Cementation of wells

Introduction:

Well Cementation is the process by which is pumped a cement grout is

transformed in a process of fuel supply, as well as in order to obtain a good
adhesion between phases of cement formation and maintenance of effective
seal. Isolate the areas to prevent the movement of fluids through the annular
space and prevent contamination of productive areas, and differentiate the
production of the different production areas

It is a process that consists in mixing surface dry cement + water; By means of

special mechanical equipment and methods

Objective of cementing

 excluded the waters of the productive formations

 protect the lining of external pressure
 seal non-productive areas protect the pipe from the effects of corrosion,
 avoid the migration of fluid between different zones
 control lost circulation
 seal unwanted areas of fluid

theoretical framework

Cement

Is called a hydraulic Binder cement that mixed with stone aggregates (washed,
sand, etc.) and water creates a mixture, malleable and plastic that forge and
hardens when reacting with water, acquiring stony consistency, forming the so-
called concrete or concrete

Cementation of wells
Ensure post cementation zone, not just insulation, but also in the course of the
production life of the wells

Types of cement

There are several different types of cement, by its composition, due to its
properties of strength and durability, and therefore their different uses, but you
can set two types of basic cements:

Clay source : Obtained from clay and limestone in proportion 1 to 4 approximately

Pozzolanic source: cement-pozzolan can be origenico or volcanic

Classification of cements according to its degree API

Cements have certain physical and chemical characteristics based on the use
which may be made, in terms of range of depth, pressures and temperatures to
withstand

The API defines 9 different kinds of cement depending on the proportion of the 4
fundamental chemical components (C3, C2S, C3A and C4AF) being: C = calcium
S = silicate A = aluminium F = fluoride

Class A:
Generally used for Wells from surface until 6000´, when special properties are
not required: the reaction water / cement recommended is 5.2 gal / sxs

Class B:

Well from surface until 6000´, when there are conditions moderate to high sulfate
resistance

The recommended water/cement ratio is 5.2 gal/sxs

Class C:

Well from surface until 6000´, when conditions of high stress are required

The recommended water/cement ratio is 6.3 gal/sxs

Class D:

Well from 6000´ to 10 000´ for moderate conditions of pressure and temperature

It is available for high moderate efforts, the recommended water/cement ratio is

4.3 gal/sxs

Class E:

Well from 10, up to 14 000´, 000´, for high temperature and pressure pipes

The water/cement ratio, recommended is 4.3 gal/sxs

Class F:
Well from 10, 000´ up to 16, 000´, for extreme pressure and temperature
conditions, is available for moderate to high efforts

The preferred water/cement ratio is 4.3 gal/sxs

Class G and H:

For Wells from the surface up to 8000´ or they can be used with accelerators or
retarders to meet a wide variety of ranges of temperature and pressure, the
recommended water/cement ratio is 5 gal/sxs

The most common cement used is G

design of cementation:

cementing program should be designed to obtain a good primary cementing, the

work must isolate and prevent communication between cemented formations and
open pit and the shallow formations behind the revestidor should be considered
not fracturing around the pad driver or the string of surface during the subsequent
drilling operations or when the other strings of coating are run

Types of cementing

in the drilling operation are carried out at least two cementaciones, however, in
the entire history of an oil well can be many operations of cementation can be
performed among them we have:
  Cementaciones of all the annular space between the pit and pipe coating
when these are relatively short (surface coating)
 Cementation of the annular space, only in a lower section (intermediate
and production of coating)
 Cementation of relatively deep well annular space intervals (cementation
by stages)
 Cementation in well-defined areas to exclude water, gas production or to
abandonment (forced cementation)
 Cementation to form bridges from blocking certain intervals

