1A.

The 4 anatomical features are as follow:

- The convex surface of 1 bone articulates with the concave surface of the
other bone
- It is a uniaxial joint
- It allows flexion and extension around a transverse axis
- Strengthened with strong collateral ligaments to prevent side to side
movement
- It is a type of a synovial joint

1B. The 2 examples are:

- Elbow Joint
- Interphalangeal Joints

Movements permitted are flexion and extension around a transverse axis in

both cases

3A. The development is as follows:

- The primordium of the Intra-embryonic coelom appears and isolated

coelomic spaces in the lateral plate mesoderm and the cardiogenic area.
- These spaces will soon coalesce and form a single horse-shoe shaped cavity
called the Intraembryonic coelom, which divides the lateral mesoderm in to
2 layers:
 Somatic or Parietal Layer of the Lateral Plate Mesoderm
 Splanchnic or Visceral Layers of Lateral Plate Mesoderm
- During the 4th week, it is divided in to 3 well-defined cavities:
 Pericardial Cavity
 2 Pericardioperitoneal Canals
 Peritoneal Cavity
3B. The remnant of the primitive streak is the Sacrocoggyeal Teratoma

The remnant of the notochord is a CHORDOMA

4. Klienfelter Syndrome

- It is due to the non-disjunction of the X chromosome

- Other features include

 Sterility
 Testicular Atrophy
 Hyalinization of the seminiferous tubules
 Gynaeocomastia

6A. Superior Radioulnar Joint

- It is a pivot type of joint.

- The articulating bones include the head of the radius articulating with the
radial notch of the ulna.
- Ligament is the annular ligament of the radius, which attaches to the
anterior and posterior to its radial notch, surrounding the articular surfaces
and forming a collar that with the radial notch creates a ring that
completely encircles the head of the radius.

6B. The cause of the sublaxation:

- The sudden pulling of the upper limb tears the distal part of the annular
ligament, where it is loosely attached to the neck of the radius.
- The radius thus moves distally, out of the socket formed by the annular
ligament.
- The proximal part of the torn ligament may be trapped between the head
of the radius and the capitulum of the humerus.
 The associated pain:

- The source of the pain is the PINCHED ANNULAR LIGAMENT.

7A. It is narrow canal in the middle 1/3rd of the thigh.

- Extends from the apex of the femoral triangle to the adductor hiatus

7B. It provides an intermuscular passeway for the:

 Femoral Artery
 Femoral Vein
 Saphenous Nerve
 Nerves to Vastus Medialis
- It is bounded by the:
 Sartorius Medially
 Vastus Medialis Anteriorly and Laterally
 Adductor Longus and Adductor Magnus Posteriorly
- In the inferior 1/3rd of the canal, a tough subsartorial fascia spans between
the Adductor Longus and Vastus Medialis, forming the anterior wall of the
canal deep to the Sartorius

8A. Calcaneum, Cuboid, Lateral 2 Metatarsals

8B.

9B. Passive Factors

- Shape of the united bones

- 4 successive layers of fibrous tissue that bowstring the longitudinal arch:

1. Plantar Aponeurosis

2. Long Plantar Ligament

 3. Short Plantar Ligament

4. Spring Ligament

Dynamic Support
- Active (reflexive) bracing of the intrinsic muscles

- Active and tonic contraction of muscles with long tendons extending in to

the foot:

1. FHL and FDL for the longitudinal arch

2. FL and TP for the transverse arch

9A. Course

- It is the largest vein of the heart. It runs in the posterior coronary sulcus
from left to right, and finally drains in the posterior wall of the right atrium.

Tributaries
- Great Cardiac Vein: Enters the Coronary sinus from its left side.
- Middle Cardiac Vein: Enters the Coronary sinus from its right side.
- Small Cardiac Vein: Enters the Coronary sinus from its right side.
- Oblique vein of the Left Atrium: Descends over the posterior wall of the left
atrium. Terminates in the left end of the coronary sinus
- Posterior Vein of the Left Ventricle
- Right Marginal Vein (It may also sometimes drain in to the small cardiac
vein)
- Left Marginal Vein

9B. - Saphenous Vein

- Internal Thoracic Artery

- Radial Artery