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Chapter 15 Probability

Try these 15.1

(a)
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
3 4 5 6 7 8 9
4 5 6 7 8 9 10
5 6 7 8 9 10 11
6 7 8 9 10 11 12
S= {2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12}
n(1) = 1
(b) S = {(1, H), (2, H), (3, H), (4, H), (5, H), (6, H), (1, T), (2, T), (3, T), (4, T), (5, T), (6, T)}
n(S) = 12
(c) S = {RG, RRG, RRRG, RRRRG}
n(S) = 4

Exercise 15A

1 1 1
P(H and K D ) = × =
2 4 8
2

Unit 2 Answers: Chapter 15 © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

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(a) P(three heads) = 0.4 × 0.4 × 0.4

(b) P(two tails and a head)
= P(HTT) + P(TTH) + P(THT) +
= (0.4 × 0.6 × 0.6) (3)
= 0.432
(c) P(at least one tail)
= 1 − P(no tails)
= 1 − 0.064 = 0.936
3 (a)

3 3 9
(b) (i) P(two blue balls) = × =
8 8 64
(ii) P(blue ball in his 2 =
nd
draw P(BB) + P(WB)
9 5 3
= + ×
64 8 8
9 15 24 3
= + = =
64 64 64 8
(iii) P(white on 2nd | white on 1st )
5 5
×
P(white on 2nd ∩ white on 1st ) 8 8 5
= = =
P(white on 1st ) 5 8
8
4 (a)

2 4 1
(b) (i) P(both red) = × =
10 12 15
8 8 4 2 8
(ii) P(both green) = × = × =
10 12 5 3 15
(iii) P(one red and one green)

Unit 2 Answers: Chapter 15 © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

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2 8 8 4
= × + ×
10 12 10 12
1 2 4 1 6 2
= × + × = =
5 3 5 3 15 5
(iv) P(at least one is red) = P(one red) + P(2 red)
2 1 7
= + =
5 15 15
5 (a)

(b) (i) P(at least one blue) = P(one blue) + P(two blue)
4 2 2 4 2 2
= × + × + ×
6 6 6 6 6 6
20 5
= =
36 9
4 2 2 4 16 4
(ii) P(one red and one blue) = × + × = =
6 6 6 6 36 9
4 4 2 2 20 5
(iii) P(two of the same colour) = P(two red) + P(two blue) = × + × = =
6 6 6 6 36 9
P(blue on 2nd ∩ red on 1st )
(iv) P(blue on 2nd draw| red on 1st draw) =
P(red on 1st )
4 2
×
2 1
= 6 6= =
4 6 3
6
6 P(X) = 0.4, P(Y) = 0.5
(a) (i) P(X ∩Y) P(X) × P(Y), since the events are independent
= 0.4 × 0.5
= 0.20
(ii) P(X ∪ Y) = P(X) + P(Y) − P(X ∩ Y)
= 0.4 + 0.5 − 0.20
= 0.70
(b) X and Y are not mutually exclusive since P(X ∩ Y) ≠ 0
1 1 1
7 P( A | B) = , P( B) = , P( A) =
5 8 6
P( A ∩ B) P( A ∩ B)
(a) P( B | A)= ⇒ P( B | A)=
P( A) 1
6

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P( A ∩ B) 1 1
P( A | B)= ⇒ × = P( A ∩ B)
P( B) 5 8
1
40 6 3
∴ P( B | A) == =
1 40 20
6
1
(b) P( A ∩ B) =
40
2 4 1
8 P( A) = , P( A | B) = , P( B) =
7 9 8
P( A ∩ B)
(a) P( A | B) =
P( B)
4 P( A ∩ B)
⇒ =
9 1
8
4 1 1
P( A ∩ B) = × =
9 8 18
1
P( B ∩ A) 18 7
(b) P( B | A=) = =
P( A) 2 36
7
9 P(A) = 0.421, P(B) = 0.34
(a) P( A ∩ B)= P( A) × P( B), since A and B are independent
= 0.421 × 0.34
= 0.14314 = 0.143 (3 dp)
(b) P( A ∩ B′) = P( A) × P( B′)
= 0.421 × (1 − 0.34)
= 0.27786 = 0.278 (3 dp)
(c) P( A′ ∩ B′)= P( A′) × P( B′)
= (1 − 0.421) (1 − 0.34)
= 0.38214 = 0.382 (3 dp)
10 P(X) = 0.25
P(Y) = 0.15
(a) P(X ∩ Y) = P(X) × P(Y)
= 0.25 × 0.15
= 0.0375
P(X ∩ Y) 0.0375
(b) =
P(X | Y) = = 0.25
P(Y) 0.15
(c) P(X ∪ Y)= P(X) + P(Y) − P(X ∩ Y)
= 0.25 + 0.15 − 0.0375
= 0.3625
3 1 1
11 P( F ) = , P( F ∩ G ′) = , P( F | G ) =
7 4 3
′
(a) From Rule 6, P( F ) = P( F ∩ G ) −P( F ∩ G )
∴ P( F ∩ G ′)= P( F ) −P( F ∩ G )
1 3
= − P( F ∩ G )
4 7

