2017 4th International Conference on Signal Processing, Communications and Networking (ICSCN -2017), March 16 – 18, 2017, Chennai,
INDIA
ABNORMALITIES DETECTION IN KIDNEY
USING MULTITHREADING TECHNOLOGY
M.Edhayadharshini1& V. Bhanumathi2,
1
PG Scholar, 2Assistant Professor,
Department of ECE, Anna University Regional Campus, Coimbatore,
Tamilnadu, India.
1
edhayasmvec@gmail.com2vbhanu_02@yahoo.com
ABSTRACT - Kidney disease is one of the life threatening
diseases prevailing among the humans. Most of the people
die because of kidney diseases. It occurs due to the change
which is occurring in the production of DNA cells (cancer),
protein deficiency (nephritis) etc.,In this paper, an
automatic detection of the kidney diseases from CT
abdominal images is proposed. First, the CT abdominal
images are acquired and Region of Interestsegmentation is
performed for the kidney components, then the segmented
image is preprocessed using color phase lab model which
intends to remove the irrelevant noises and distinct the
colors presented in image. The preprocessed image is
further used for obtaining the infected region using Fuzzy
C-Means clustering model. Feature selection of the
segmented image is done by Gabor and PHOG features.
With the use of Random Forest classifier, the segmented
image is classified as abnormal and normal classes. A
confusion matrix is estimated for analyzing the rate of
prediction of the images to its relevant classes.
Performance metrics such as True positive rate are
estimated.
KEYWORDS:ROI; Color Phase Model; Fuzzy C Means;
Random Forest.
I. INTRODUCTION
Renal plays an important organ in human body which is
used to regulate the acid base concentration According to the
survey conducted kidney diseases is a public health problem
and it is estimated thatmajor people are affected by kidney
diseases due to the life style and almost 2 million people
require renal dialysis. Kidney consists of complex structure in
its inner region because of its anatomical structure. In Kidney
the first layer, the outer cover was renal cortex which is a thin
layer which covers an outer portion, and the next region is an
column which consists of nerves present over there and
different intensities was belonging to first two layers and next
layer was renal medulla were it is most complex region in the
kidney because it consists many minute nerves present in that
region [1] thus it is difficult to segment the region in the CT
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image. The CT image was less contrast enhanced in order to
segment the CT image the image need to be enhanced and
then the renal pelvis region which is present is the most inner
layer which connects to the other regions in the human body.
The kidney was surrounded by many organs and the CT image
which consists of an abdominal portion in order to localize a
kidney region the surrounded region consists of unclear
portion. Kidney main function is to maintain the whole
process and regulates the process which is essential. Kidney
which disposes the wastes present in the human body through
creatinine layer andthis waste was disposed through urine,
maintains healthy body [1].
According to the study of Renal disease, physiology
study were conducted which is about the study of kidney
functions and Nephrology is the specialties study about
abnormalities of kidney and provide solution for the disease.
Kidney consists of various diseases such as kidney cysts,
kidney tumor, acute kidney syndromes, nephritic syndromes,
urinary tract infection, urinary tract obstruction and some
other diseases are spreading widely. The glomerular filtration
is used to measure the rate of kidney functioning and provide
the solution for treatment options and also for kidney
transplantation. According to the survey conducted by the
National institute the diagnosed kidney diseases is about
millions of peoples were affected. And the death rate
increased in renal disease may be due to food product and way
of changing in culture the diseases spreading more. Thus the
prevention of the kidney disease is easier if it detected early
[1&2]. It has a symptoms of pain in abdominal only for
normal person, but for sugar patients it is a silent killer, thus
the symptoms and severity predominantly increases with time.
Thus by detecting the abnormalities present in the kidney and
to avoid a loss of life. Hence the CT images was used to detect
the abnormalities present in kidney by enhancing the image
and removing its noise present in image and segmenting the
image using an algorithm and extracting its features using a
classifier and by combining its features and identifying the
normal kidney and abnormal kidney of the patients by this
automatic segmentation can save a loss of life.
