Bushing Monitoring Principle

Knowledge Is Power SM
Apparatus Maintenance and Power Management

for Energy Delivery
Intelligent Diagnostic Device (IDD)

for Energy Delivery
IDD
INTELLIGENT DIAGNOSTIC DEVICE
for Energy Delivery
IDD
For Bushings
Tap Current Measurement - Online
Bushings are monitored from the

test tap in sets of three.
A
. B
C . C
.
1
IA C
.
1
IB C
.
1
C 2 IC
C IDD
I
2

C 2
A Bushing Sensor is used to take

the current measurement.
Three Bushing Sensors are used for

each bushing set.
The three phases produce three tap

currents, all with similar magnitudes and
120º from the other two.
IA
IB
IC
Reference Phase
There isn't a reference voltage available,

as with off-line testing. Instead, the
center phase is used as a reference.
IA Reference Phase
IB
IC
Reference Phase
 Phase A is approximately 120º from the reference.

 Phase C is approximately 240º from the reference.
0º Reference Phase
IA
120º Φ γ
IB
IC
240º
Current and Capacitance
Voltage
 Xc  Reactance
Current
1
Xc  f  Frequency
2fC
C  Capacitance
Current and Capacitance
Voltage 1

Current 2fC
As the Bushing Tap Current Increases h

Capacitance Increases h
Changes in Capacitance
Changes in Capacitance are manifested as

a change in Tap Current magnitude with
respect to the other two vectors.
IA
IB
IC
Changes in Capacitance
For example, the change below indicates

a Phase A Capacitance increase.
IA
IB
IC
Changes in Power Factor
Changes in Power Factor are manifested

as a change in vector direction with
respect to the other two vectors.
IA
Φ
IB
IC
The Power Factor change shown below

is in Phase A.
IA
Φ
IB
IC
The change shown below is in Phase C.
IA
IB
IC
i
A decrease in the Phase A or C
Bushing Tap Current Angle
indicates an increase h in Power
Factor in Phase A or C.
For example, the change below

indicates a Phase A Power Factor
increase.
IA
Φ
IB
IC
How is a change in Power Factor of the

Reference Bushing determined?
Remember, the Reference Bushing is
always 0o.
IA
IB
IC
An increase h in the Phase A and C

Bushing Tap Current Angles
indicates an increase h in Power
Factor in Phase B
For example, the change below indicates

that the Phase A and Phase C angles are
increasing in the same direction.
IA
Φ γ
IB
IC
What this really means is that Phase A and

C are stationary, but that the Phase B angle
decreased.
IA
IB
IC
The Reference Bushing (Phase B) is

always considered to be 0o.
IA
Reference Phase
IB
IC
The Phase A and C angles have only appeared

to increase. The decrease in Phase B has
created that effect.
IA
Φ γ
IB
IC
The angle change described below would

indicate a Power Factor increase in Phase B.
IA
IB
IC
Off-Line/On-Line Comparison
Off-Line Monitoring takes absolute measurements

 An applied voltage is used as a reference and
synchronized with the current measurement
On-Line Monitoring takes relative measurements

 A reference phase is used in order to
calculate Power Factor and Capacitance
 There is an evaluation of the relationship
between real and reactive components
 There are three trend cycles used to evaluate
the data:
 Daily (24 Hrs),
 Weekly (168 Hrs)
 Monthly (672 Hrs)
for Energy Delivery
IDD
General Overview
Current IDD Offering
One IDD can support :
 Standard IDD:
 Six Bushings (2 Bushing sets)
 IDD with Bushing Expansion Card Option Installed:
 Twelve Bushings (4 Bushing Sets)
(Second Data Acquisition Card required for Sets 3
and 4)
Recommended IDD Installation
Doble recommends that one IDD be installed per apparatus
“Apparatus” as defined as:

 One three phase transformer (or circuit breaker)
 A bank of three single phase transformers (or circuit breakers)
Voltage across
different apparatus
during faults may
damage the IDD
IDD System Connections
IDD Local Access
• Connection via RS-232.

• For configuration of the
IDD.
• For retrieving,
Laptop
acknowledging and
resetting Alerts
• Viewing data and features
• Access via a PC using a
standard web browser like
Internet Explorer or
Netscape. No special
software application is
required.

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Knowledge Is Power SM

Apparatus Maintenance and Power Management

Intelligent Diagnostic Device (IDD)

Bushings are monitored from the

A Bushing Sensor is used to take

Three Bushing Sensors are used for

The three phases produce three tap

There isn't a reference voltage available,

 Phase A is approximately 120º from the reference.

As the Bushing Tap Current Increases h

Changes in Capacitance are manifested as

For example, the change below indicates

Changes in Power Factor are manifested

The Power Factor change shown below

The change shown below is in Phase C.

For example, the change below

How is a change in Power Factor of the

An increase h in the Phase A and C

For example, the change below indicates

What this really means is that Phase A and

The Reference Bushing (Phase B) is

The Phase A and C angles have only appeared

The angle change described below would

Off-Line Monitoring takes absolute measurements

On-Line Monitoring takes relative measurements

One IDD can support :

Doble recommends that one IDD be installed per apparatus

“Apparatus” as defined as:

• Connection via RS-232.

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