S. Sami et al.

/ International Journal of Engineering Science and Technology (IJEST)

Modeling and Simulation of Hybrid Solar

Photovoltaic, Wind turbine and Hydraulic
Power System
S. Sami1,2 and D. Icaza1,3
Catholic University of Cuenca, Cuenca, Ecuador
Abstract:
This paper presents the modeling and simulation of the energy conversion equations describing the total power
generated by a hybrid system of solar photovoltaic, wind turbine and hydraulic turbine. To validate this
simulation model, the aforementioned equations were coded with MATLAB V13.2, compared to experimental
data. The model is intended to be used as an optimization and design tool. A block diagram approach was used
during the simulation with MATLAB. The model predicted results compared fairly with experimental data
under various conditions.
Keywords: Hybrid System, Solar Photovoltaic, Wind Turbine, Hydraulic, Modeling, Simulation, Validation
Introduction:
Future electrical energy research and development are concerned with renewable and nonconventional methods
of power generation such as wind, solar-hydraulic, biomass, geothermal, thermal storage and waste heat
recovery power generations. They also offer power supply solutions for remote areas, not accessible by grid
power supply and use of distributed generation. Integrated system of two or more renewable energy systems,
also known as hybrid renewable energy system, is becoming popular because these sources can complement
each other, provide higher quality and more reliable power supply independent of the grid and electrify rural
areas[1-4].
Of a particular interest is the electrification of rural area and a review of power standalone system; solar and
hybrid, solar-wind, solar-hydro hybrid, solar-wind-diesel hybrid, and solar-wind-diesel-hydro/biogas hybrid
have been presented and discussed by reference [5]. The viability and importance of solar energy use in global
electrification also have been presented in that review and analyzed. Another study was proposed by Bhandari
[6] for implementation in rural area disconnected from the grid. The study discussed two tri-hybridization
processes. The tri-hybrid system included hydro-wind and Photovoltaic.
The sequence of operation of power sources such as hydro, wind, PV, biogas and diesel engine have been
simulated and analyzed hour by hour in MATLABby Saha et al. [7]. In the simulation, it was proposed a
hypothetical hybrid system that employed the aforementioned hybrid systems. However, their analysis did not
consider synchronization of the different power systems discussed. Furthermore, Mutafa [8], presented a
proposed algorithm for sizing and simulation of PV-Wind hybrid power system that can simulate the annual
performance of different kinds of these systems structures. For validating the proposed the model his algorithm
was coded and simulated with MATLABV7.7 that also was employed as a software tool during the simulation.
The daily source data were calculated using monthly mean solar radiation and wind speed. Saib and Gherbi [9]
presented and discussed a design of a hybrid power system for PV, wind turbine and battery connected to the
grid. Their modeling and simulation used MATLAB/Simulink-SimPower as system environment. They
concluded that future work should be oriented were realized towards the optimization of the aforementioned
hybrid systems in order to reduce the generation cost and maximize the output power.
This paper describes the simulation and validation of a combined wind, solar and hydro system for electric
power generation with energy storage facilities. Multivariable weather data including the wind speed and
direction, the solar radiation, the rain fall and humidity as well as temperature were obtained using a weather
station installed at University. Moreover, the simulation model includes modern load controller and inverter.
The following describes the simulation model, energy conversion equations, and linear programming principles
as well as description of MATLAB block diagrams;
Mathematical Modeling:
In the following sections, the energy conversion equations for each source of renewable energy to an electrical
energy are presented;
Wind Power System:
The power of a particular wind turbine is given by[3];
= 0.5 ∗ ∗ ∗ * (1)

