Sangamnerproject

FORM 1
(I) Basic Information
Name of the Project : M/s Sangamnar Bhag .S.S.K Ltd

Amrutnagar
Location / site alternatives
Under consideration : Post Sangamner S.K-422608
Tal. Sangamner
Dist. Ahmednagar
Maharashtra
Size of the Project : 40 KLPD Distillery
Expected cost of the project : Rs. 3287.46 Lac
Contact Information : Phone-02425-255457, 25370,225499,225399

Fax-02425-5425
E mail : amrutsugar@yahoo.co.in
Screening Category : A
• Capacity corresponding to sectoral activity (such as production capacity for

manufacturing, mining lease area and production capacity for mineral
production, area for mineral exploration, length for linear transport
infrastructure, generation capacity for power generation etc.,)
(II) Activity
1. Construction, operation or decommissioning of the Project involving actions,

which will cause physical changes in the locality (topography, land use, changes in
water bodies, etc.)
SR. Details thereof (with approximate quantities

NO. Information/Checklist confirmation Yes/No /rates, wherever possible) with source of
information data
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1.1 Permanent or temporary change in land Yes, For this activity Land already exists. It is
use, land cover or topography including Perman proposed to add additional capacity of 40
increase in intensity of land use (with ent KLPD. Due to same activity on Existing
respect to local land use plan) land there is no change in land use
topography.
1.2 Clearance of existing land, vegetation Yes Land is already exist therefore clearance of
And buildings? existing land, vegetation & building is
already having
1 .3 Creation of new land uses? Yes Land already existing for the expansion
therefore no any creation of new land uses.
1.4 Pre -construction investigations e.g. bore Yes Land already existing so no any pre
houses, soil testing? construction investigation.
1 .5 Construction works? Yes Distillery building, spent wash storage tank,

Spirit storage tank, Building for molasses
weighed ,molasses tank, nutrient tank, yeast
propagation, yeast plate heat exchangers
Distillation house, receiver room, and
foundation are proposed to be constructed.
1.6 Demolition works? No There is no demolition works.
1.7 Temporary sites used for construction No Only day working

works or housing of construction
workers?
1.8 Above ground buildings, structures or No Plant activity is above ground like buildings,
earthworks including linear structures, cut all operational activity of plant except only
and fill or excavations the water storage tanks which is
underground. Cutting filling nearby
balances. No Basement
1.9 Underground works including mining or No

tunneling?
1.10 Reclamation works? No
1.11 No
Dredging?
1.12 Off shore structures? No -
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1.13 Production and manufacturing processes? Yes Production proposed
a)Rectified Spirit : 40 KLPD
b)Absolute Alcohol : 40 KLPD
Manufacturing process-Continuous
fermentation process with multi product
distillation
1.14 Facilities for storage of goods or materials Yes Steel tanks, Covered godowns
1.15 Facilities for treatment or disposal of Yes Solid waste

solid waste or liquid effluents? Disposal-On own garden, sale, reuse,
recycle
Liquid waste
Treatment- Biomethanation, Aerobic
composting (for Molasses Based Waste
Water) and Conventional aerobic treatment
for Grain based waste water
1.16 Facilities for long term housing of Yes Small colony, guest house.
operational workers?
1.17 New road, rail or sea traffic during No Existing Roads shall be used
construction or operation?
1.18 New road, rail, air waterborne or other No Existing road
transport infrastructure including new or
altered routes and stations, ports, airports,
etc.?
1.19 Closure or diversion of existing No Existing transport routes or infrastructure is
transport routes or infrastructure leading satisfactory .Main raw material is available
to changes in traffic movements? in house or near by area therefore traffic is
not affected because of this .So no changes
in traffic movement or any closure or
diversion of existing routes
1.20 New or diverted transmission lines No
or pipelines?
1.21 Impoundment, damming, culver ting, No

realignment or other changes to
the hydrology of watercourses or
aquifers?
1.22 Stream crossings? No
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1.23 Abstraction or transfers of water form No Only to limited extent as detailed in the pre
ground or surface waters? feasibility report enclosed Para 6.
1.24 Changes in water bodies or the land No

surface affecting drainage or run-off?
1.25 Transport of personnel or materials for Yes For civil constructions there will be the
construction, operation or transport of materials.
`decommissioning?
1.26 Long-term dismantling or No
decommissioning or restoration works?
1.27 Ongoing activity during decommissioning No
which could have an impact on the
environment?
1.28 Influx of people to an area in either No Limited influx of people.
temporarily or permanently?
1.29 Introduction of alien species? No
1.30 Loss of native species or genetic No ----