2017 4th International Conference on Signal Processing, Communications and Networking (ICSCN -2017), March 16 – 18, 2017, Chennai, INDIA
II. LITERATURE REVIEW
In this several papers related to kidney abnormalities
identification from various abnormalities of kidney also other
organs in CT scan image are review. Various papers regarding
kidney abnormalities detection using diverse segmentation and
classification are discussed in the following section.
Graph cuts framework for kidney segmentaion which
is a technique provides an information about the size and
structure of about the object and provides also it provides an
optimal information and its energy function inorder to give an
optimal solution which intergrate regions and boundary
properties. And segmentation of cysts in kidney and 3-D
calculation from CT image which consists of two steps which
is kidney segmentation and cysts segmentation [3]. For kidney
segmentation using graph cut method and for cysts
segmentation, cysts regions are segmented from the kidney
regions also for retinal segmentationusing FCM clustering.
Then volume calculation, cysts area in each CT slice equals to
the number of pixels is multiplied by spatial density of CT
slice image, and then the volume of cysts area and thickness is
calculated [3 & 9].
In computer Aided Kidney segmentation it contains
kidney CT image with abdominal portion and it uses coarse to
fine segmentation method first it identifies the geomentrical
location of kidney for this various size of images can be used.
Thus it identifies the geometrical location of spine through its
structure it identifies the kidney location it is implemented in
different views using a visual tool it display the location of
kidney it done in both automatic and manual segmentation [8].
III. ABNORMALITIES DETECTION IN KIDNEY
CT IMAGE
Renal diseases are diagnosed by various methods
using manual and automatic detection techniques.
Nephrologist generally performs manual methods. Automatic
diagnosis method involves various image processing and
classification techniques.
A. Manual Renal Abnormalities Detection Techniques:
There are several causes of kidney disease, but the
root causes of kidney disease diagnosing can help to get the
right treatment and preserve the kidney. Diabetics is the major
cause of kidney disease responsible for approximately 44% of
kidney failure thus, urinalysis, dialysis, ultrasound scanning,
Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) etc.
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B. Automatic Renal Abnormalities Detection:
The kidney automatic segmentation is process is
carried over two process namely first to localize the image
region and next is to segmentation of localized kidney image
which is from the abdominal portion. The process which carry
preprocessing of an image in order to enhance the image and
then region of interest is followed to localization of image in
the abdominal portion for this Generalized Hough Transform
(GHT) isused to localize an image. And for the classification
of image Random Forest classification is used in order to
extract the features of image to provide an exact solution using
Multithreading Technology [1&7]. The CT image which less
contrast enhanced thus it takes more time during manual
detection of abnormalities. So there is a need for automatic
diagnosis and classification of various kidney diseases for
patients Hence in the proposed method abnormalities of the
kidney is detected and the normal kidney through
segmentation and by extracting its features using Fuzzy C
means and Random Forest (RF) classifier. The proposed
system is shown in Figure 1 and the blocks for the automatic
renal classification is as follows,
Image Pre Processing Segmentation
Acquisition
Classification Feature Extraction
Fig.1 Detection of abnormalities in CT Kidney Image
a). Image Acquisition :
For image processing the first step is to provide the
dataset which is providing an input image to process and can
get a high quality renal CT image which is required in order to
find the abnormalities in the organ and for diagnostic purpose
and then further clarification about kidney disease was
verified by the experts. Ground truth is used to find the
information about image and generalized algorithm is used to
provide an accurate result. And difficulties is achieved due to
patient information is protected which privacy is applied its
difficult to compare an image between patients.Thus while
comparing the process it gets reversed and it takes more time
to process a result. The accuracy of an algorithm basically
depends on the number of images with which the algorithm is
tested. Only if we have diverse image with various
abnormalities, the algorithm could be efficient.
2017 4th International Conference on Signal Processing, Communications and Networking (ICSCN -2017), March 16 – 18, 2017, Chennai, INDIA