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Where; =Wind power sweep produced by the blades per unit area. = Betz power coefficient. =Air
density and v is the wind velocity.
Taking into account the internal performance of the wind turbine, the following can be written;
= . . (2)
Where; , are mechanical friction and generator efficiencies respectively and the efficiency speed
multiplication box is .
The power output of the wind turbine in equation (1) can be expressed in three-phase power AC as;
= 3. . . . φ (3)
With three phase AC power is , line current , represents power factor φ, and the electric conversion
efficiency is referred to as .
Photovoltaic PV system:
The thermal energy absorbed by the PV solar collector is [1, 3];
P =η A G (4)
Where η is PV solar collector efficiency, A is PV solar collector area (m2), and G is solar irradiation
(W/m2) and η can be defined as [1];
η = η η [1 − ( − )] (5)
Where η is power conditioning efficiency which is equal to one when maximum power point tracking
(MPPT) is used, and β is temperature coefficient ( (0.004 – 0.006) per °C), and η is the reference module
efficiency, and is the collector reference temperature.
The electric PV power output in DC taking into account the efficiency of conversion to electric energy is;
( )= ( ). ( ) (6)
Where is the efficiency of conversion to DC and referred to ( ), and ( ).
Hydro Power System:
The mechanical power generated by the turbine is given by;
= (7)
Where , , and represent the density, water flow, head and total efficiency respectively.
Taking into account the internal performance of the hydraulic generator, the following can be obtained;
= . . (8)
Where; is the efficiency of the hydraulic generator, and is efficiency of mechanical friction and is
the losses efficiency.
The electric hydro power output in DC can be expressed as following;
( )= ( ). ( ) (9)
Where ( ) it is the electric power generated by the hydraulic system, is the efficiency of conversion to
DC current, ( ) is the DC current output from the hydraulic generator, and ( ) is the voltage measured at
the terminals of hydraulic generator.
Controller:
Generally, the controller power output is given by;
= ( + + ) (10)
Where; is multiplication of the nominal voltage DC in the battery for any particular system and
, represent the output current of the rectifier in DC and currents of PV and hydraulic turbine.
Battery Performance Model:
Normally, batteries in a hybrid system are connected in series to obtain the appropriate nominal bus voltage.
Therefore, the number of batteries connected in series in a battery banks is calculated as follows;
= (11)

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Inverter, Charger, and Loads Performance Model:

The characteristics of the inverter are given by the ratio of the input power to the inverter and inverter
output power . The inverter will incur conversion losses and to account for the inverter efficiency losses,
is used;
. = (12)
In many applications, load may not be served with the desired amount of energy. This situation is described as
loss of load probability (LLP) and can be calculated using the following equation and also, LLP can represent
the system reliability[13];
_
= (13)
_
The AC power of the inverter output P(t) is calculated using the inverter efficiency , output voltage between
phases, neutral , for single-phase current and φas follows;
( ) = √3 φ (14)
Finally, the hybrid system energy conversion efficiency for harnessing energy from wind, solar and hydro is
given by;
( )
= (15)

Results and Discussion:

In order to solve the aforementioned equation (1) through (15) and taking into account that total power may not
be simultaneous, and for validation purposes, this simulation model and the above mentioned equations were
coded with MATLABV13.2 and are used as an optimization and design tool for hybrid systems. A block
diagram approach was used during the simulation with MATLAB. In addition, for the purpose of validation and
tuning up the predicted output simulated results, the on-site data was used to validate the simulation program
under various conditions. In the following sections, we present analysis and discussions of the numerical results
predicted by MATLAB as well as validations of the proposed simulation model.
Components of Wind hybrid system, PV and hydraulic:
The major components of the hybrid system are shown in Figure 1; photovoltaic, wind turbine and hydraulic
turbine generate as well charge controller and battery. The battery stores excess power going through the load

Figure 1.- Hybrid Energy System Components.

Figure 2.- General block diagram for hybrid system.

charge controller. The battery keeps voltage within the specified voltage and thus, protects over discharge rates,
and prevent overload. To protect the battery against overload, the photovoltaic panel, wind generator and the
hydraulic generator is disconnected from the system when the DC voltage increases above the current level

