
be employed during the system design.
When designing deluge systems for use in Onshore Plant the designer should consider
the potentially worst fire case, in which there is a primary affected Fire Area and
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adjacent areas also requiring protection from the effects of thermal radiation and the
other modes of escalation identified in Section 7.1.1 above.
NFPA 15 also offers guidance on the deluge nozzle arrangements for equipment/vessel
protection and these should be referred to during design.
Deluge systems are specific to their intended application and as such shall be designed
on a case-by-case basis.
Water curtain deluge systems may also be considered in cases where physical
boundaries are not practical or for the protection of escape ways. Density flow rates
should be based on the fire loading for the worst-case scenario and the guidance given
in NFPA 15.
7.3 Sprinkler System

NFPA 13 shall be referenced during the design of firewater sprinkler systems. Automatic
firewater sprinkler systems should be considered with respect to local regulations for the
protection of accommodation areas and other designated spaces within them, such as
plant rooms, etc, where class A fire hazards exist. Class A fires are those defined by the
combustion of cellulosic materials such as wood, cloth, paper, rubber and certain
plastics.
The type, size and number of sprinkler heads that will operate upon detection of fire, as
well as the water discharge rate and duration are linked to the hazard classification of
the area. NFPA 13 shall be referenced for the appropriate hazard classification and the
aforementioned design parameters.
Sprinkler distribution systems shall be subject to detailed hydraulic calculation, alike to

those required for deluge systems and detailed in Section 7.2 above.
Foam sprinkler system may also be considered depending on the hazards involved.
Automatic sprinkler systems are specific to their intended application and as such shall
be designed on a case-by-case basis.
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Tomaro Bulk Storage & Oil Terminal CQS-EPR-TS-GEN-PHL-001
Philosophy for Loss Prevention Rev 2.0
7.4 Foam System

Foam as applied to firefighting aims to extinguish fire by forming a heat-resistant blanket,
which effectively forms a barrier between the fuel and its oxygen supply and suppresses
the vaporization of the fuel.
Commonly used for hydrocarbon pool fires, its effectiveness relies on the forming of a
complete and uninterrupted surface coverage as any break in the barrier will allow the
fire to sustain which will destroy the remaining foam blanket.
The effects of wind and other mechanisms which could diminish the integrity of the foam
barrier should be considered during the design stage – weather shielding is one possible
solution to minimizing the effects of adverse weather considerations however, the
additional confinement this would create should be carefully considered when
considering potential blast overpressures.
The type of foam shall be specific to the hazard however, foams are generally
categorized in terms of their expansion ratio (volume of foam: volume of foam
concentrate in water), i.e. low, medium or high-expansion.
7.4.1 Low Expansion Foam
NFPA 11 shall be consulted during the design of fixed foam systems as the standard for
low-expansion foam.
Low-expansion foams can expand by up to 20 times. The primary advantages of low-

expansion foam are that it can be projected over relatively long distances – useful for
application via firewater/foam monitors – and its ability to spread and form a coherent
barrier quickly.
AFFF and FFFP are common types of low-expansion foam but guidance should be
sought regarding the concentration of the foam solution as well as its suitability to the
hazards involved.
There are critical application rates defined for low-expansion foam in NFPA 11, below
which fire extinction is not achieved as the foam is destroyed too rapidly.
7.5 CO2 System

Reference shall be made to NFPA 12 during the design of fixed CO2 extinguishing
systems.
Carbon Dioxide (CO2) is an inert gas and extinguishes fire by action of oxygen
displacement, effectively creating an environment unsuitable for sustaining combustion.
NFPA 12 advises that the use of CO2 extinguishing systems shall be limited to the
following applications:
 Where an inert and electrically nonconductive medium is required.
 Where the clean-up of another extinguishing medium could present a problem.
 For economical reasons.
It is important to note that the discharge of CO2 in concentrations commensurate with fire
extinction is seriously hazardous to health and arrangements shall be made to warn
personnel that may be present in the protected enclosure of imminent activation and for
the prevention of spurious discharge, in accordance with the requirements of NFPA 12.
Attention should also be given to the provision of lock-off and fail-safe mechanisms for
initiating CO2 in accordance with the requirements outlined in NFPA 12.
7.6 Water Mist System

Water mist extinguishing systems may be considered as an alternative to CO2 and
extinguishes fire by means of oxygen displacement and heat absorption much like other
firewater extinguishing systems but with a much reduced water usage. Water mist
systems are non-hazardous to personnel upon discharge and shall be designed in
accordance with the standards and guidance detailed in NFPA 750.
7.7 Hydrants and Hosereels

Firewater hydrants and hosereels shall be provided to supplement the fixed AFP
System. They should be connected to the firewater ringmain and located in accordance
with the requirements of NFPA 15, which requires that every part of an installation shall
be capable of being reached by water from 2 different hydrants. It should be noted that
the firewater pump size will need to consider the utilization of 2 hydrants as
supplemental fire fighting applications in addition to the maximum requirements of fixed
fire fighting systems as described in Section 7.1.1.
7.8 Portable Fire Extinguishers

