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(for 2 years from 06-08-2014)

Certificate
This is to certify that the report of the project entitled

ENERGY EFFICIENT LIGHTING SYSTEM USING ARDUINO

Is a bonafide work of
TOSIF MULLA BE-01 09
ROHIT SHINDE BE-01 35
ADITYA VERMA BE-01 36
SUSHIL MAURYA BE-01 48

submitted to the
UNIVERSITY OF MUMBAI
during semester VII in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award

of the degree of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
In

ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

______________________
(Dr. Sushma Srivastava )
Guide

_________________ _______________________
(Dr. Subha Subramaniam) (Dr. Bhavesh Patel)

I/c Head of Department Principal

 ENERGY EFFICIENT LIGHTING SYSTEM

ABSTRACT:-
In this work we aim to develop an energy efficient lighting system which would
enable lightening few more homes indirectly. The proposed work is accomplished by using Arduino
controller and sensors Which will enable limited use of electricity during nights for detection of
objects on roads. The beauty of the proposed work is that the wastage of electricity can be reduced,
lifetime of the light system can be enhanced as the bulbs do not stay in ON condition for entire
night, and on top of all it will enhance safety measures in the areas employing this system. We are
confident that the proposed idea will be beneficial with wide range of applications in various
different places for varying purposes by efficient use of arduino controllers and sensors.
INDEXED TERMS Automation, Switching, Energy conservation, Arduino, Sensors.

INTRODUCTION:-

Automation systems [1] are being preferred over the manual mode because they reduce the
use of energy and result conservation of energy. These automation systems play an essential role in
making our daily life more comfortable and facilitate user simple needs from ceiling fans to washing
machines and are useful in many other applications [2]. Among all exciting applications, street
lights play a vital role in our environment and also plays a critical role in providing light for safety
during night-time travel. In this scenario, when the street lights are in working functionality over
the whole night that consumes a lot of energy and reduces the lifetime of the electrical equipment
such as electric bulb etc. Especially in cities streetlights, it is a severe power consuming factor and
also the most significant energy expenses for a city. In this regard, an intelligent lighting control
system can decrease street lighting costs up to 70% [3] and increase the durability of the equipment.
The traditional lighting system has been limited to two options ON and OFF only, and it is
not efficient because this kind of operations meant power loss due to continuing working on maximum
voltage. Hence, wastage of power from street lights is one of the noticeable power losses but use of
automation leads to many new methods of energy and money saving. In this regard, controlling lighting
system using Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) [4], IR obstacle detector sensor [5] and Arduino [6]
together is proposed in the past [7-10]. In the meanwhile, the importance of smart light system has Commented [AS1]: Has been

motivated a lot of studies and the series of research work has been done [7-20]. In previous works, the Commented [AS2]: a

street light systems are based on LDR [8-13], and most of them are passive infrared receiver based
systems that are controlled with timers and analog circuits. Sun tracking sensors [21] are also utilized
to power OFF the street lights by the detection of the sunlight luminance. Furthermore, street light
control with the use of solar energy [11], and ZigBee based system to control street light [22] have
also been implemented. Distinguished from turning ON/OFF the electricity, another approach is
introduced to dim the light [10] in fewer traffic hours that might be useful to reduce the power
consumption, but the electric bulbs are in continuous usage condition. To the best of our knowledge, a
need is still existed to design a system that controls the dim light, connect the power ON/OFF with the Commented [AS3]:

vehicle’s motion detection, calculate the total number of vehicles passed through the road, and control Commented [AS4]: a need to design a system that controls
the dim light
the entrance gate at night to reduce criminal activities. India is facing significant growth in electricity Commented [AS5]: connects
demand and could benefit greatly by using energy efficient lighting systems. The need of the hour for Commented [AS6]: calculates

the country is secured, affordable and environmentally sustainable energy to meet the ambitious Commented [AS7]: controls
Commented [AS8]: activities still exists.
National Program.
Commented [AS9]: controls