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required by the load. They are connected again when the DC bus voltage falls below the specified maximum
voltage. To further protect the battery against excessive discharge, the load is disconnected when the DC bus
voltage falls below minimum voltage as required by the load when the current is greater than the current
generated by the solar panel, wind generator and the hydraulic generator. The load is always connected when the
DC bus voltage rises above minimum voltage. It is quite important to note that the inverter is employed to
convert the DC power to AC for AC load as shown in Figure.2.
1. Simplified mathematical model for wind turbine used in MATLAB.
In the Figure 3, a typical energy conversion and simulation of the energy conversion equations outlined above is
presented for the hybrid system under consideration. Equations (1 through 15) have been solved as per the flow
diagram shown in Figure.3 where the input independent parameters are defined and other dependent parameters
were calculated and integrated in the system of equations. Iterations were performed until a solution is reached
with acceptable iteration error.
The PV solar system used in this simulation has two panels array has 240 watt output estimated at irradiance of
1000 w/m2 with an open circuit current of 15.14 ampere and open circuit volt of 21.7 Volts. The module
efficiency and cell temperature are 12.1% and 25 °C respectively. The type of solar cell is mono-crystalline
with 156x156 mm. each solar panel has 36 cells and size of the module is 1.482x 0.67x .035 meter. The output
of the inverter is maintained at constant 24 volts, thus the batteries are charged constantly with 24 Volts. With
the help with inverter, the output AC voltage is 120 volts depending upon the load.
Figure.4 presents a typical solar isolation at the site for various months of the year at different hours of the day.
It is quite apparent that the peak solar irradiation occurs at midday. However average solar irradiation was used
in the simulation of the Photovoltaic panels. The predicted results of the photovoltaic simulation at different
irradiation are shown in Figures 5 through 7. The solar array output voltage and the amount of generated by the
solar array of photovoltaic are variable since they depend upon not only on the insolation, and temperatures but
also on other parameters such as the voltage-current relation as well as the power-voltage relationship which are
non-linear as depicted in Figures 5 through 7. In particular, Figure.6 illustrates the basic concept of energy
conversion from the solar insolation into electrical energy in terms of volts and amperes as shown at various
values of solar irradiance. Figure.7 has been constructed to show the energy conversion efficiency from
irradiance to electrical energy. It is quite clear that higher irradiance will result in higher energy conversion
efficiency. Therefore, the solar panels will be more efficient to operate at sites with higher irradiance.
The wind turbine considered in this study has the ability to adopt speed up to wind speed of 50m/s to achieve the
maximum allowable power and if the wind speed is less than 2.5 m/s, no power is produced. The turbine rotor
diameter is 3.2 m with three blades. The rated power and maximum power are 1.5 KW and 1.8 KW,
respectively. Its rated wind speed is 9 m/s. The working voltage is 24 DC. The predicted results of the wind
turbine model are presented in Figures 8 through 11, where various wind speed are considered.
The governing mechanical power delivered by wind turbine and its energy conversion efficiency are given
equations (1 through 3), where it is a function of Betz power coefficient as well as other parameters. The
maximum theoretical power has a Betz coefficient of 0.59 which is often expressed in terms of the rotor tip
speed to wind speed ratio. The power is proportional to the wind speed, as the wind speed increases the power
of the wind turbine increases. Figure .8 illustrates the impact of the Betz coefficient on the wind turbine power
delivered. As shown at constant wind speed as the Betz coefficient is decreased less than 0.59 the power
delivered is decreased. In addition, figure. 9 shows at constant Betz power coefficient, increasing the wind
speed, results in increasing the power delivered by a wind turbine. Numerical simulations obtained by
MATLAB indicate that the maximum power generated is at Betz power coefficient of 0.59, however, beyond
this point with increasing the wind speed the power generated decreases. The wind turbine under question
operates at maximum capacity with Betz coefficient of 0.42.
The impact wind speed on the electrical power output generated by the wind turbine has been illustrated in
Figures 9 and 10. The predicted results displayed in these figures show that at the lower cut off speed of 2.5
m/s and higher cut off speed 11 m/s, the wind electrical power generated is 50 and 1800 Watts which coincide
with the wind turbine specifications provided by the manufacturer. Furthermore, Figure .11 has been constructed
to show the impact of the wind speed on the energy conversion efficiency form wind energy to electrical energy.
It is quite clear that the higher wind speed results in higher energy conversion efficiency and produces more
power output. However, for the wind turbine under investigation, the minimum starting wind speed is 2.5 m/s, at
this particular condition, the power output and conversion efficiency are significantly low and economically
viable.

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Figure 3.- MATLAB Simulation flow diagram.

Figure 4.-Irradiation profile

4
G=1000W/m²
3 G=750W/m²
G=500W/m²

2
Module Current (A)

-1

-2

-3

-4
0 5 10 15 20 25
Module Voltage (V)

Figure 5.- Voltage-Current curve for different values of irradiance- W/m2.