Primary cementing

of casing Cementation is known with the name of primary cementing, and it can
be superficial, intermediate or exploitation, operations are more important, as a
poor cementing can be costly in the productive life of the well, which can cause
a crack on the cement ring during a stimulation treatment, fracture treatment or
some other operations where high pressures are managed and can give as a
result a non-commercial or non-productive well. To avoid further problems, it is
important to plan the primary cementing with much anticipation to the introduction
of the pipe. The programming and design of the cementaciones, has never been
as relevant from the point of view of security, as it is today, by insisting on the
ecological and economic protections through the application of improved
technology

The primary cementing is sufficient pressure, so that the cement mixture pumped
by the inside of the pipe coating is displaced via hotshoe which carries the lower
end of the string and be placed on the right without the greatest place possible
inconvenience
Considerations in primary cementaciones;

 Treat the possible learn about the geology of the area traversed, as
minimum must understand the types of formations
 Determine the pressure of fracture in the bottom of the hole to select the
maximum grouting and pumping Cup maximum density
 Learn to determine the type of mud used for drilling, as well as its density
and rheological properties
 Clearly establish the height of the column of cement
 Handle with precision static and working temperature of the Fund
 Verify the existing special conditions which could influence the process of
cementation
 Estimate the time of pumping in factor of safety and the flow regime
 Select the initial design of the grout for laboratory testing
 To the extent of the possible design with the maximum permissible density
by training
 Strictly control filtering, free water, thickening time, the density of the
grout, the

The composition of cement must be selected so that get an adequate and

appropriate strength for operations, since a good cementing prevents cracks or
other flaws in the pipeline, such as
detachment of the same in the first sections, and can be caused by rotation
transmitted to the pipe, as it lowers cement, coupling and the shoe

The following figure describes a series of factors that contribute to the failure of
a primary cementing:; They are points where special attention must be and that
the operation be performed successfully

Cause of the failure of a primary cementing:

incomplete mixing of cement;

 mechanical failures
 the bulk system failures
 number of incorrect water

setting fast or slow the Centre

 mixing contaminated water

 too much or too little water mixture
 bottom temperature appreciated incorrectly
 improper pumping rate
 mechanical failure

the slurry pipeline

 poor centralization of the revestidor;

 still revestidor during cementation;
 not be under spacer;
 poor mud circulation;
 not be under the cap bottom;
Recommendations for the primary cementing

A cementing operation, requires especially pay attention to the following aspects

 Calculation of maximum density allowable the grout to prevent fractures

formations (the density of cement must be greater when)
 Determine the temperature of the background well from geophysical
records or any of the tools in the background
 Desena grout, according to the type of operation and well conditions
 Good mixing of the materials in the plant
 It separates a sample of 2-3 kg cement, in which need to be identified with
permanent marker and keep for later analysis in case of failure
 Inspect caps cleaners and displacement before placing them, verifying
the order of location at the head of cementation
 Controlling the density of grout, with pressurized scale
 register the density with radioactive device and continuous graphics
 Graphing the operating parameters; time density, travel costs, pressure on
the head of the well, the volume of pumped fluids, weight of the string
 unlock the surface pressure at the end of the cementing, to avoid
contraction of the pipe to discharge the pressure after setting the cement
and lead to the formation of micro annulments. This practice should be
avoided when when not operating the flotation equipment, leaving the well
re - pressed with differential pressure

Secondary cementation

 are those that are carried out, in order to repair or correct defective
primary bone cementations or problems that arise in the well throughout
his productive life
 It is the process of forcing in the grout in the well, which is done primarily
on repairs / overhauls or well completion tasks;
  Bone cement plugs cementations
 bone forced Cementations

bone cement plugs Cementations

 consists of placing a cement mixture, covering all the sectional area of the
pit or the revestidor the depth of interest
 to leave a well
 to divert the well and put a deflection tool
 to abandon areas or lower non-producing formations or produce superior
formations
 make a forcing of cement in order to correct a loss of circulation or seal
holes in the coater

Cement plugs are usually placed bare holes and drill pipe is used to place the
cement in the required site

given that the pit, is full of drilling and completion fluid is always required that you
water over mix - cement is placed certain portion of water to improve the setting
of the cement