LITERATURE REVIEW:-
Although many professionals have begun to see, or to be forced to confront, both the conflicts that can
arise and the synergistic congruencies between the goals of historic preservation and those of energy
efficient lighting, there is currently available little literature that directly addresses this confluence of
topics. Within the body of preservation writings, energy efficiency is occasionally discussed, but
typically as a peripheral issue within a larger context or in reference to the cost savings of energy
efficiency. Attention to the larger subject of energy efficiency focuses on space heating and cooling
and makes little mention of lighting. Within the body of writings on sustainable architecture and
energy efficiency, historic preservation is occasionally addressed; however, these occurrences are
most often passing references or involve defining how historic buildings are to be excluded from a set
of energy efficiency requirements. And while there are few examples of writings that address the
conflicts between the goals of energy efficiency and historic preservation, there are even fewer that
address how those goals can be complementary.on the highways there are only manual systems are
available which operates only on manual ON/OFF.other than Mumbai there are no availability of such
system.and if government implement light system. Then there is full waste of energy.to stop this such
smart system should be mplemented.and there are also availability of such system but they are limited
to some extent.nowadays this similar system are already installed on home automation,smart campus
and smart hospitals with quite similar to this system. The survey regarding this project includes
information gathered from various sites and various journal papers. Nowadays huge volumes of data
are produced. So that there is need of automated systems in every field like medical, engineering,
science, marketing, finance and others.Customers like to express their opinions, ideas, feelings
publicly. So they share it on social media, blogs, forums, reviews etc[2].
THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE AND THE STANDARDS

ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND LIGHTING FOR HISTORIC PRESERVATION

Energy efficiency is typically only addressed obliquely within the larger discussion of lighting for
historic spaces. Usually this is done within the context of the tension that frequently exists between
the goals of historic preservation and contemporary lighting demands. For example, the historic
interpretation and the protection of historic fabric can easily be at odds with contemporary ideas about
minimum light levels and concerns about life-safety,
The most natural solution is to control the street lights according to the outside lighting
condition. This is what our paper is aiming for in smart lighting system in which the street lights will
be turned OFF when there are no motion detections or day-time, otherwise the lights will be remained
Dim/ON. Our proposed design is aimed at efficiently replacing any light systems that are manually
controlled, and this is accomplished with the properly arrangements of microcontroller Arduino Uno,
IR obstacle avoidance sensor, LDR, and Resistors. In this scenario, when the intensity of sunlight
impinges with LDR, street lights can be further controlled as per the desired requirement, automatically.
Most importantly, a counter is set to count the number of vehicles/objects passing through the road,
which will be displayed on the serial monitor of Arduino IDE [6]. Moreover, the high-intensity
discharge street bulbs [23] are replaced with LEDs to further reduce the power consumption. An
automatic street light system does not help us in reducing the power consumption only, but also to
reduce accidents, criminal activities and maintenance costs.

For the simplicity of discussion, Fig. 1 illustrates the overall working mechanism and the features
of the proposed lighting concept. Firstly, LDR will sense the intensity value of sunlight and send
it to Arduino. Arduino will judge if the received value is above the threshold level (which is set
independently by the user from the discrete value: 0-2023), then it will consider it as day- time and
LEDs will remain OFF, or if the received value below the threshold level, Arduino will consider
it as a night-time. In the night-time, if the value of IR obstacle detector sensor is LOW and detects
no object, then DIM LEDs (half of its maximum voltage) will glow, or if IR obstacle detector value
is HIGH and detects any object, then HIGH LEDs (full of its maximum voltage) will glow.
Arduino will also count the total number of vehicles that crossed the street in the night- time with
the help of IR obstacle detection sensor and will demonstrate it to the serial monitor.