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A typical hydroelectric plant has water tunnel, penstock, surge tank, hydraulic turbine, speed governor,
generator, and finally electric network. In order to predict the energy conversion in a typical hydraulic turbine
and mechanical power generated equation (7) was used to describe the mass and energy equations. Due to the
lack of a hydraulic turbine on the site, the operating conditions considered in this study are as per reference
Singh and Chauhan [10] were used in the MATLAB simulation; water flow: 725m3 /s, water level in the
reservoir: 30 m, equivalent cross-sectional area of the penstock: 60 m2, nominal power of the turbine: 178 MW,
turbine efficiency: 94%, nominal speed of the turbine: 71.43 RPM and finally, the length of the penstock: 20 m.
Figure. 12 has been constructed to illustrate the impact of the water level in the reservoir on the mechanical
power generated by the turbine at various water flow rates through the turbine. The simulation presented in this
figure clearly shows that at constant water level head in the reservoir, increasing the water flow rate to the
turbine will increase the hydraulic turbine power generated which is well expected. On the other hand, Figure.13
displays numerical prediction of the electrical power generated at various water flow rates. As expected, at a
particular water level in the reservoir, higher electrical power was obtained at higher water flow rates. It is also
quite clear that our model predicted the maximum electrical power generated of 178 MW at 725 m3/s and 30 m
head as reported in reference [10]. The integration constant of the hydropower system presented by Singh and
Chauhan [10] has been simulated in this study and depicted in Figure. 14 at head of 30 m. Reference [10] noted
that this is a simplified method to compute the hydraulic pressure losses which also can be used for run-of-the
river hydropower plants, with small head. As reported by reference [10] the results shown in Figure. 14 shows
that the integration time constant changes more than 50% for the entire operating range of the simulated water
flows through the turbine.

250

Solar Irradiation Gt =1000W/m²

200 Solar Irradiation Gt =750W/m²
Solar Irradiation Gt =500W/m²
Solar Irradiation Gt =250W/m²

150
Power(W)

100

50

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Current (A)

Figure 6.- DC Current - DC Power PV for different values of G (W/m2).

250

Solar Irradiation Gt =1000W/m²

Solar Irradiation Gt =750W/m²
200 Solar Irradiation Gt =500W/m²
Solar Irradiation Gt =250W/m²
DC Power PV(WATTS)

150

100

50

0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Efficiency conversion PV

Figure 7.- DC Power PV- Efficiency Conversion PV for different values of irradiance (W/m2).

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2500

Cp=0.59
Cp=0.5
2000
Cp=0.42
Cp=0.3
Cp=0.2
Wind Power (W)
1500

1000

500

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Wind Speed (m/s)

Figure 8.- Power-speed curve for different values of Betz Coefficient.

1800

1600
Speed =11 m/s
1400 Speed =8 m/s
Speed =5 m/s
1200 Speed =2.5 m/s
CD Power (W)

1000

800

600

400

200

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
CD Current (AMPS)

Figure 9.- CD Power- CD Current curves for wind Speed (m/s).

35

Speed 11m/s
30 Speed 8m/s
Speed 5m/s
Speed 2.5m/s
25
CD Current (A)

20

15

10

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
CD Voltage (V)

Figure 10.- CD Current – CD Voltage curves for wind speed (m/s).

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3000

Wind Speed= 2.5 m/s

2500
Wind Speed= 4 m/s
Wind Speed= 6 m/s
Wind Speed= 9 m/s
2000 Wind Speed= 11 m/s
In Power(WATTS)

1500

1000

500

0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Wind Turbine Efficiency

Figure.11-Energy conversion efficiency at various wind speeds

8
x 10
8

7 Water Flow 500m³/s

Water Flow 600m³/s
Water Flow 725m³/s
6
Water Flow 800m³/s
Turbine Power (WATTS)

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Head (m)

Figure 12.-Hydraulic turbine power at different water heads (m).

8
x 10
4.5

4 Water Flow 500m³/s

Water Flow 600m³/s
3.5 Water Flow 725m³/s
Water Flow 800m³/s
Electrical Power (WATTS)

2.5

1.5

0.5

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Head (m)

Figure 13.- Electrical output power at different water flow Rates.