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3 1 5
P( F ∩ G ) = − =
7 4 28
P( F ∩ G )
(b) P( F | G ) =
P(G )
5
1
⇒ =28
3 P(G )
5
P(G=) ×3
28
15
=
28
P(G ∩ F )
(c) P(G | F ) =
P( F )
5
= 28
3
7
5 7
= ×
28 4 3
5
=
12
12
In favour Against
Male 145 255
Female 40 160

145 + 40 185 37
(a) =
P(in favour) = =
600 600 120
40
P(in f avour ∩ female) 600 40 1
(b) =
P(in favour | female) = = =
P(female) 200 200 5
600
255 17
(c) = =
P(male and against)
600 40
185 200 40 23
(d) P(in favour or female) = + − =
600 600 600 40
400
(e) P(male) =
600
185
P(in favour) =
600
145 29
= =
P(male and in favour)
600 120
400 185 37
P(male) × P(in favour) = × =
600 600 180
Since P(male and in favour ) ≠ P(male) × P(in favour)
⇒ Events are not independent

Unit 2 Answers: Chapter 15 © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

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65 + 40 + 33 69
13 (a) =
P(male) =
260 130
40
P(male ∩ Nissan) 260 40 10
(b) =
P(male | Nissan) = = =
P(Nissan) 76 76 19
260
31
(c) P(female who purchased a Honda) =
260
(d) P(male who purchased a Toyota or a female who purchased a Honda)
65 31 24
= + =
260 260 65
40 + 45 + 35 + 30 150 15
14 (a) =
P(< 10 000 per month) = =
260 260 26
50 5
(b) = =
P(male and earns at least 10000)
260 26
125 75 35 165 33
(c) P(female or earns less than 8000) = + − = =
260 260 260 260 52
15
News Movies
Male 110 150
Female 90 50

260 200 110

(a) P(male or prefer news) = + −
400 400 400
350 7
= =
400 8
(b) P(male or female who prefers watching movies)
260 50 310 31
= + = =
400 400 400 40
24 + 85 109
16 = =
(a) (i) P(prefers watching comedy)
250 250
85 17
= =
(ii) P(female and prefers comedy)
250 50
141 120 96 33
(iii) P(prefers watching action or male) = + − =
250 250 250 50
130
(b) P(female) =
250
141
P(watching action) =
250
45
P(female and watching action) =
250
130 141 1833 45
P(female) and P(action) = × = ≠
250 250 6250 250
∴ Not independent
For mutually exclusive P(A ∩ B) = 0 since P(female and watching action) ≠ 0
⇒ Not mutually exclusive

Unit 2 Answers: Chapter 15 © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

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Try these 15.2

(a) 43 792
Total no. of arrangements = 5! = 120
No. of odd arrangements (with 3, 7 or 9 in the final position)

4 3 2 1 3 = 72
72 3
P(an odd arrangement) = =
120 5
(b) CALALOO
7!
(i) Total no. of arrangements = = 630
2! × 2! × 2!
2 5! 1
No. of arrangements beginning and ending with O = = 30
2! × 2! × 2!
30 1
=
Required probability =
630 21
6!
(ii) =
No. of arrangements with the Ls together = 180
2! 2!
180 2
=
Required probability =
630 7
(iii) No. of arrangement with Os and As next to each other
4! 4!
=× =
72
2! 2! × 2!
72 4
=
Required probability =
630 35