Multiple electronic components are used for building electronic circuits. Our proposed
circuit designs contain these components that are described below in table 1:
Components Specifications

1. LDR [3] Voltage: DC 3-5V, 5mm,1.8 gm.

2. Arduino Uno [5] 22 pins, operating voltage 6-20V

3. LEDs [6] 5 mm , operating voltage 5V

4. IR obstacle avoidance sensor [4] Voltage: DC 3-5V, Range 2-30cm, Angle 35

5. Resistors [25] 100 ohm, 220 ohm

6. wifi module ESP8266EX
 Processor: L106 32-bit RISC microprocessor
core based on the Tensilica Xtensa Diamond
Standard 106Micro running at 80 MHz[5]
 Memory:
o 32 KiB instruction RAM
o 32 KiB instruction cache RAM
o 80 KiB user-data RAM
o 16 KiB ETS system-data RAM
 External QSPI flash: up to 16 MiB is supported
(512 KiB to 4 MiB typically included)
 IEEE 802.11 b/g/n Wi-Fi
o WEP or WPA/WPA2 authentication, or open
networks
 16 GPIO pins
 SPI
 I²C
 I²S UART
 10-bit ADC

Table 1. Specification of electronic components used in to design the proposed system.

 A. Light Dependent Resistor (LDR)

LDR is a Light Dependent Resistor (Fig. 2a) whose resistance is dependent on the light impinging
on it. The resistance offered by the sensor decreases with the increase in light strength and
increases with the decrease in light strength. This device is used for detection of day-time and
night-time because when sunlight falls on it, it will consider as day-time, and when there is no
sunlight falls on it, it will be regarded as a night, as shown in Fig. 2b. These are very beneficial,
especially in light/dark sensor circuits and help in automatically switching ON /OFF the street
lights.

Figure 2. LDR symbol and its working phenomenon [4].

B. ARDUINO BOARD:-

As shown in Fig. 3, the Arduino Uno [6] is a microcontroller board which is

based on the ATmega328 series controllers and has an IDE (Integrated Development
Environment) for writing, compiling and uploading codes to the microcontroller. It has
14 digital input and output pins (of which 6 are PWM) and 6 analogue inputs for communication
with the electronic components such as sensors, switches, motors and so on. It also has 16 MHz
ceramic resonators, a USB connection jack, an external power supply jack, an ICSP (in-circuit serial
programmer) header, and a reset button. Its operating voltage is 5v, input voltage 7 to 12v (limit up
to 20v).

Arduino pin configuration:-

C. LEDs

A LED (light-emitting diode) is a PN junction diode which is used for emitting visible light when
it is activated, as presented in Fig. 4. When the voltage is applied over its elements, electrons
regroup with holes within the LED, releasing energy in the form of photons which gives the visible
light. LEDs may have the Dim/full capability.

Figure 4. LED circuit diagram [7].

 D. IR Obstacle Avoidance Sensor:-
An obstacle avoidance sensor consists of an infrared-transmitter, an infrared-receiver and a
potentiometer for adjusting the distance, shown in Fig. 5a. Whenever an object passes in front of a
sensor, the emitted rays hit the surface of an object and reflect to the receiver of the sensor so it will
consider this as a motion (as shown in Fig. 5b). It is a heat sensitive sensor and used for detection
of motion.

Figure 5. IR obstacle detector sensor diagram and working [8].

E. Resistors

A resistor is a passive electronic component, used with other electronic components such as LEDs
and sensors to prevent or limit the flow of electrons through them as illustrated in Fig. 6. It works
on the principle of Ohm’s law which prevent overflow of voltage.