diversity?
1.31 Any other actions? No
2. Use of Natural resources for construction or operation of the Project (such as

land, water, materials or energy, especially any resources which are non-
renewable or in short supply):
4
SR. Information/checklist confirmation Details thereof (with approximate
NO. Yes quantities /rates, wherever possible)
/No with source of information data
2.1 Land especially undeveloped or Yes 200 acres for Agro-Industrial use.
agricultural land (ha)
2.2 Water (expected source & competing Water source Pravara River
users) unit: KLD Water Requirement
2.3 Minerals (MT) No
2.4 Construction material - stone, Limited Limited construction work. More of

aggregates, and / soil (expected source - fabrication Nature
MT)
2.5 Forests and timber (source - MT) No
2.6 Energy including electricity and fuels Yes Electricity available from State Electricity
(source, competing users) Unit: fuel board. Also self generation.
(MT), energy (MW) During Season: Own generation from
Sugar Unit
During Off Season: 1.5 MW
Energy—200KWH/day (during idle
period)
Fuel: Bagasse (own source)+ Biogas from
Biomethanation Facility.
2.7 Any other natural resources (use No
appropriate standard units)
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3. Use, storage, transport, handling or production of substances or materials, which
could be harmful to human health or the environment or raise concerns about actual
or perceived risks to human health.
SR. Yes/No Details thereof (with approximate

NO. Information/Checklist confirmation quantities/rates, wherever possible) with
source of information data
3.1 Use of substances or materials, which No Nothing above threshold level

are hazardous (as per MSIHC rules) to
human health or the environment (flora,
fauna, and water supplies)
3.2 Changes in occurrence of disease or No .
affect disease vectors (e.g. insect or
water borne diseases)
3.3 Affect the welfare of people e.g. by No In fact will be improved..
changing living conditions?
3.4 Vulnerable groups of people who could No

be affected by the project e.g. hospital
patients, children, the elderly etc.,
3.5 No
Any other causes
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4. Production of solid wastes during construction or operation or decommissioning (MT/month)
SR. Information/Checklist confirmation Yes/No Details thereof (with approximate

NO. quantities/rates, wherever possible)
with source of information data
4.1 Spoil, overburden or mine wastes No
4.2 Municipal waste (domestic and or Yes Canteen, Colony, ETP sludge, Office
commercial wastes) and packing trash are generated from the
activity. Details given in para6 of Pre-
feasibility report, enclosed.
4.3 Hazardous wastes (as per Hazardous Yes Spent lubrication oil, discarded drums.
Waste Management Rules) They are disposed are per consent
practice.
4.4 Other industrial process wastes Nominal Yeast sludge. Separated, dewatered and
used in composting, DDGS-Sell as
Cattle feed.
4.5 No
Surplus product
4.6 Sewage sludge or other sludge from Yes Limited used in composting.
effluent treatment
4.7 Construction or demolition wastes No
4.8 Redundant machinery or equipment No

4.9 Contaminated soils or other materials No
4.10 Agricultural wastes No

4.11 Other solid wastes No
5. Release of pollutants or any hazardous, toxic or noxious substances to air (Kg/hr)
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NO. Information/Checklist quantities/rates, wherever possible)
confirmation with source of information data
5.1 Emissions from combustion of fossil No The existing Boiler of 20MT/hr shall
fuels from stationary or mobile sources be used and fuel shall be changed
from Bagasse to Methane gas. This
will reduce the emissions
5.2 No CO2 from fermenters (scrubbed for

Emissions from production processes escaping alcohol)
5.3 Emissions from materials handling Yes Fugitive due o transport .Taken
including storage or transport precautions.
5.4 Emissions from construction activities Limited Due to limited transport only while
including plant and equipment construction
5.5 Dust or odors from handling of materials No Closed Operation. Anaerobic Gas in
including construction materials, sewage closed circuit. Sewage in closed septic
and waste tank. Irrigation by sprinklers/drip and
no cess pools by ridge-furrow
methods.
5.6 Emissions from incineration of waste No No incineration of waste therefore no