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1.4

1.3

1.2

Integral time constant TW (s)

1.1

0.9

0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5
500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200
Water Flow Q(m³/s)

Figure 14.- Water Flow Q - Integral time constant TW [10].

8
x 10
4

Water Flow 500m³/s

3.5 Water Flow 600m³/s
Water Flow 725m³/s
3 Water Flow 800m³/s
Electrical Power (WATTS)

2.5

1.5

0.5

0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Efficiency

Figure 15.- Electrical Power- Efficiency for different values of Water Flow rates.

The numerical results shown in Figure .15 are based upon data reported in Reference [10] and the energy
conversion efficiency presented in the figure take into account the thermal efficiency and the electrical
efficiency. It is quite clear from Figure. 15 that selecting the appropriate values for the decision variables,
namely water flow rates, a designer can choose the desired decision variables to achieve the optimal solutions
according to their considerations such as thermal or electrical point of view, design limitations, economic
viability. According to the results obtained from the simulated results in Figure.15, the thermal and electrical
efficiency can be increased by increasing the water flow rates. On the other hand, the results also show that the
power increase is sensible to the thermal energy conversion efficiency. This subject is of great importance to
engineering design perspective as it leads to greater performance of the hydraulic turbine system.
Validation of Simulation Model:
In order to validate our numerical model prediction described in equations (1 through 15), we have constructed
Figures 16 and 19. After analyzing the wind speed data of the site where the environmental measuring station
was installed, it was concluded that the data are not consistent and could not be used to validate the model.
Therefore, the experimental data presented by references [11] through [15] were used for validation purposes.
Figures 16 and 17 have been constructed where the predicted outputs of the wind turbine are depicted under
various wind speed and RPM of the turbine shaft against the experimental data.
It is quite apparent from these figures that our numerical model fairly predicted the wind turbine output.
However, analyzing Figure 16 points out that our model predicted very well the wind power data up to wind
speed of 5.5 m/s and beyond that point there was some discrepancies between the model prediction and the data.
We believe these discrepancies are due to variable Betz coefficient Cp and kinetic and mechanical losses at
higher wind speeds. In addition, since our model assume a constant Betz coefficient, our model could not take
into account the mechanical and kinetic losses encountered at high speed.

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Furthermore, the wind turbine data presented by ([12] and Bosma B. and Kallio [13]) were displayed, simulated
and compared to our numerical model’s prediction at different RPM in Figure .17. It is quite evident that our
numerical model predicted well the wind turbine data at various RPM.
In order to validate our model’s prediction and since the irradiance data at the University site was not consistent,
we have opted to use the solar radiation data presented by Benghanem and Alamri [14]. Figures.18 and 19
display the model prediction of this data in terms of electrical power voltage and amperage and compares
against the data of references [14, 15]. It is quite evident from the data presented in this figure that the
numerical model predicted the data very well between output voltages of 9 through 20 volts. However, data less
than 9 volts showed constant current values at different voltages. Therefore, outputs under 9 voltages were
under predicted. It is in our opinion that the model under predicted the data because of the energy conversion
efficiency was not consistent at low voltage. In additions, details of measurements of the voltage and amperage
were not fully disclosed in reference [14]. Comparison between the experimental Data [15] and the
mathematical model prediction at 750W/m2has been demonstrated in Figure.19. Clearly this figure shows that
the model well predicted the data of Ramon et al. [15].
Finally, Figure .20 presents a comparison between the predicted model simulation results and the experimental
data of Murugan et al. [16] for aged wind turbines with variable Cp Betz Coefficients. The data simulated had a
Cp

1200

1000
Experimental Data
Mathematical Model
800
Wind Power (W)

600

400

200

0
0 5 10 15
Wind Speed (m/s)

Figure 16.- Comparison between Wind Turbine data (Ikhsan et al-[11]) and model prediction.

1500

1000 Experimental Data

Mathematical Model
Wind Power (W)

500

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
RPM

Figure 17.- Comparison between Wind Turbine data ([12]and Bosma B. and Kallio [13]) and model prediction.

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3.5
Experimental Data
Mathematical Model
3

2.5

Current (A) 2

1.5

0.5
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Voltage (V)

Figure 18.- PV output data [14] compared to model prediction.