Figure 6. Working principle of resistor [26]

 F. Pinout of wifi module:-

1.VCC, Voltage (+3.3 V; can handle up to 3.6 V)

2.GND, Ground (0 V)

3. RX, Receive data bit X

4.TX, Transmit data bit X

5.CH_PD, Chip power-down

6.RST, Reset

7.GPIO 0, General-purpose input/output No. 0

8.GPIO 2, General-purpose input/output No. 2

The ESP8266 is a low-cost Wi-Fi microchip with full TCP/IP stack and microcontroller capability
produced by manufacturer Espressif Systems[1] in Shanghai, China.
The chip first came to the attention of Western makers in August 2014 with the ESP-01 module, made
by a third-party manufacturer Ai-Thinker. This small module allows microcontrollers to connect to a
Wi-Fi network and make simple TCP/IP connections using Hayes-style commands. However, at first
there was almost no English-language documentation on the chip and the commands it
accepted.[2] The very low price and the fact that there were very few external components on the
module, which suggested that it could eventually be very inexpensive in volume, attracted many
hackers to explore the module, chip, and the software on it, as well as to translate the Chinese
documentation.[3]
The ESP8285 is an ESP8266 with 1 MiB of built-in flash, allowing for single-chip devices capable of
connecting to Wi-Fi.[4]
The successor to these microcontroller chips is the ESP32, released in 2016.
ESP8266 is a low cost Wi-Fi to Serial Chip. This chip made it easy to include Wi-Fi connectivity in
low cost electronic systems. All kind of Internet connected devices can be designed using this Tiny
module of size 25x15 mm.
ESP8266 is a highly integrated chip designed for the needs of a new connected world. It offers a
complete and self-contained Wi-Fi networking solution, allowing it to either host the application or to
offload all Wi-Fi networking functions from another application processor.

ESP8266 has powerful on-board processing and storage capabilities that allow it to be integrated with
the sensors and other application specific devices through its GPIOs with minimal development up-
front and minimal loading during runtime. Its high degree of on-chip integration allows for minimal
external circuitry, and the entire solution, including front-end module, is designed to occupy minimal
PCB area.
Specification:
802.11 b/g/n
Wi-Fi Direct (P2P), soft-AP
Integrated TCP/IP protocol stack
Integrated TR switch, balun, LNA, power amplifier and matching network
Integrated PLLs, regulators, DCXO and power management units
+19.5dBm output power in 802.11b mode
Power down leakage current of <10uA
Integrated low power 32-bit CPU could be used as application processor
SDIO 1.1/2.0, SPI, UART
STBC, 1×1 MIMO, 2×1 MIMO
A-MPDU & A-MSDU aggregation & 0.4ms guard interval
Wake up and transmit packets in < 2ms
Standby power consumption of < 1.0mW (DTIM3)
I. DESIGNING METHODOLOGY

A. Object Dependent Automation System

As per our motive, the idea of this paper is to create such innovation for our current street light
system so that the power consumption can be saved. As presented in Fig. 8, when there are no
vehicles on the road at night-time, still the dim light continuously glows, and it wastes energy. So,
we enhanced our task with the switching of the street lights based on the IR Obstacle detection
sensor. In which when the object is detected at night then the LEDs will switch ON automatically,
otherwise the lights will remain OFF. The motor will automatically open the door when IR sensor
detects an authorized vehicle in front of the door and shut it when no vehicles are detected.
Figure 7. Circuit design of automatic street light control system with the Dim light capability.
One pin of LDR sensor is connected to Arduino analog pin number A0 and another pin
to VCC pin and same with a resistor to the ground port of Arduino. In addition, the threshold value
is adjusted to 10 from the discrete values (0-1023) for understanding whether it is day or night.
After that, all the positive terminals of the LEDs are connected with resistors to pin number 3, 5,
7, 8, 9 and 11, depicting the streetlights as the outputs of the Arduino signals. Furthermore,
connected the ground of all the LED’s to Ground port as per the circuit diagram shown in Fig. 7.
The IR obstacle avoidance sensors are connected to the Arduino port from pin number 2, 4 and 10,
respectively, which is the input signal to the Arduino board. Similarly, the ground of all the IR
obstacle avoidance sensors are connected to GND port and all VCC of IR obstacle avoidance
sensors are attached to Arduino 5V pin. Initially, set the IR obstacle avoidance sensors to HIGH
at the start if there is no motion.After connecting all these devices to the corresponding pins in
Arduino according to Fig. 7, the Arduino Software from the official website “www.arduino.cc” is
downloaded and installed. Then Arduino Uno is connected to the computer using the USB cable
and installed the driver software on the computer to write, compile and run the software code on
Arduino software.

