KEYNOTES

1. NEED OF AN AUTOMATIC BRAKING SYSTEM

2. BACKGROUND RESEARCH

3. DRAWBACKS IN EXISTING BRAKING SYSTEM

4. MAIN IDEA AND THE ULTIMATE GOAL

5. SPECIFICATION OF STANDARD PARTS

6. CALCULATION OF BRAKING FORCE AND SPEED

7. TESTING AND RESULTS

8. CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION

 NEED OF AN AUTOMATIC BRAKING SYSTEM
1. The NHTSA (National Highway Traffic Safety Administration) study
looked at the major accident causes, and they found that a mere two
percent of accidents were caused by the environment, another two
percent were caused by the vehicles, and 2 percent came from
"unknown" causes. A full 94 percent, meanwhile, where caused by
human error. Mistakes that drivers made led directly to accidents.

2. All existing braking systems like ABS(ANTILOCK BRAKING

SYSTEM) ,CBS(COMBINED BRAKING SYSTEM) are efficient in the
sense of providing stability to the vehicle during application of brake
but they do not take care of accidents which might be occur.

3. All the innovative braking systems are being provided with new cars
but they can’t be implemented with the existing ones.

4. If somehow they could be implemented, it will be costlier ,less

efficient.
BACKGROUND RESEARCH
1. Now we are entering in the era of full
automation in which Self Driving Car are
possibly come in market.

2. Off course, they are having automatic braking

system and many advanced facilities but they
are much costlier.

3. The mechanism implemented with those cars

cannot be applied with existing ones.
ANTILOCK BRAKING SYSTEM

1. An anti-lock braking system (ABS) is

a safety anti-skid braking system used
on aircraft and on land vehicles, such
as cars, motorcycles, trucks and buses.[1] A
BS operates by preventing the wheels from
locking up during braking, thereby
maintaining tractive contact with the road
surface

2. Introductory video of ABS

https://youtu.be/ru4JIZ-x8yo

3. Disadvantages of ABS:-
Inconsistent stop times. Anti-lock brakes are made to
provide for surer braking in slippery conditions.
However, some drivers report that they find stopping
distances for regular conditions are lengthened by their
ABS, either because there may be errors in the
system, or because the clunking or noise of the ABS
may contribute to the driver not braking at the same
rate.
 Expense. An ABS can be expensive to maintain. Expensive
sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix if
they get out of calibration or develop other problems. For
some, this is a big reason to decline an ABS in a vehicle.

 Delicate systems. It's easy to cause a problem in an ABS

by messing around with the brakes. Problems include
disorientation of the ABS, where a compensating brake
sensor causes the vehicle to shudder, make loud noise or
generally brake worse.

 When an anti-lock brake system has problems, most of the

time just one component has failed and not the entire
system. Therefore, it is difficult to specifically name an
average price for anti-lock brakes. Dealer completed anti-
lock brake replacement will range between $1,000 and
$1,500 for most automobiles manufactured after 1993.
MAIN IDEA AND GOAL
The braking system is designed and applied on a vehicle to
make the driving process safety using embedded system
design. Most of the accident occurs due to the delay of the
driver to hit the brake, so in this project work braking system is
developed such that when it is active it can apply brake
depending upon the object sensed by the ultrasonic sensor and
speed of vehicle. Currently, vehicles are often equipped with
active safety systems to reduce the risk of accidents, many of
which occur in the urban environments. The most popular
include Antilock Braking Systems (ABS), Traction Control and
Stability Control. All these systems employ different types of
sensors to constantly monitor the conditions of the vehicle, and
respond in an emergency situation. An intelligent mechatronic
system includes an ultrasonic wave emitter provided on the
front portion of a car producing and emitting ultrasonic waves
frontward in a predetermined distance. An ultrasonic receiver is
also placed on the front portion of the car operatively receiving
a reflective ultrasonic wave signal. The reflected wave
(detected pulse) gives the distance between the obstacle and
the vehicle and RPM counter gives speed of vehicle. The
microcontroller is used to control the braking of the vehicle
based on the detection pulse information to push the brake
pedal and apply brake to the car stupendously for safety
purpose.
Keywords: Ultrasonic Sensor, Intelligent Mechatronic system,
RPM counter, Microcontroller.
CONCEPT MODEL
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