emissions
5.7 Emissions from burning of waste in No
open air (e.g. slash materials,
construction debris)
5.8 Emissions from any other sources --
6. Generation of Noise and Vibration, and Emissions of Light and Heat:
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SR. Information/Checklist confirmation Yes/No Details thereof (with approximate
NO. quantities/rates, wherever
possible) with source of
information data
6.1 From operation of equipment e.g. No
engines, ventilation plant, crushers
6.2 From industrial or similar processes Yes Low and limited due to working
motors only .D.G set only for
limited purpose. Air compressor in
closed isolated place. Steam in
distillation process
6.3 From construction or demolition Low No demolition involved. Civil and

structural work will be done.
Construction will be of short
duration.
6.4 From blasting or piling No
6.5 From construction or operational traffic Low Limited quantity of Raw Material
and Products.
6.6 From lighting or cooling systems No
6.7 From any other sources --
7. Risks of contamination of land or water from releases of pollutants into the ground
or into sewers, surface waters, groundwater, coastal waters or the sea:
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NO. Information/Checklist confirmation quantities/rates, wherever
information data
7.1 From handling, storage, use or spillage No
of hazardous materials
7.2 From discharge of sewage or other No Sewage low quantity, effluent

effluents to water or the land (expected treated in ETP. Zero discharge to
mode and place of discharge) surface and ground water.
7.3 By deposition of pollutants emitted to No

air into the and or into water
7.4 From any other sources No
7.5 Is there a risk of long term build up of No

pollutants in the environment from these
sources?
8. Risk of accidents during construction or operation of the Project, which could affect
human health or the environment

NO. Information/Checklist confirmation quantities/rates, wherever
information data
8.1 From explosions, spillages, fires etc No No use of explosives.
from storage, handling, use or Fire fighting precautions as per CIF
production of hazardous substances and Insurance co.
8.2 From any other causes No .
8.3 Could the project be affected by natural No Site is selected carefully

disasters causing environmental
damage (e.g. floods, earthquakes,
landslides, cloudburst etc)?
9. Factors which should be considered (such as consequential development) which

could lead to environmental effects or the potential for cumulative impacts with
other existing or planned activities in the locality
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Sr. Yes/No Details thereof (with approximate
No. Information/Checklist confirmation quantities/rates, wherever
information data
9.1 Lead to development of supporting, Low No Down stream or upward
facilities, ancillary development or integration. Only Nominal or tea
development stimulated by the project shop, tire repair shop etc.
which could have impact on the
environment e.g.:
• Supporting infrastructure (roads, power
supply, waste or waste water treatment,
etc.)
• Housing development
• Extractive industries
• Supply industries
• Other
9.2 Lead to after-use of the site, which could No
have an impact on the environment
9.3 Set a precedent for later developments No No downstream or upward
integration.
9.4 Have cumulative effects due to proximity No Isolated industry not in cluster
to other existing or planned projects with
similar effects
(III) Environmental Sensitivity
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SR. Name/ Aerial distance (within 15 km.)
NO. Areas Identity Proposed project location
boundary
I Areas protected under international No
conventions, national or local legislation
for their ecological,
landscape, cultural or other related value
2 Areas which are important or sensitive No
for ecological reasons - Wetlands,
watercourses or other water bodies,
coastal zone, biospheres, mountains,
forests
3 Areas used by protected, important or No
sensitive species of flora or fauna for
breeding, nesting, foraging, resting,
over wintering, migration
4 Inland, coastal, marine or underground No
waters
5 State, National boundaries No
6 Routes or facilities used by the public for No
access to recreation or other tourist,
pilgrim areas
7 Defense installations No
8 Densely populated or built-up area No
9 Areas occupied by sensitive man-made No
land uses (hospitals, schools, places of
worship, community facilities)
10 Areas containing important, high quality No In addition, all precautions taken.
or scarce resources (ground water
resources, surface resources, forestry,
agriculture, fisheries, tourism, minerals)
11 Areas already subjected to pollution or No
environmental damage, (those where
existing legal environmental standards
are exceeded)
12 Areas susceptible to natural hazard No
which could cause the project to present
environmental) problems (earthquakes,
subsidence, landslides, erosion, flooding
or extreme or adverse climatic
conditions)
(IV). Proposed Terms of Reference for EIA studies
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Alcohol manufacturing based on grain as raw material as well as molasses or Sugar Cane Juice
Syrup as a raw material. India is a largest producer of sugarcane as well as a sugar in the world
.Molasses is considered as a one of the valuable co-products of sugar industry .The important co
products of the alcohol industry are CO2, fusel oil, yeast, spent wash .The molasses based
effluent which indeed is with high BOD, low pH, deep color and high TDS. Thus this is an
environmental issue and needs to be addressed well.
The foul odor is also an issue in molasses based distillery .These issues are proposed to cover in
EIA .The remaining phases of environment like air pollution ,noise pollution, solid waste are of
small dimensions and easily controllable .
The proposed distillery project for this sugar factory is most promising and attractive in order to
achieve their basic object of general upliftment and socio-economic development in this area.
We shall propose in “Scoping” the details of all above, as also the following
• The present land is already non-agricultural and under industrial use.

