CERTIFICATE

This is certify that ARUN KUMAR

BISWAL a student of class XII-B has
successfully completed the research on
the below mentioned project under the
guidance of Mr.J.P.PRAHARAJ sir
during the years 2019-2020 in partial
fulfillment of physics practical
examination conducted by AISSCE
NEW Delhi.

Bhubaneswar Mr.J.P.PRAHARAJ
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my special

thanks of gratitude to my teacher
Mr.J.P.praharaj sir Head of department
of physics. D.M. School for his vial
support, guidance and encouragement
without which this project would not
have come forth. I would like to express
my gratitude to lab assistant
Mr.P.M.Tarai for his support during
making of this project. I would also like
to thank my family for supporting me
mentally and financially..

ARUN KUMAR BISWAL

ROLL NO- ____________
D.M.SCHOOL
 CONTENTS

Aim
Apparatus Required
Theory
Procedure
Observations
Conclusions
Precautions
Bibliography
 AIM OF THE PROJECT

To find out the refractive indices of different

liquids using a hollow prism

Apparatus Required
• Hollow glass prism
• Various liquids like water, carbon disulphide,
benzaldehyde etc.
• Bell pins
• Drawing board
 Theory

A prism is a transparent
optical element with
flat, polished surfaces
that refract light.
Prisms can be
made from any material
that is transparent
including glass, plastic
and fluorite. A prism
can be used to break light up into its constituent spectral
colors. Prisms can also be used to reflect light, or to split light
into components with different polarizations.

The refractive index of the liquid

Is given by the formula:
U=sini/sinr=sin((a+d)/2)/sin(a/2)
Where,
U=refractive index of the liquid.
a= the angle of minimum deviation
d=angle of prism
i=angle of incidence
r=angle of refraction
 PROCEDURE

• Fix a white sheet of paper on the drawing board with

help of drawing pins.

• Keep the prism and mark the outline of it as ABC.

• Drop a normal PQ on the side AB.

• Draw the angle of incidence in accordance with the

normal PQ and place 2 pins so that they appear to be in
the straight line.

• Place the prism filled with given sample of liquid ,on the
marked outline ABC.

• Now take the pins and place them on the side AC so that
all the 4 pins appear to be in same line.

• Remove the prism and draw the line joining the points so
obtained.

• Mark the diagram as shown in the figure.

• Repeat this with different liquids and different angle of

incidence.
 OBSERVATION
• Benzaldehyde
S.no a º(angle of i º (angle of d º (angle of
prism) incidence) deviation)
1 60 30 45
2 60 35 42
3 60 37.5 40
4 60 39 42
5 60 40 45
U=sin((60+40)/2)/sin(30) = 1.504

• Water
S.no a º(angle of i º (angle of d º (angle of
prism) incidence) deviation)
1 60 30 25
2 60 35 22
3 60 40 20
4 60 45 22
5 60 50 25
6 60 55 28
U=sin((60+22)/2)/sin(30) = 1.306
• Dil. Sulphuric Acid
S.no a º(angle of i º (angle of d º (angle of
prism) incidence) deviation)
1 60 20 33
2 60 30 30
3 60 35 25
4 60 40 29
5 60 45 30
U=sin((60+25)/2)/sin(30)= 1.351
 CONCLUSION

Refractive indices at room temperature:

• Benzaldehyde
o Actual: 1.546
o Experimental: 1.504

• Water
o Actual: 1.33
o Experimental: 1.306

• Dil . Sulphuric acid

o Actual: 1.355
o Experimental: 1.351
 PRECAUTION

• Angle of incidence should lie b/w 35-60

degree.

• Pins should be vertically fixed and should

lie in same line.

• Distance b/w two points should not be less

than 10mm.

• Same angle of prism should be used for all

observation.

• Arrow head should be marked to represent

emergent and incident ray.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

• www.google.com
• www.documents.mx
• www.wikipedia.org
• www.docfoc.com
• www.slideshare.net