Exercise 15B

10!
1 (a) =
Number of arrangements = 907 200
2! × 2!
(b) Number of arrangements beginning with O
9!
1 = = 90720
9!
2! × 2!
90 720 1
P(arrangement begins with O) = =
907 200 10
2 (a) Number of arrangements = 6! = 720
(b) =
Number of arrangements beginning with C and ending with E 1=
4 3 2 1 1 24
24 1
= =
Required probability
720 30
8!
3 (a) Total Number of arrangements= = 20160
2!
Number of arrangement with 2 Ss together = 7! = 5040

Unit 2 Answers: Chapter 15 © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

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5040 1
= =
P(2 Ss together)
20 160 4
(b) Number of arrangements with 2 Ss separate = 20 160 − 5040
= 15 120
15 120 3
= =
P(2 Ss separate)
20 160 4
37 6 54 3 212
4 Number of arrangements starting= and ending with E = 5040
3!
9!
Total number of arrangements= = 60480
3!
5040 1
=
P(start and end with E) =
60 480 12
7!
5 (a) = 2520
2!
(b) Number of arrangements starting and ending with I
2 5 4 3 2 11
= = 120
2!
120 1
= =
Required probability
2520 21
6!
6 (a) = 360
2!
5 4 3 213
(b) Number of odd = numbers = 180
2!
180 1
P(odd number)= =
360 2
7! × 5! 1
7 = =
(a) P(all the men stand next to each other)
11! 66
(b) P(all the women stand next to each other)
6! × 6! 1
= =
11! 77
(c) P(no two women stand next to each other)
W M W M W M WM WMW
6 5 5 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 1
=
11! 462
8 SCANDALOUS has 10 letters including 2 As and 2 Ss
10!
= = 907 200
(a) Total Number of arrangements
2! 2!
Number of arrangements with all vowels together
7! × 4!
= = 15 120
2! 2!
15 120 1
= =
Required probability
907 200 60
(b) Number of arrangements starting and ending with A
2 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 11
= = 20 160
2! × 2!

Unit 2 Answers: Chapter 15 © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

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20 160 1
=
Required probability =
907 200 45
(c) SS AA CN DLOU
Treat the two As as one unit and the two Ss as one unit
Also treat the two As together with the two Ss as one unit
Number of arrangements with As and Ss together = 7! × 2!
7!× 2! 1
= =
Required probability
907 200 90
9! 2
(d) =
Number of arrangements ending with A = 181 440
2! × 2!
9! × 1
Number of arrangements ending with = D = 90 720
2! 2!
Number of arrangements ending with A or D = 181 440 + 90 720 = 272 160
272 160 3
= =
Required probability
907 200 10
9 SSS TTT II AC
10!
Total Number of arrangements = = 50 400
3!3! 2!
(a) Number of arrangements beginning and ending with S
3 8! 2
= = 3360
3!3! 2!
3360 1
= =
Required probability
50 400 15
8!
(b) Number of arrangements with all the Ts together = = 3360
3! 2!
3360 1
= =
Required probability
50 400 15
2 × 9!
(c) Number of arrangements beginning with I =
3! × 3! × 2!
= 10 080
10 080 1
= =
Required probability
50 400 5
10 (a) Total number of arrangements = 3 × 3 × 3 = 27
Number of odd arrangements greater than 300 = 2 × 3 × 3 = 18
18 2
= =
Probability
27 3
(b) Total No. of arrangements with no repetition = 3! = 6
Numbers greater than 300 must start with 3 or 5, an odd number must end in 3 or 5,
therefore the middle number is 2
325
523
2 1
Required probability= =
6 3

Exercise 15C

Unit 2 Answers: Chapter 15 © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