• Power requirement, Steam requirement, Raw material requirement, water requirement,
water balance, process details, technology, product storage, etc.
• Ambient Air Quality Monitoring for three months except monsoon covering 7.5 km
radius around Industry and its impact.
• Ground water quality around plant and composting yard 1 km radius.
• Treatment scheme to achieving Zero discharge, towards surface or ground waters.
• Ground water 2 down gradient and 1 up gradient location in 1 km area.
• AAQ Ambient Air Quality stations 2 down wind and 1 up wind location in 1 km area,
from Stack.
• Soil quality monitoring, permeability and other details around compost yard.
• Scheme of Treatment, mode of treatment.
• The pollution source in this area will be villages nearby. No medium or large scale
industries present within 10 km radius. Moreover, this is rainfed area, there is no
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agricultural return water going to river.
• Information of solid waste, no. of working days, CO2 emission from stack and process,
etc.
• Employment generation, Benefits of project.
• The only raw material use is grain, which is not covered under MSI rules. Sulfuric acid
is used in process in very small quantity. However, Risk Assessment will be done and
submitted.
• An Environmental Inventory will be prepared.
Signature of Authorized person with seal
14
PREFEASIBILITY REPORT
For
EXPANSION of
Existing DISTILLERY UNIT
By
40 KLPD RECTIFIED SPIRIT
AND
40 KLPD ABSOLUTE ALCOHOL PLANT
at
SANGAMNER BHAG S.S.K LTD.
Amrutnagar, Tal:Sangamner,
Dist. Ahmednagar,
(Maharashtra)
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Synopsis
1. Introduction
2. Justification
3. Location
4. Resources
5. Process
6. Pollution Control
7. Background Study
8. Safety
9. Benefits
10. EIA Structure
11. Scoping
12. Conclusion
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1. Introduction
M/s. The Sangamner Bhag S. S. K Ltd. Amrutnagar, Tal. Sangamner Dist. Ahmednagar,
(Maharashtra) was registered as Co–operative Society vide registration number A.N.R/P.R.G (A).3
Date 6 September 1966. The Karkhana is having 40 KLPD Distillery unit established in the year
1984. The management of the factory has decided to expand the capacity to 80 KLPD .
M/s. The Sangamner Bhag S. S. K. Ltd., Amrutnagar, Tal. Sangamner is one of the efficient sugar
mill of Maharashtra. This sugar factory has earned best technical efficiency awards and cane
development awards. In addition to industrial growth in the area, the sugar mill is also involved in
several developmental activities to help farmers and workers.
To exploit more benefits from the industrial complex, the management of the factory has decided to
expand its 40 KLPD distillery unit to 80 KLPD based on latest continuous fermentation and multi
pressure distillation technology to produce alcohol from cane molasses.
It is stated that the Distillery unit will come under category A. with Screening it is necessary for
Sanamner Bhag S.S.K Ltd to approach Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF), New Delhi for
Environmental Clearance for this Distillery unit. This Pre-feasibility Report is prepared for forming
a framework for EIA study, Scoping and finalizing the Terms of Reference.
Form I, as is prescribed by the said Notification is duly filled up and submitted. This Pre-feasibility
Report is an accompaniment to the same.
The Form I submitted by us generally has covered Justification, Nearby Land Use, Resources,
Process, Pollution Control, Aesthetics, Risk Involved, Consequent Developments and Environmental
Sensitive Issues.
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2. Justification
Molasses based distillation was the route in India historically .This is an expansion project where