600

500 Mathematical Model

Experimental Data

400
Power(W)

300

200

100

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Current (A)

Figure 19.- Comparison of Current – Power Experimental Data [15] and Mathematical Model at 750W/m2.

Figure. 20 Comparison of Current – Power Experimental Data [16] and Mathematical Model at variable Betz coefficients

of 0.47 for wind speeds up to 10 m/s and Cp of 0.21 for speed higher than 10 m/s. The numerical model had a Cp
of 0.21 and therefore, a good agreement was obtained between the model and the data at speed higher than 10
m/s. However, discrepancies were observed between the model and the data of reference [16] at wind speeds
between 5 through 10 m/s. It is also worth mentioning that the model predicted fairly the data for wind speeds
under 5 m/s. It is believed that the use of a variable Cp will improve the model prediction. However, not enough
information was given in reference [16] to enable the use of variable Cp.

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Conclusions:
The energy conversion equations describing the total power generated by a hybrid system of solar photovoltaic,
wind turbine and hydraulic turbine have been presented, integrated, coded by MATLAB and solved
simultaneously. A block diagram approach was used during the simulation with MATLAB. The model
prediction compared fairly well with the data at different conditions. We certainly believe that this model can be
used as design and optimization tool with great confidence.
Nomenclature:
A = PV solar collector area (m2)
B = Coefficient of friction of the generator referred at wind turbine [N-m/rad/s]
φ= Power factor referred to wind turbine.
= Betz power coefficient.
G = Solar irradiation (W/m2)
H= Height of the water level.
= Single-phase current.
= Line current referred to wind turbine.
( )= Current referred to PV in DC.
( ) = The DC current output from the hydraulic generator
= DC current to the rectifier output.
J = Inertia moment of the generator [Kg-m2].
K= Coefficient proportional to input kinetic energy.
K1 = Constant of the inverter.
Kp= Coefficient of the controller.
LLP= Loss of load probability.
La= Inductance of armature [H].
= Number of batteries connected in series.
P(t)= AC power of the inverter output.
= Three phase AC power of the wind turbine.
= Wind power sweep produced by the blades.
P = Nominal Power PV.
( )= Electrical power DC of PV.
Ph= Mechanical power generated by the hydraulic turbine.
( ) = Electric power generated by the hydraulic system.
= Power Controller.
= Inverter input power.
= Inverter output power.
Q= hydraulic flow.
Ra= Resistance of armature [Ω].
RPM= Revolutions per minutes.
= The collector temperature.

= The collector reference temperature.

Td = Time derivative of the controller.
= Line voltage referred to wind turbine.
v = Wind velocity
( )= Voltage referred to PV in DC.
= Nominal voltage DC in the battery.
= Phase- neutral voltage.
( )= The voltage measured at the terminals of hydraulic generator.

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Greek alphabet
β = Temperature coefficient ( (0.004 – 0.006) per °C)
= Wind turbine efficiency.
= Mechanical friction efficiency.
= Generator machine efficiency.
=Speed multiplication box efficiency.
= Electric conversion efficiency is referred to wind turbine.
η = PV solar collector efficiency.
η = power conditioning efficiency
η = The reference module efficiency
= The efficiency of conversion to DC referred to PV
= Total efficiency the hydraulic turbine.
= Efficiency of mechanical friction of the hydraulic turbine.
= The efficiency of the hydraulic generator.
= The losses efficiency.
= The efficiency of conversion to DC referred to hydraulic system.
= Inverter efficiency.
= Hybrid system efficiency.
= Air density.
= Water density.
Subscripts:
aer- Aero generator
Air –Air
–Accessories
−Battery
− Controller
1 −Electric conversion referred to wind turbine.
2 −Conversion to DC referred to PV
3– Conversion to DC referred to hydraulic system.
− Phase neutral
− Mechanical friction
ℎ −Hydraulic generator
h – Hydraulic turbine
– Hydraulic system.
− - Inverter input
− - Inverter output
−Multiplication box
p – Power
pc −Power conditioning
PV – Photo Voltaic
pvg – Irradiance PV
rect – Rectifier
– Batteries connected in series.
–Total
– Wind Turbine
3 – Three phase AC

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Acknowledgement:
The research work presented in this paper was made possible through the support of the Catholic University of
Cuenca.
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