B. Results & Discussions

In the beginning, the LDR sensor will sense the light intensity in the atmosphere at that time and
consequently sends the data to Arduino. After receiving the data, Arduino will convert it into
different discrete values from 0 to 1023 (In which 0 represents maximum darkness and 1023
represents maximum brightness) and then it will adjust the output voltage accordingly from 0 to
2.5v/5v (Dim/High) depending upon the received value (0-2023) by comparing with threshold
value. So, the output will be 2.5v in the complete darkness (night time) if the received value is less
than the threshold value. As a result, Dim LEDs will glow that is the half of maximum brightness,
and when there is completely shine (daytime), the received value will be higher than the threshold
value, and the output voltage would be 0v resulting the LEDs to be entirely switched OFF.

Initially, the IR obstacle detection sensor will be HIGH. So, when there is no vehicle/obstacle
in-front of the sensor, IR Transmitter does continuously transmit the IR light. Whenever, a car or
any other object blocks any of the IR sensors, then the emitted rays will reflect the IR receiver after
hitting the object, then microcontroller will sense it as a motion. In simple words, when any object
passed in front of the first IR sensor, the corresponding LEDs will be turned from DIM to HIGH
(5v) by the microcontroller. As the object moves forward and blocks the next IR sensor, the next
three LEDs will be turned to HIGH from DIM, and the LEDs from the previous set is switched to
DIM from HIGH. The process continues this way for the entire IR obstacle detector sensors
and LEDs. These kinds of application can be implemented in the headlights of vehicles, street
lights, parking lights of hotels, malls and homes, and it can be very beneficial.
Diagram shows the result diagrams of automatic streetlights that turn to DIM at night and HIGH
on vehicle movement using Arduino Uno. represents the daytime with no LEDs are glowing
after measuring the sensed intensity value of sunlight with the threshold value by the LDR
sensor. In the meanwhile,shows the nighttime because the sensed intensity value of

sunlight by LDR is below than the threshold value (10) and there is no motion detected by
any of IR sensors, so as a result, the DIM LEDs are glowing. Moreover, the beauty of the
proposed model can be seen in with the motive that only those LEDs will glow higher whose
will detect the object’s presence and the remaining LEDs will keep maintain their DIM state.
As an example, in Fig. 8c, the first set of LEDs are glowing HIGH and remaining are in DIM
mode because the sensed intensity value of sunlight by LDR is below then the threshold value
so, it considered nighttime and, there is an object detected by the first IR sensor. Moreover,
when the object moved to the second IR obstacle detector sensor, the second set of High
LEDs are glowing and the first set again turns to DIM state. These results show the efficiency
of proposed idea and gives the immediate validation of the proposed model.

High on object detection. (a) Shows it is a day-time, so LEDs are not glowing. (b) Shows it
is a night-time and Dim LEDs are glowing. (c) Shows object in-front of first IR sensor and
first set of High LEDs are glowing while remaining are in DIM mode. (d) Shows motion in-
front of second IR sensor so, only second set of LEDs are glowing HIGH and others are in
DIM state.

OTHER IMPLEMENTATION:-

As In our day to day life the led are used in many ways. Here red led blinking light is
introduced in our project due to its importance noticed on the high building trespass where
we place these led light which is in red colour and its blinking all the time. Due to this the
aeroplane or any air bus crossing that building gets notified from far distance and the
allocated pilot in that particular air bus can take the necessary action (i.e to take plane high
above that terrace) and avoid the fatal injury.

Hence with this types of application we have implemented in our project,where these led red
light which would be blinking all the time and the driver of the vehicle can be easily notified
from a certain distance to reduce the speed of that particular vehicle. This red blinking light
will be placed at the crossing points where the animals or any human being crosses/trespass
the road. When this occurs the street light present there will immediately glows and after that
it will slowely get dimmed down. This technique will avoid lots of accident during on regular
basic and will also decrease the fatal losses and reduce the accident ratio too. This idea will
lead to better future!