alcohol is produced from cane molasses by continuous fermentation and multi pressure distillation
technology. The latest technology is adopted with a Justification for better productivity and quality
of alcohol.
The molasses based distilleries are linked with sugar factory and sugar producing farmers will be
benefit by it. The sugar mill is also involved in several developmental activities to help farmers and
workers. To support farmer is also at the mind of Proponents which indeed is a Justification, on the
background of farmer’s suicides in Vidharbha area.
In the industry, effluent produced is only water .Therefore, problems of pollution hazard are nil.
Consent from Environmental Department and Pollution Control Board can be easily obtained as a
mater of routine.
Cane growing needs a longer time to get the crop. The management of sugar factory is implementing
lift irrigation schemes for sugar cane growers under the cane development program. They has
decided to implement dip irrigation scheme to irrigate more land in minimum water quantity. Thus a
large water is conserved is a Justification .
During over production of Sugar Cane and low prices for Sugar in the market shall make viable to
manufacture Alcohol directly from the Sugar Cane Juice Syrup. This will assure returns to the
farmers. This will help to maintain socio economy in the region is also a Justification.
Various Government Departments have examined Justification and propriety of this venture and
permissions are granted by them to establish this unit as
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# From Regarding
1 Registrar of Companies Certificate of Incorporation
2 Gram Panchayat Office No Objection Certificate
3 Commissioner, Excise Department Grant of Letter of Intent
4 State Electricity Distribution Board Availability of required power
5 Govt of India, Commerce & Industry IEM Industrial Entrepreneurs
Ministry Memorandum
6 State Irrigation Department Availability of water
3. Location
The proposed location is in Village Amrutnagar, Tehsil Sangamner, Dist. Ahmednagar, and
Maharashtra. This candidate site is in vicinity of potential sugarcane-growing area, so that there is
less transportation of Sugarcane/ Bagasse, less spillage, less accidental risk, less pollution, less
consumption of fuel and less loss of fermentable sugar.
This is not Prime Agricultural Land. This is flat land whereby Cutting-filling will be balanced and
there will be No/Low Borrowing from Nature. This is procured by mutual agreement with golden
hand-shake.
Within 10 km Influence Zone, there is no Tropical Forest, Biosphere Reserve, National Park, Wild
Life sanctuary and Coral Formation Reserve. The River Pravara, City Ahmednagar, Town
Sangamner, Railway line, National Highway are sufficiently at a distance. The Clearance is obtained
from Gram Panchayat and hence will have public acceptability.
19
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4. Resources
Sangamner Bhag S. S. K Ltd., Amrutnagar proposes to expand a 40 KLPD Distillery unit to 80
KLPD Distillery, which requires following resources
Location
1. Already existing plant.
2. Own raw material
3. Availability of utilities such as steam, electricity and water
4. Adequate land for Distillery and Effluent Treatment Plant
5. Avoiding likely odor nuisance to the residential colony and the public in general
6. Availability of technical assistance in case of necessity.
7. Well connected road network with ease of cane transport.
8. Leveled ground and load bearing soil.
Raw Materials Input
The capacity of the proposed distillery shall be 40 KLPD. For this the main and sole raw material is
molasses. The yeast and enzymes bring about the change. Some chemicals in small quantity are used
for supporting propagation of the yeast and help to fermentation. Thus,
# Raw Material Quantity/day