Goals:

 isolating an exhausted producing area

 lost circulation control
 directional drilling
 dry or abandoned well abandonment
Care to design and place a plug

 knowledge of the diameter of the hole

 careful design of grouts for the requirements of the CAP
 use fluid spacer before and after mixing
 rotation of the pipe to clean the wall
 place the pipe up to the bottom of the CAP and would slowly raise to place
mixture

Procedure for placing a cement plug

 calculate the volume of the mixture

 determine the level of cement, when this tubing into the mixture
 targeting a level of spacer in the ring and balance fluid columns
 calculate the volume of fluid move you
 determine the level of spacer fluid in the pit
 prepares the program

Forced cementing

consist of forcing the mixture of cement to high pressure towards the

formations at certain points, to correct certain anomalies, through holes that
are open in the coater for cannonade

 correct a cementing job primary

 seal areas of loss of circulation
 seal undesirable holes
 plug leaks in the lining
cementing equipment

A cementation process uses a set of tools

 shoe guide
 differential Zapata
 neck float
 cementing head
 cementing plugs
 centralizers

Shoe guide
is a nipple that is placed at the bottom of the first tube to allow a free introduction
to the pipe in the hole. Its shape is spherical in the part inferior makes contact
with the pit wall as smooth as possible

Differential shoe

serves as guide or float, limits the movement of the fluid in one direction and thus
prevents reentry of grout into the revestidor when the hydrostatic pressure in the
annular space is greater than in the revestidor

Neck float

provides a seat for the fixation of cementadores plugs and its function is similar
to the hot shoe is placed at the top of the first cladding tube
Centralizers:

is the centralize the revestidor for the purpose of maintaining cement even
around the piping and avoids unbalance of external pressures, maintaining the
revestidor separated from the walls of the pit, by centralising it and minimizing the
channeling of mud through the grout

Cementing plugs

devices used during the pumping of cement operation, to reduce pollution of the
grout with the drilling fluid or the displacement

the bottom plug clean the wall of the revestidor of the fluid from the well and the
superior clean grout coating line for not contaminated mud at the time of
displacement

Cementing head
is located in the upper part of the tube that is on the surface, in the cementadores
plugs are saved. Allows you to release the plug at any time without interrupting
the pumping operation

there are several types: Manifold and free fall

Conclusions

we can conclude that the cementing is the operation carried out in an oil well
where it is mixed and displaces a grout between the finish line and exposed hole
or coater formation in order to create an isolation of areas producing, providing
support to the revestidor inside the well, protect the revestidor of the corrosion
process, to protect a possible collapse pit

Cementation has a great importance in the life of the well, since a good
completion works depend directly on a good cementing, and this is the great
importance of cementing bibliography:

https://es.scribd.com/doc/55683491/Cementacion-de-Pozos-Petroleros

https://www.academia.edu/.../CEMENTACIÓN_DE_POZOS_PETROLEROS_re
sumen

https://www.slb.com/~/media/Files/resources/oilfield_review/.../define_cement.p
df
https://prezi.com/rfoovshuc5xw/cementacion-de-pozos-petroleros/

https://www.dspace.espol.edu.ec/bitstream/.../TESIS%20ESPOIL%202D%20FJ
R.docx

Glossary of technical terms

Español Ingles
Cementación de pozo Well cementing
Lechada Grout
Fluidos Fluids
Espacio anular Annular space
Tubería Pipeline
Perdidas de circulación Los of circulation
Hidráulico Hydraulic
Petróleo Oil
Arena Sand
Presión Pressure
temperatura Temperatura
Fractura Fracture
Zapata Shoe
Perforación Drilling
Pozo petrolero Oil well
Gas Gas
Bombeo Pumping
Sarta revestiodora Coating string
Fractura Fracture
Columna de cemento Cement column
Atrapamiento de tubería Pipe trapping