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

Pro: Saves Energy

Obviously, one of the major pros of using energy efficient lighting is the fact that it uses far
less energy than traditional lights. Energy efficient bulbs use about 25-80% less energy than
traditional bulbs, which means you will save a significant amount of energy every month just
from making this switch.
Con: More Expensive
One of the main setbacks of energy efficient lighting is the cost. Each compact fluorescent bulb
can cost anywhere from $2 to $15, and the 100-watt LED bulbs can go up to $50 each.
Traditional bulbs are much more inexpensive, so many people are turned off by the price of the
energy efficient options.
Pro: Lasts Longer
Energy efficient bulbs last much longer than traditional lights. In fact, they have been proven
to last between 3-25 times longer. This means even though you will have to pay more upfront
to buy the energy efficient bulbs, you won’t have to replace them as often, so you are actually
saving money down the road. Not only does the lifespan save you money, but it also saves you
from the headache of constantly having to replace light bulbs in your home. This is a huge
timesaver, especially if the bulbs are in hard to reach places.
Con: Harder to Find Dimmers
If you’re the kind of person who likes to set the mood with a dim light, you may have to look a
bit harder to find an energy efficient bulb that has the ability to dim down. Don’t worry, though,
these bulbs definitely do exist, you just have to read the back of every package to ensure you
are choosing one that is compatible with your dimmer.
Pro: Emits Less Heat
Have you ever hovered your hand above a light bulb that is turned on? If so, you’ve probably
felt the heat emitting from the light bulb’s surface. Traditional bulbs spend about 90% of their
energy on heat and 10% on producing light. Many people worry about their children being
injured if they accidentally make contact with the hot surface of a bulb, but you don’t have to
worry about this with an energy efficient choice. Energy efficient bulbs do not emit as much
heat, so they won’t be incredibly hot to the touch.
Pro: Saves Money
Over time, you will begin to save money by using energy efficient bulbs. In fact, it is estimated
that you will save $75 per year if you change the five most frequently used bulbs in your home
to energy efficient lights.
Overall, the pros of using energy efficient lighting definitely outweigh the cons. Spend a little
time upgrading the lighting in your home so you can enjoy the environmental and financial
benefits for years to come!
Future Scope

Light it up — International Rectifier devised this demonstration of a new CFL ballast chip for
the device's European debut. In the U.S., Technical Consumer Products will make lamps
incorporating the new chip under the Commercial Electric brand. Several makers of halogen
light systems in Italy plan to use the halogen version of the ballast IC, says International
Rectifier.
The typical solid-state ballast circuit for a compact fluorescent lamp (CFL) uses discrete
components. The operating point depends on lamp electrical properties and temperature. So the
operating point may change as the lamp ages, potentially leading this self-oscillating circuit into
resonance and failure. A new IC reduces component count by 20% and keeps the operating
point stable over temperature and lamp variations. Chip developer International Rectifier says
the resulting ballasts will be more reliable and should fit in a smaller space.
Get ready for new rules from the Dept. of Energy. Next year, DOE will implement regulations
effectively making it impossible to equip some kinds of fluorescent lamps with transformer-
style ballasts.
The DOE regs have energy consumption in mind. Lighting accounts for about 25% of all U.S.
electrical power. No wonder, then, the DOE wants lamps to get more efficient. So its new
regulations dictate what are called ballast efficacy ratings — basically a measure of energy
efficiency. The ratings are such that transformer-style ballasts aren't efficient enough for many
of the most common fluorescents used in shop and factory lighting.
The regulations apply mainly to longtube fluorescent lamps. They don't apply to low-power-
factor ballasts as used in residential settings. Nevertheless, the handwriting is on the wall.
Lamps of all kinds will have to be more efficient in the future.
This future is coming quickly in Europe. The EU will ban all magnetic ballasts in 2006, forcing
a move to solidstate ballasts for fluorescent bulbs sold there.
Small wonder the emphasis on energy efficiency has fostered more interest in solid-state
ballasts. These use switching circuitry instead of transformers to generate the high voltages
(about 500 V) needed to initially energize fluorescent lights and the lower voltages used to
sustain lamp operation. In so doing they can provide energy efficiency by controlling the lamp
waveform more precisely. One drawback to the electronic approach, however, has been higher
cost.
Recent developments indicate that the cost differential may soon be a thing of the past.
International Rectifier, a maker of integrated circuits with U.S. offices in El Segundo, Calif.,
recently developed a chip designed specifically to handle ballast functions for compact
fluorescent (CFL) bulbs. (The term CFL applies to families of smaller-diameter fluorescent
lamps designed as replacements for incandescent bulbs.)
Though energy efficiency was one motivation for IR's new chips, ballasts using the ICs will
also be more reliable, space efficient, and cost less than older solid-state devices. The company
has also devised new ICs targeting ballasts for halogen lights. And high-intensity discharge
(HID) lamps may eventually get ballast ICs using similar technology, say IR officials