For Molasses Based Process
1. Molasses 170 MT
2. Nutrients N, P 07 Kg
3. Turkey Red Oil (TRO) 260 Kg
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For Grain Based Process
1. Grain (Pre-cleaned) 135 MT
2. Sulphuric acid 40 kg
4 Turkey Red Oil (TRO) 40 Kg
5 Enzymes 80 kg
For Sugar Cane Juice Syrup

1 Sugar Cane Juice Syrup 215 MT
In addition to the raw material, utilities are also required. These are:
• Power: During the crushing season factory will supply electricity and steam
from sugar factory and for off season factory has proposed to run one 1.5 MW T.G Set and
20MT/hr Boiler of Sugar factory.
The cost of electricity from the existing turbo alternator to the distillery and ETP has been
assumed as Rs 3.60 /unit.
Power for idle days around 200 KWH per day will have to be purchased from State
Electricity Board at the rate of Rs 5.0/unit
• Man Power: Staff, skilled and unskilled totally 50 persons will be required, and will be
available.
• Water Requirernment: For the proposed Continuous Fermentation based 40 KLPD
distillery having Rectified Spirit and Fuel Ethanol as finished products the maximum water
requirement will be up to about 7Lac liters /day .Water storage reservoir facility is available
with the factory .Sufficient quantity of water can be made available to the distillery from the
existing factory reservoir .
• Steam Requirement: The steam requirement of the proposed distillery depending on the
final products to be produced will require around 4.5-5.0 MT/HR .The sugar factory is
having seven boilers –Three boilers are having steam generation capacity of 20 Mt/hr and
two boilers are having steam generation capacity of 25 Mt/hr .One boiler is having steam
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generation capacity of 40 Mt/hr and another one is having steam generation capacity 8
MT/hr.
• Building materials: This is not a heavy construction, and majority is in fabrication from
Mild steel structural. The orientation is so kept as to balance nearly the cutting and filling.
The small requirement is available systematically. The construction erection time will be
small and will be done in day time. Labour camp is not necessary.
• Total Cost for project will be Rs 3287.46 Lac.
Thus all the resources are available and will be used economically and judiciously.
5. PROCESS
Sangamner Bhag S.S.K Ltd Amrutnagar proposes to expand a 40 KLPD Distillery unit to 80 KLPD
Distillery. The peculiarities of manufacturing process are as follows
Manufacturing Process for Molasses Based Distillery:
• Molasses or Sugar Cane Juice Syrup is the raw material used for the production of the of the
alcohol .Molasses contains about 50% total sugars, of which 30 to 33 % are cane sugar and
the rest are reducing sugar .During the fermentation, yeast strains to the species
Saccharomyces cerevisieae , a living microorganism belonging to class fungi converts
sugar present in the molasses such as sucrose or glucose into alcohol.
Chemically the transformation for sucrose to alcohol can be approximated by equation:
1) C12H22O11 + H2 O 2C6H12O6
Cane sugar Glucose + Fructose
2) C6H12O6 2C2H5OH + 2CO2
2X46 + 2X44
Glucose/Fructose Ethyl Alcohol Carbon Dioxide
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For bringing out above biochemical reaction, there should be a proper and careful handling
of yeast, optimum temperature and pH control and substrate concentration, which results into
effective conversion of sugars to alcohol.
• Yeast can be manufactured under strict controlled conditions or readymade under strict
controlled conditions or readymade compressed yeast may be used directly in the pre
fermenter .Good quality of yeast is available for use in distillery. The yeast is useful to obtain
a good yield of alcohol by fermentation of molasses .The stages of yeast propagation as
described above for producing yeast from laboratory scale to pre fermenter stage may be total
eliminated .The fermentation of molasses in fermenters take about 24 to 36 hrs for
completely exhausting the sugars in molasses.
• All the sugars are not converted to alcohol during the process or fermentation because
chemicals like Glycerine, succinic acid ,etc. are also produced by yeast during their
metabolic process .Therefore it is not possible to have 100% efficiency of conversion of
sugars to alcohol. The average yield of alcohol from molasses is about 230 liters from 1 MT
of molasses.
• The different technologies like High brix fermentation, Multistage Continuous fermentation ,
Immobilized enzyme fermentation, Continuous fermentation without yeast separators are
using in the field of fermentation to get a high yield of 280 to 300 liters per MT of molasses
• After fermentation the next stage in the manufacture of alcohol is to separate alcohol from
fermented wash and to concentrate it to 95%alcohol called as rectified spirit .For this
purpose, method of distillation is employed.
• The fermented wash first enters the beer heater, which is a condenser for condensing
alcoholic vapors by using wash a cooling medium .The objective of this beer heater is to
recover the heat from the hot vapors of alcohol .Fermented wash from the beer heater goes to
degasifying column, degasifying column bottom goes to the top plate of the wash column.
This column consists of 18 plates .The steam is admitted through the steam sparger situated
at the bottom of the column .As the steam rise up, the wash descending from the top to the
bottom of the column gets heated and by the time it reaches to bottom plate, it consist
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practically no alcohol .The wash going out is called spent wash, which is discharged to the
drainpipe.
• The vapors coming from wash column now consists approximately 50%alchol and 50%
water with impurities such as higher alcohols, aldehydes ,acids ,sulphur dioxide etc .Part of
these vapors are led to Pre-rectifier column. Other portion of the vapors ,which is major
quantity ,is led to rectifying column .This column consist of 44 plates ,which helps the
removal of based smelling fusel oil ,which is a mixture of higher alcohol .As the vapors
coming from wash column rise to the top of the rectifying column ,the concentration of
alcohol goes on increasing and finally it aches to he concentration of 95.5%alcohol.
• Actual product of rectified spirit is drawn from the 3 plate from the top and cooled in alcohol
cooler and taken out as a product. The fusel oil which is a mixture of higher alcohol is drawn
from the 6 to 10 plate from bottom of rectifying column as a stream of vapors ,it is
condensed and cooled and led into a decanter where it is mixed with water .Fusel oil is
recovered at the rate of 0.2% of alcohol produced.
• The alcohol both pure and impure is first led into separate receivers. The quantity of alcohol
produced is assessed daily in the receivers and it is finally transferred to storage vas in the
warehouse .The spirit from storage vats could be issued for denaturation, or for own
consumption, or directly to the tankers of the customer depending upon the type of
requisition. All these precautions are taken.
Manufacturing process for Anhydrous Alcohol:
Alcohol as manufactured by Indian distilleries is rectified spirit ,which is 94.68%alcohol,and rest is