Portable fire extinguishers of suitable size and extinguishing medium shall be positioned,
housed and maintained in accordance with the requirements of NFPA 10 and NFPA
11C, as appropriate.
7.9 Monitors
Fixed firewater/foam monitors shall also be provided to supplement fixed AFP Systems
and should be capable of both manual and remote activation and operation, where
appropriate. Their position should consider the required throw distance, discharge
density and pressure required to reach the piece of equipment or area they are
protecting.
Page 22 of 25
8.0 DRAIN SYSTEM
Hazardous and non-hazardous area drain systems shall be completely segregated from
each other so that there is no risk of contaminating non-hazardous areas via backflow
from a hazardous area. No drain system shall be routed to a location which could affect
the local environment.
8.1 Surface Water Drains
Roads and paved areas shall be sloped to low points at the pavement edge or road
shoulder. Oily-water Saver pits (OWS) shall be provided to cater for oil spills and
rainwater.
8.2 Process Drains
Process drains from vessels, equipment, instrumentation and piping shall be via
dedicated closed drain headers to a closed vessel or closed sump. The closed vessel
will be a slop tank.
Page 23 of 25
9.0 PERSONNEL PROTECTION
In order to meet the requirements for personnel protection during plant operation, the
following safety items shall be distributed around the plant at the required strategic
locations:
Safety Equipment Provided by Contractor:
 Eye wash units/showers at all relevant locations
 Eye wash units in battery rooms.
 Breathing apparatus in safety stores.
 First aid kit in all buildings.
 Stretchers in safety stores/control rooms.
 Safety signs at all relevant locations.
 Windsocks at selected locations.
Loose Safety Equipment Provided by Employer in safety stores:
 Safety helmets.
 Safety footwear.
 Protective gloves/clothing.
 Eye protection.
 Air line units.
 Portable gas detectors.
 Hearing/ear protection.
Specification and location of these items shall be established during DED. Safety signs
and notices shall be provided as required throughout the site. Warning symbols shall
follow local and recognised international standards. Pictorial types are preferred. All
written instructions should be in English language. Personnel protection shall be
provided for all piping having external temperatures below –10°C or above 70°C with
which persons performing their normal duties, may come into contact.
Page 24 of 25
10.0 CODES AND STANDARDS

 NFPA 16 Standards for the Installation of Deluge Foam-Water Sprinkler
Systems. 2000 Edition.
 NFPA 10 Standard for Portable Fire Extinguishers.
 NFPA 11 Low Expansion/Medium and High Expansion Foam Systems.
 NFPA 11C Standard for Mobile Foam Apparatus.
 NFPA 12 Standards on Carbon Dioxide Extinguishing Systems.
 NFPA 13 Installation of Sprinkler Systems.
 NFPA 15 Standard for Water Spray Fixed Systems for Fire Protection.
 NFPA 17 Standard for Dry Chemical Extinguishing Systems.
 NFPA 20 Standard for the Installation of Stationary Fire Pumps for Fire
Protection.
 NFPA 750 Standard for the Installation of Water Mist Fire Protection Systems.
 DEP 80.47.10.31.Gen, Active Fire Protection Systems and Equipment for
Onshore Facilities, February, 2011.
 API 500 & 505 Hazardous Area Classification.
 BS 476 Fire Tests on Building Materials and Structures.
 API 520 Recommended Practices for the Sizing, Selection and Installation of
Pressure Relieving Devices in Refineries.
 API 521 Recommended Practice for Pressure-Relieving and Depressuring
Systems.
 IP Part 15 Institute of Petroleum Area Classification Code for Petroleum
Installations.
Page 25 of 25

Cqs Epr Ts Gen PHL 001 Rev 3.0

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BULK STORAGE FACILITY

LOSS PREVENTION PHILOSOPHY

27-06-16 3.0 Issued for Approval C.M.O A.E.O O.A.F

24-05-16 2.0 Issued for Review C.M.O A.E.O O.A.F

26-04-16 1.0 Issued for Interdiscipline Check C.M.O A.E.O O.A.F

Date Rev Description Prepared by Reviewed by PM Approval

AFP Active Fire Protection

AFFF Aqueous Film Forming Foam

API American Petroleum Institute

CCR Central Control Room

CO2 Carbon Dioxide

DED Detailed Engineering Design

ESD Emergency Shutdown

FEED Front End Engineering Design

FFFP Film Forming Fluoroprotein Foam

F&G Fire & Gas

FPZ Fireproofing Zone

HAZOP Hazard and Operability

HSE Health, Safety and Environment

ISO International Organization of Standardization

NFPA National Fire Protection Association

 Fire and gas detection.

2.0 DESIGN CRITERIA

2.1 Codes and Standards

2.2 Design Documents

3.0 PLANT ORIENTATION AND LAYOUT

3.1 Layout Principles

 Adequate separation between flammable hydrocarbons and ignition sources.

4.0 AREA CLASSIFICATION

The following areas shall be defined as non-hazardous by location:

 Control and electrical rooms

Other general buildings may be defined as non-hazardous by positive pressurisation

4.1 Equipment Selection

4.1.1 Electrical Equipment

4.1.2 Mechanical Equipment

4.1.3 Vehicle Access

hydrocarbon processing equipment is to be installed, there are specific ventilation

4.3 Area Classification Drawings

 Identification of sources of release.

5.0 MEANS OF ESCAPE

5.1 Escape Routes

5.2 Escape Route Markers

6.0 PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION

6.1 Fireproofing Zones

6.1.1 Structures Supporting Equipment

6.1.2 Steel Pipe Supports

 The pipe is a flareline or an emergency depressurizing vent line.

 Maximize the safety of operations personnel working in the building.

7.0 ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION

 Fire Water Distribution System

 Water Mist Systems

 Portable Fire Extinguishers

7.1 Fire Water Distribution System

7.1.1 Firewater Pumps

 Flammable gas detection set to automatically actuate a water spray system.

General Area Protection +15% (Minimum)

Vessels +30% (Minimum)

Equipment (valves, compressor packages, etc) +20% (Minimum)

7.1.1.1 Pressure Control

a) Normal (Stand-by) Operating Condition

b) Fire Operating Condition

7.1.2 Distribution System