INSIDE A LAMP

Fluorescent lamps consist of a tube filled with inert gas and a small amount of mercury vapor.
The ballast energizes the gas by applying a high voltage to heat the filaments. Once the mercury
starts to conduct, 200 V or less is enough to maintain it. When the lamp is on, the ballast also
serves as a current limiter.
The mercury produces most of its energy in the ultraviolet (UV) range. The UV activates a
white phosphor coating on the tube, which then emits visible light. Fluorescents are physically
larger than incandescents of the same light output because it takes more surface area to emit an
equivalent amount of light. Fluorescents are more efficient, however. Incandescent bulbs
produce about 15 lumens/W, Energy Star-qualified CFLs, 40 to 60 lumens/W.
Similarly, solid-state ballasts are more energy efficient than magnetic (transformer-style)
ballasts. The primary reason is that magnetic ballasts operate at ac line frequency while
solidstate versions work at much higher rates, usually 20 kHz and above to stay out of the audio
range. Fluorescent bulbs are most efficient when operating at these higher frequencies.
Operation at higher frequencies also lets ballast components be physically smaller and makes
for a more compact package.
After April 1 of next year, manufacturers are barred from producing ballasts that don't meet the
minimum efficacy ratings put out by the DOE. After next July 1, ballasts not meeting these
requirements can only be sold as replacements for existing units. April 1, 2006 is the cutoff date
for fixture makers to stop incorporating ballasts into new fixtures that don't meet the new
requirements. And in 2010, ballasts lacking the mandated minimum efficiencies can no longer
be sold even as replacements for existing units.