water .It is not possible to remove remaining water from rectified spirit by straight distillation as
ethyl alcohol forms a constant boiling mixture with water at this concentration and is known as
azeotrrpe. Therefore, special process for removal of water is required for manufacture of anhydrous
alcohol.
In order to extract water from it is necessary to use some dehydrant or entrainer, which is capable of
separating, water from alcohol.
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Simple dehydrant is unslacked lime , Industrial alcohol is taken in a reactor and quick lime ,is added
to that and the mixture is left over night for complete reaction .It is then distilled in fractionating
column to get anhydrous alcohol .Water is retained by quick lime .This process is used for small –
scale production of anhydrous alcohol by batch process. The various process used for dehydration of
alcohol are Azeotropic distillation, Molecular sieve, Pervaporation /Vapor permeation system
Manufacturing Process Grain –based:
• This is grain based unit. It was possible to procure the raw material either in the form of Corn
or in the form of loose Grain. The later is preferred. If Corn is brought, then grains are
required to be separated first. This creates removal of unwanted mass of agricultural residue
in the factory, creating a problem of fugitive emissions and Solid Waste (albeit non-
hazardous). On the other hand if separation is done in the original field, the trash can be used
then and there. Thus grain is received here in gunny bags in clean fashion.
• The grain is available in the vicinity and hence big storage is not necessary. A JIT (Just in
Time) principle for lowering the inventory is possible. Only 10 days stock is kept at a time.
This improves the logistic support and avoids any night time rush transport. Two storage
silos are provided to prevent any deterioration awaiting use.
• Stored corn in conveyed to grain-cleaning equipment where trash such as soil particles, metal
and rock is removed. The timely removal of grit and coarse matter increases the life span of
machinery parts and improves microbial degradation.
• The clean dry grain is to be biodegraded. The fist preparatory step will be to make separation
of degradable inner material from the outer skin, rind or wall of grain. This is done in
hammer mills (two operating mills, plus one standby). Hammering is done by mechanical
means. This is helped by making the dry grain suitably moist. The grain is now labeled as
corn meal because it is ready to serve like it. The hammering action is well designed and well
controlled to save energy and to effectively separate out the husk. The impact is taken by the
grain and not by the Mild Steel wall of vessel. This makes the fines and absorbs the noise.
Vibration is controlled by foundation.
• The Corn Meal is now to be converted into “mash”. This is first step of microbial action
called “Liquefaction”. To have good performance efficiency an optimum time of two hours
26
and optimum temperature of 880C is provided in this tank. Proper environment is provided to
the Yeast by way of selected culture, pH range, nutrients, moisture and specialized alpha-
amylase enzymes. Thermostatic control is provided to maintain the temperature desired.
Incoming material feed is metered in small but continuous dose. Recycled hot evaporator
condensate provides the desired temperature that serves both the purposes. This liquefaction
is not just a physical dilution, but a first step of microbial conversion. Thus ‘mash’ is now
ready.
• “Mash” is now to be converted into “Final mash”. In a Post- liquefaction tank meant for this
purpose, backset (recycled thin spillage from the centrifuge) is added, amounting to 15% by
volume of the final mash. Then the mash is heated to 110oC, for period of 20 minutes, and
cooled to 60oC.
• The “Final mash” is to be now made “scarified Mash”. This is done in a reactor. The
contents are stirred for enhancing the biochemical reaction where saccharification takes
place. To accelerate this, specialized glucoamylase is introduced keeping optimum pH (4.4)
and optimum Hydraulic Residence Time (6 hours).
• The saccharified mash is cooled to 33oC and fed to Fermentation tanks. Similar precautions