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1 5M 2W 1B

(a) Total number of choices = 8C4 = 70

Number of choices with the boy = 1C1 × 7C3 = 35

35 1
=
Probability that selection includes the boy =
70 2

(b) Number of choices with exactly 3 men = 5C3 × 3C1 = 30

30 3
=
Probability that the selection includes exactly 3 men =
70 7

2 RNDM AO

Number of ways of choosing 3 consonants

P(all three are consonants) =
total number of ways of choosing 3 letters

4
C3 4 1
= 6
= =
C3 20 5

3 TRPZM AEIU
4
C4 1
=
P(all vowels are chosen) =
9
C4 126

(a) Total number of choices = 8C2 = 28

Number of ways of choosing two boys = 4C2 = 6

6 3
=
P(choosing two boys) =
28 14

(b) Number of ways of choosing a boy and a girl = 4C1 × 4C1 = 16

16 4
=
P(choosing a boy and a girl) =
28 7

5 9 boys and 4 girls

or

9 boys, 3 girls and Amanda

Possibilities with at least one girl are 1G 3B, 2G 2B, 3G 1B, 4G

Number of choices with at least one girl and Amanda

Unit 2 Answers: Chapter 15 © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

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= 1C1 9C3 + 1C1 3C1 9C2 + 1C1 3C2 9C1 + 1C1 3C3

= 84 + 108 + 27 + 1

= 220

Total number of ways of choosing 4 people = 13C4 = 715

220 4
=
Required probability =
715 13

6 Number of children chosen = 3

Number of ways of choosing 3 children out of 13 = 13C3 = 286

Since we need more boys than girls, possibilities are 2B 1G, 3B

Number of ways of choosing more boys than girls = 7C2 × 6C1 + 7C3 = 126 + 35 = 161

161
=
Required probability = 0.563
286

2
C1 × 18C10
(a) P(choosing one wicket keeper) = 20
C11

87 516
= = 0.521
167 690
2
C2 18C9 48 620
(b) =
P(choosing the two most experienced players) = = 0.289
20
C11 167 960

5
C4 5 1
(a) =
P(all 4 boys chosen) 8
= =
C4 70 14

3
C35 C1 5 1
(b) =
P(all three girls chosen) 8
= =
C4 70 14

5
C2 × 3C2 30 3
(c) =
P(exactly 2 boys and exactly 2 girls) 8
= =
C4 70 7

Unit 2 Answers: Chapter 15 © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

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5
C3 3C1 + 5C4 35 1
(d) =
P(more boys than girls) 8
= =
C4 70 2

2
C2 1
(a) =
P(all red) =
8
C2 28

3
C15C1 15
(b) P(exactly one green=
ball) =
8
C2 28

2
C2 + 3C2 + 3C2
(c) P(all balls of the same colour) = 8
C2

7 1
= =
28 4

10

3
C3 3C2 4C1 12 1
(a) =
P(3S, 2M, 1D) 10
= =
C5 252 21

4
C4 3C1 3 1
(b) =
P(4D, 1S) 10
= =
C5 252 84

3
C3 4C2 6 1
(c) =
P(3M, 2D) 10
= =
C5 252 42

11

Number to be chosen = 5
4
C4 6C1 6
(a) =
P(4 bowlers and 1 batsman) 13
= = 0.00466
C5 1287

Unit 2 Answers: Chapter 15 © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

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3 10
C3 C2 45
(b) =
P(all 3 all rounders chosen) 13
= = 0.035
C5 1287

3
C110C4 630
(c) =
P(exactly 1 all rounder) 13
= = 0.490
C5 1287

(d) =
P(1 bowler ∪ 1 batsman) P(exactly 1 bowler) + P(exactly 1 batsman)

− P(exactly 1 bowler ∪ exactly 1 batsman)

4
C1 9C4 6 C1 7 C4 4 C1 6C1 3C3
= 13
+ 13 − 13
C5 C5 C5

504 210 24
= + − = 0.536
1287 1287 1287

12

Number to be chosen = 4
5
C4 5 1
(a) =
P(all blue) 11
= =
C4 330 66

(b) Possible combinations are: 1 blue 3 black, 2 blue 2 black, 3 blue 1 black
5
C1 6C3 + 5C2 6C2 + 5C3 6C1
P(at least one of each colour) = 11
C4

100 + 150 + 60 310 31

= = =
330 330 33

(c) P(at least two black | at least one of each colour is drawn)

P(at least two black ∩ at least one of each colour)

=
P(at least one of each colour)

P(at least two black ∩ at least one of each colour)

= P(2 black, 2 blue) + P(3 black, 1 blue)

6
C2 5C2 + 6C3 5C1 150 + 100 25
= 11
= =
C4 330 33

Unit 2 Answers: Chapter 15 © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

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25
25
= 33
Required probability =
31 31
33