b). Pre-Processing: array of the image was reshaped and finally the image was
segmented.
The objective of the preprocessing phase is to apply
possible image enhancement techniques to obtain the required 5 = 4 − ᵑ( 4) ( ) (2)
visual quality of the CT abdominal image. In order the
enhanced image filtering process is followed to remove the
noise and the conversion of image from rgb to grey scale or = 4( 1 − 7) (3)
from lab color conversion is followed in order to make easier Using eqn (2 & 3), the grey level of the image
the process for further classification some of the preprocessing selected in particular portion was obtained using the above
steps are, equation and it compare the original and reconstructed signal
x Color Conversion of the image. Thus the abnormalities from the CT image were
x Enhancing Image extracted.
x Filtering V. FEATURE EXTRACTION
x Mathematical operations
Feature extraction is the information about the object
and through its feature it extract the patterns of the image also
c). ROI Extraction accuracy depends on the features extraction value. The grade
of the disease is identified based on the features. Here the
In this left side and right side kidney is segmented features used were PHOG feature, Gabor Feature. The
and cropped using ROI extraction method. In medical following features are extracted in the proposed method.
imaging, for measuring the size of the required portion the
boundaries of the affected region was extracted in an image A. PHOG Features:
[7]. The HOG is a histogram of oriented gradients is used
in image processing for its feature description. This technique
Gaussia Boundary Binary ROI Extraction is used to localize the gradient orientation of the certain
n Filter Extractio Image Extraction portion of extracted image. And in this canny edge detection
method is used to detect an edge of the image. The image
consists of cells and within cells pixel is present and this
Fig.2 ROI Extraction of CT Kidney Image features are scale invariant which is similar to the method for
boundary extraction and by calculating its larger region in the
In Fig.2 which represents about the process takes
image by measuring its intensity, thus the histogram value
place in region extraction. After the region was extracted the
was calculated within the cell present in the image of the
particular portion of image was extracted and that region
extracted portion.
segmentation process was take place and its feature was
extracted. Table.1 Features Comparison of CT images
ABNORMAL KIDNEY FEATURES