Manufacturers say they could devise magnetic ballasts to meet the new regs only by
incorporating higher-grade laminated steel in the transformer and by making the whole ballast
physically bigger. Neither option is economical, they say. But magnetic ballasts will still be
found in specialized applications that DOE regs don't cover.
Solid-state ballasts thus far have had some well-known drawbacks. For example, they employ
discrete components rather than ICs, making them bulky. Circuit operation depends to some
degree on ambient temperature and on lamp impedance, which itself varies with operating
temperature. The ballast circuit is basically an oscillator that employs two bipolar transistors
and is not self-starting. The circuits use positive-temperature-coefficient thermistors for preheat
and have no protection against lamp overcurrent or open filament conditions. Such factors can
make components in the ballast output stage fail catastrophically.
Also, lamp impedance changes with age. This can move the oscillation frequency away from
its most-efficient operation point. The beta of the bipolar transistors in the circuit can drift as
well, also affecting operating frequency.
International Rectifier says its new ballast-control IC eliminates such difficulties. Called the
IR2520D, it cuts ballast component count by 20%. This could help squeeze ballast circuits into
smaller spaces, perhaps into an ordinary lamp base rather than the polycarbonate housings used
today. The chip is designed to drive two MOSFETs that power the lamp. These are less sensitive
to temperature changes than the bipolar transistors in ordinary CFL ballasts. The new chip
includes a zero-voltageswitching circuit that maintains soft switching regardless of supply
voltage, frequency, and lamp conditions. Included as well is internal overcurrent protection.
Nevertheless, the ICs won't cure all potential temperature problems. "The biggest factor in
temperature performance is the electrolytic capacitor in the power-supply portion of the circuit,"
explains Tom Ribarich, director of International Rectifier's Lighting IC Design Center. "That
capacitor should have a 105°C, 5,000-hr rating. But some companies cut corners and use 85°C
caps. That can be a problem in a recessed fixture mounted with the base up, because heat
collects in the top of the fixture. You can easily see 100°C on all the ballast components there."
IR's chip powers the lamp at about 50 kHz. This puts its operation above the band used by
infrared remote controls so there is no interference. There is a voltage-controlled oscillator input
pin on the device that also lets it dim CFLs.
The chip measures lamp operating qualities, primarily crest factor (the ratio of peak to rms
current), to check for faults. A normal crest factor is less than two. When it exceeds four, the
chip shuts down the ballast. This condition generally indicates the lamp is at its end of life.
One ballast chip can also run several CFLs simultaneously, says IR, thus providing economies
for multiunit installations. And IR's Ribarich thinks the new chips will likely find their way into
ballasts for linear fluorescent tubes as well. In this case, ballasts would need external power
factor correction, he says.
HALOGEN ICs
Another ballast chip for halogen lamps uses the same basic technology as the CFL driver, but
incorporates more sophisticated fault detection. Called the IR2161, it can adapt itself to
changing supply voltage, frequency conditions, and lamp conditions.
"This chip must be more sophisticated to catch all the possible fault conditions," explains IR's
Ribarich. "That's because the user can connect low-voltage halogen lamps to a track
indiscriminately. We've seen cases where buildings burn down because someone hung too
many lamps on a converter recessed in a ceiling. It can overheat and fail violently."
IR claims its new halogen ballast chip detects all such fault conditions. If it detects a shorted
track, for example, it shuts down the ballast and repeatedly checks to see if the short has
disappeared. If it detects too many lamps attached to the track, it blinks the lamps as a signal.
Like the CFL device, the halogen lamp chip reduces ballast part count by 20%, says IR. It also
has an active dead time circuit that maintains soft switching regardless of the external
conditions. Softstart limits inrush current to the lamp filament to boost lamp life. The chip also
is compatible with triac wall-switch light dimmers.
Halogen lamps are not inherently energy efficient, so the motivation for using the ballast ICs is
space savings and reliability. But odds are that there will be more ICs in the offing for ballasts.
IR's Ribarich says the company is examining the concept of ballast chips for high-intensity
discharge lamps. Most HID ballasts are magnetic, partly because they generate a lot of heat.
Electronic ballasts for these devices must sit relatively far away from the lamp. And electronic
ballasts for HID tend to handle 400 W or less. Today, higher power lamps of 1 kW and above
are strictly magnetic
I. CONCLUSION

The proposed streetlight automation system is a cost effective and the safest way to reduce
power consumption. It helps us to get rid of today's world problems of manual switching
and most importantly, primary cost and maintenance can be decreased easily. The LED
consumes less energy with cool-white light emission and has a better life than high energy
consuming lamps. Moving to the new & renewable energy sources, this system can be
upgraded by replacing conventional LED modules with the solar-based LED modules. With
these efficient reasons, this presented work has more advantages which can overcome the
present limitations. Keep in mind that these long-term benefits; the starting cost would
never be a problem because the return time of investment is very less. This system can be
easily implemented in street lights, smart cities, home automation, agriculture field
monitoring, timely automated lights, parking lights of hospitals, malls, airport, universities
and industries etc.
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