13

Number to be chosen = 6
1
C1 12C5 792 6
(a) =
P(VP included) 13
= =
C6 1716 13

8
C5 5C1 280 70
(b) =
P(exactly 5 parents) 13
= =
C6 1716 429

5
C5 8C1 + 5C4 8C2 + 5C3 8C3 + 5C2 8C4
(c) P(4 parents or less) = 13
C6

8 + 140 + 560 + 700 1408 32

= = =
1716 1716 39

14

Number chosen = 2
3
C2 3 1
(a) =
P(both bruised) 12
= =
C2 66 22

3
C1 9C1 + 3C2 30 5
(b) =
P(at least one bruised) 12
= =
C2 66 11

(c) P(two bruised | at least one bruised)

P(two bruised ∩ at least one bruised)

=
p(at least one bruised)

1
22 1
= =
5 10
11

Unit 2 Answers: Chapter 15 © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

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Review Exercise 15
12 11 10 9 90 45
1 P(choosing four apples) = × × × = =
14 13 12 11 182 91
2
C2 18C9 11
2 = =
P(2 most experienced) 20
C11 38
3 P(straight) = 0.55
P(right) = 0.10
P(left) = 0.35
(a) P(all three turn left) = 0.35 × 0.35 × 0.35
= 0.0429
(b) P(all go in different directions)
= P(LRS) + P(LSR) + P(RLS) + P(RSL) + P(SLR) + P(SRL)
= 6(0.35 × 0.10 × 0.55)
= 0.1155
(c) P(two turn right and one turns left) = P(RRL) + P(RLR) + P(LRR)
= (0.1) (0.1) (0.35) × 3
= 0.0105
4 2 black, 1 red, 4 yellow

(a)

1 2 1 4 2 1 4 1
(b)(i) P(one red) = × + × + × + ×
7 6 7 6 7 6 7 6
2 4 2 4
= + + +
42 42 42 42
12 2
= =
42 7
4 3 12 2
(ii) P(two yellow) = × = =
7 6 42 7
(iii) P(one black and one yellow)
2 4 4 2 16 8
= × + × = =
7 6 7 6 42 21
5 P(A) = 0.4

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P(B) = 0.9
P(A ∩ B) = 0.6
(a) P(A) × P(B) = 0.4 × 0.9 = 0.36
P(A ∩ B) = 0.6
Since P(A ∩ B) ≠ P(A) P(B) ⟹ A and B are not independent
(b) P(A ∩ B) = 0.6
Since mutually exclusive events cannot occur together
⇒ A and B are not mutually exclusive
6 (a)

(b) P(Ian does not arrive on time)

= 0.2 × 0.4 + 0.3 × 0.1 + 0.5 × 0.2
= 0.08 + 0.03 + 0.10
= 0.21
7 P(X | Y) = 0.8, P(Y | X) = 0.5, P(X ∩ Y) = 0.24
P( X ∩ Y ) 0.24
(a) P( X= |Y) ⇒= 0.8
P(Y ) P(Y )
0.24
=
P(Y ) = 0.3
0.8
P(Y ∩ X ) 0.24
(b) P(Y | X )= ⇒ 0.5= ⇒ P( X )= 0.48
P( X ) P( X )
P( X ) × P(Y ) = 0.48 × 0.3 = 0.144 ≠ P( X ∩ Y )
∴ X and Y are not independent.
(c) P(X ∩ Y ′)
= P(X) − P(X ∩ Y)
= 0.48 − 0.24
= 0.24
8 (a) Positive difference between scores on two dice
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 0 1 2 3 4 5
2 1 0 1 2 3 4
3 2 1 0 1 2 3
4 3 2 1 0 1 2
5 4 3 2 1 0 1