IV. IMAGE SEGMENTATION BASED ON FCM LEFT SIDE RIGHT SIDE

FEATURES
KIDNEY KIDNEY
Fuzzy approach provides a mechanism to represent
SD 0.3048 0.3049
and manipulate accuracy and ambiguity, and allow pixel to PHOG
belong to multiple classes with the varying degree of Variance 0.1000 0.1000
membership. Features with a high similarity are quantified in Square Energy 1.000 1.000
terms of the distance of the feature vector to the cluster center. Gabor
Mean Amplitude 0.1463 0.1360
With an membership value and the input data the Euclidean
distance is measured. The objective functions is given by, NORMAL KIDNEY FEATURES

= (tan( ) + ) ∗ 180 / (1) SD 0.3046 0.3036

2 PHOG
Variance 0.1000 0.1000
Where x is the given image after extracting the region
of interest through localization of image then its boundary was Square Energy 1.0000 1.000
extracted [4]. And in fuzzy C means clustering seven classes Gabor
were used and in each class pixels were represented and the MeanAmplitude 0.1359 0.1355

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2017 4th International Conference on Signal Processing, Communications and Networking (ICSCN -2017), March 16 – 18, 2017, Chennai, INDIA
By using the measured values the block can be normalized and
also it is used for filtering purpose for the color and intensity
with kernel filter [-1 0 1] and [-1 0 1]T. Using this PHOG
following features are extracted shown in Table.1. They are,
x Mean
x Amplitude
B. Gabor Features:
It is proposed for the edge detection as a linear filter.
The orientation representation of the Gabor filter and its
frequency representation are also similar. And this has been
used to represent the discrimination and its renal texture is
similar to human vision. Its Gaussian response represents
impulse response. The orthogonal direction was represented
by the complex numbers which is real and imaginary
components. It is represented as,
g(x,y,λ,θ,ψ,σ,ϒ) = eᴧ(-x2+ϒ2y2/2σ2)eᴧ(i(2π(x/λ)+ψ))
Where,
x1 = xcosθ +ysinθ and
y1 = -xcosθ+ysinθ
Where the sinusoidal factor is represented by λ, θ
represents the orientation of a Gabor function, ψ is the phase
region in the image, σ is the standard deviation in order to
extract the features andϒ is the aspect ratio of the given
portion and specifies the ellipticity of theGabor function.
Using Gabor features are extracted they are,
x Gabor square energy
x Gabor mean amplitude
x Standard Deviation
x Variance
C. Feature Reduction Using PCA:
Excessive features which tend to occupy more
memory and its time is also increased. Furthermore, they make
the renal classificationprocess to be more complex, which can
also state as curse of dimensionality.PCA(Principal
Component Analysis) which reduce the feature value in order
to reduce the memory consumption and to produce accurate
results while extracting the features by reducing its complexity
and to more efficient the data sets were reduced.
Table.2 Comparison of Quantitative Output
METHODS
MEAN SD
Conventional 3D AAM 12.43 8.32
Watershed Segmentation 5.07 2.14
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Multithreading Process 1 0.3056
VI. RANDOM FOREST CLASSIFICATION
The classification process is done over the segmented
images. The main novelty here is the adoption of random
forest (RF).RF is applied over the segmented images and the
classification is done, here the construction is based on the tree
mapping technique were root tree and ground tree was taken
by this individual tree values were constructed. If the CT
images consist of number of cases is a training sets, and there
are N number of sample cases which is the replacement from
the original datasets at random [10]. For growing tree this
samples is used as the training datasets. If there are M input
variables in the data, a number m<<M is specified such that at
each node which is chosen random. The value of m in the
training set of N samples which is chosen random is constant
during the classification of each portion [10 & 6].
(4)
Xr=Xs + (sin (α) x cos (β)) (5)
Yr= Ys+ (sin (α) x cos (β)) (6)
Zr= Zs + cos (β) (7)
Here the array values for Xr, Yr, Zrvalues are
constructed and random trees training set was constructed
based on size chosen randomly and its histogram values are
evaluated and α,β are angles to determine the center of gravity
is represented ineqn(5,6,7). For each slice the center of gravity
and its outer layer thickness was determined.
A. Analysis Based On Random Forest Performance:
In Random Forest analysis the performance values
are compared by comparing the values the result was detected.
The characteristics such as accuracy, specificity, sensitivity
values are analyzed using Random Forest classifier. For this
diagnosis separate set of medical images were used that is
normal set of images and affected person images and its
performance values shown in Table.3 and its features
represented in Table.4&5.
TP +TN
Accuracy=TP +FP +TN +FN %
TP
Sensitivity = %
TP +FN
TN
Specificity = TN +FP %
Table.3The Performance Analysis of RF Classifier
CLASSIFIER RF
Sensitivity 97.35%
Specificity 94.85%
2017 4th International Conference on Signal Processing, Communications and Networking (ICSCN -2017), March 16 – 18, 2017, Chennai, INDIA

Accuracy 93.65% Amplitude=0.1359

Precision 98.13%

RF

Table.5 Abnormal Kidney Features Extraction

BLOCK RESULT FEATURES

Right Side Kidney
Input Image 1). PHOG:

SD = 0.3049
Variance=0.1000

2). Gabor Feature:

Square Energy=1.000
Preprocessing Mean
Amplitude=0.1360

Left Side Kidney

Fig.3 Performance Evaluation of RF
1). PHOG:
The trained algorithm using 28 images were used for
testing. Out of which 6 images were normal image and SD = 0.3048
remaining 22 images are abnormal images. From the table the FCM Variance = 0.1000
performance evaluation of RF classifier was listed in Fig 3.
2). Gabor Feature:
Table.4 Normal Kidney Features Extraction
Square Energy=1.000
BLOCK RESULT FEATURES Mean
Amplitude=0.1463
Right Side Kidney:
RF
1).PHOG

Input Image SD= 0.3036

Variance= 0.1000

2). Gabor Features:

Square Energy= 1.000

Mean Amplitude=
0.1355
Pre Processing VII. CONCLUSION
Left Side Kidney:
Kidney region detection and classification,
1). PHOG
forabnormalities detection in CT image has been successfully
SD= 0.3046 implemented using Multi-Threading technology was
Variance= 0.1000 developed to detect the affected and normal kidney from low
contrast CT images obtained from different renal patients. It is
2). Gabor Features:
FCM intended to help the neurologist for diagnosing the kidney
Square Energy=1.000 damaged in an earlier stage through faster and easier means.
Mean The performance of the system is performed using various
techniques to define and identify kidney diseases is Multi-

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2017 4th International Conference on Signal Processing, Communications and Networking (ICSCN -2017), March 16 – 18, 2017, Chennai, INDIA

Threading Technology is implemented ina RF classifier. It is

very effective, since it shows mean value and standard
deviation for the existing and proposed methods. The
proposed method has higher performance than the other
existing techniques. The classifier shows two classifications,
NORMAL and an ABNORMALkidney which can be used for
solving medical problems with accurate values.

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