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6 5 4 3 2 1 0

6 1
P( X=
) =
36 6

(b) Product of the scores on two dice

1 2 3 4 5 6

1 1 2 3 4 5 6

2 2 4 6 8 10 12

3 3 6 9 12 15 18

4 4 8 12 16 20 24

5 5 10 15 20 25 30

6 6 12 18 24 30 36

17
P(Y ) =
36
2 1
(c) P( X ∩ Y ) = =
36 18
Since P(X ∩ Y) ≠ 0 ⇒ X and Y are not mutually exclusive
1 1
9 P(C=) , P(C ∩ D=)
9 24
(a) Since C and D are independent
P(C ∩ D) = P(C) × P(D)
1 1
= P( D)
24 9
9 3
P( D= ) =
24 8
(b) P(C ∪ D)= P(C ) + P( D) − P(C ∩ D)
1 3 1
= + −
9 8 24
4
=
9
1 1
10 =P( X ) = , P(Y )
3 6
(a) P( X ∩ Y ) = 0, since X and Y are mutually exclusive
1 1 3 1
(b) P( X ∪ Y ) =P( X ) + P(Y ) − P( X ∩ Y ) = + − 0 = =
3 6 6 2
1
(c) P(Y ∩ X ′)= P(Y ) − P( X ∩ Y )=
6
11 P(A) = 0.6

P(A ∪ B) = 0.8

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P(A ∩ B) = 0.3
(a) P(A ∪ B) = P(A) + P(B) − P(A ∩ B)
0.8 = 0.6 + P(B) − 0.3
P( B) = 0.5
(b) P( B′ ∩ A)= P( A) − P( A ∩ B)
= 0.6 − 0.3 = 0.3
(c) P( A′ ∩ B′) = P( A ∪ B)′
= 1 − 0.8 = 0.2
95 19
12 (a) (i) P(smoker)= =
400 80
(ii) P(UTT graduate or smoker)
= P(UTT graduate) + P(smoker) − P(UTT graduate ∩ smoker)
155 95 25 9
= + − =
400 400 400 16
95
(b) P(smoker) =
400
155
P(UTT graduate) =
400
25 1
P(smoker ∩ UTT graduate) = =
400 16
95 155 589 1
P(smoker) × P(UTT graduate) = × = ≠
400 400 6400 16
⇒ Events are not independent
Events are not mutually exclusive since P(UTT graduate ∩ smoker) ≠ 0
13 TT W I H O U
7!
(a) Total number of four letter codes= = 2520
2!
Number of codes without the Ts = 5 × 4 × 3× 2 = 120
120 1
P(neither of the=Ts) =
2520 21
4!
(b) Number of codes with both Ts =× 1 5 C2 × = 120
2!
120 1
P(code has both= Ts) =
2520 21
14

Number to be chosen = 4
8
C4 70
= 14=
(a) P(four boys) = 0.0699
C4 1001
8
C2 6C2 420
(b) =
P(two boys and two girls)14
= = 0.4196
C2 1001
(c) P(more boys than girls) = P(four boys) + P(three boys and one girl)
8
C4 + 8C3 6C1 70 + 336
= 14
= = 0.4056
C4 1001
15 CCNLDOUE

Unit 2 Answers: Chapter 15 © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

 Page 19 of 20

8!
(a) Number of ways of arranging all letters without restrictions=
= 20 160
2!
4! × 5!
= = 1440
Number of arrangements with all consonants together
2!
1440 1
= =
Required probability
20 160 14
(b) Number of arrangements beginning with a consonant and ending with a vowel
5 6! 3
= = 5400
2!
5400 15
= =
Required probability
20 160 56
(c) Number of arrangements with all vowels together
6! × 3!
= = 2160
2!
2160 3
= =
Required probability .
20160 28
7!
16 (a) = = 1260
Total number of arrangements
2! 2!
Number of arrangements beginning and ending with a 7
2 5! 1
= = 60
2! 2!
60 1
= =
Required probability
1260 21
6! 4
(b) Number of odd = numbers = 720
2! 2!
720 4
= =
P(odd arrangement)
1260 7
(c) P(starts and ends with 7 | odd no)
P(starts and ends with 7 ∩ odd)
=
P(odd)
1
1
= 21=
4 12
7
17

4
C2 6 3
(a) =
P(both bruised) 20
= =
C2 190 95
C1 3C1 + 3C2 39
12
(b) P(both red and at least=
one bruised) = 20
C2 190
(c) P(at least one bruised | both red)

Unit 2 Answers: Chapter 15 © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

 Page 20 of 20

P(at least one bruised ∩ both red)

=
P(both red)
3
C2
20 3
C2 C2 3 1
= 15
= 15
= =
C2 C2 105 35
20
C2

Unit 2 Answers: Chapter 15 © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013