are taken as are taken for saccharification namely mechanical arrangement of cascading,
inoculating special yeast culture, optimum Hydraulic Residence Time of 46 hours, optimum
Temperature not exceeding 33oC and enhancing the biochemical reaction by stirring. Stirring
is done by recirculation the off-gas through a compressor mixesthe airlift fermenters.
This serves two purposes, stirring as well as scrubbing of CO2 and alcohol, which would
have otherwise escaped out (creating hydrocarbon air pollutants). The post-fermenter liquor
(now labeled as “Whole beer”) has concentration of E.N.A. as 9% by weight or says 12% by
volume.
• The Alcohol is to be separated from the “whole beer”. This is Distillation section, comprising
of units like Beer Column, Rectifier, Stripper, Molecular Sieve beds etc. Beer is heated, and
fed to the beer column. Steam and cooling water for heating and cooling of the mash, whole
beer, and whole stillage are conserved by the use of heat recovery exchangers. The whole
stillage leaves the bottom of the beer column. The overhead vapors pass to the bottom of the
rectifier, where the concentration of E.N.A. is increased from 45% to 91% by weight. The
27
bottoms from the rectifier are pumped to the top of the stripper. The bottoms from the
stripper are recycled to the liquefaction tank along with evaporator condensate. (This serves
two purposes namely increasing the temperature and conserving the escaping alcohol). The
concentrated vapor from the rectifier is superheated and passes through one of two
dehydrating molecular sieve beds; one is used while the other is regenerated. Vapors from
the regenerated bed are condensed and recycled to the rectifier. The superheated vapor
passing through the molecular sieve bed contains more than 99% by weight E.N.A. The
product is condensed, cooled and stored.
Success and yield of the process depends on the microbial culture. In liquefaction, the alpha-
amylase attacks the starch polymer randomly, producing maltose (di-glucose) and higher
oligomers. In saccharification, the gluco-amylase attacks the non-reducing end of maltose
and higher oligomers, splitting off glucose. In addition to the alpha 1-4 linkages, there are
alpha 1-6 branch points. These are attacked by pullylanase. This enzyme is probably found as
a minor constituent of commercial enzymes, which are not pure enzyme preparations, but
complex mixtures. The latest development in dry-mill E.N.A. enzymes is alpha amylase
containing some protease and pullylanase that makes some of the corn protein available for
yeast nutrition.
All these precautions are taken.
28
6. POLLUTION CONTROL
Sangamner Bhag S.S.K Ltd Amrutnagar proposes to establish a grain-based 40 KLPD Distillery;
the details regarding pollution control of water, air and solid wastes are as follows
A) Water Regime:
Water Budget:
a) Source –
The water input for the Sangamner Bhag S.S.K Ltd Amrutnagar plant is drawn from . The water is
satisfactory as drinking water source for the purpose. It will be treated purified fully by us including
RSF (rapid sand filtration) and disinfection. The source is dependable all the year round and quality
is acceptable. Proper water softening and demineralization gadget will be provided for certain
portion required as dematerialized water for boiler or soft water for process.
b) Water budget- water is required for various purposes like Boiler, Cooling, Process Floor
washing, Vassal washing, Vacuum pump, Domestic use. The summery being –
Water Budget (Molasses / Sugar Cane Juice Syrup Based)
# Stations Input Loss Loss as Effluent Sent to Quantity

1 Domestic 10 02 Evaporation 08
2 Cooling 266 246 Evaporation 20
Tower
3 DM Water 167 0 -- 07 To Boiler 160
Plant
4 Boiler 160 4 16 To steam 140
5 Steam 140 0 0 Distillation 140

9 Fermentation 0 0 Distillation 585
29
i) Fresh 469
Water
ii) CO2 10
Scrubbing
iii) Spent 106
less
10 Distillation 585 40 Product 439 Spent lees to 106
i) From fermentation
Fermentation
11 Floor & 10 02 08 Wetting
vessel
washing
12 CO2 10 - 0 Sent to 10
scrubbing fermentation
Total 1933 294 498 1141
Net Input 792
Water Budget (Grain Based Process)

2 Cooling Tower 330 306 Evaporation 24
3 DM Water Plant 167 0 -- 07 To Boiler 160
5 Steam 140 0 0 Liquefaction 24

Saccharificatio 116
n
6 Hammer mill 08 0 0 Liquefaction 08
7 Liquefaction 0 To 218
30
i) Fresh Water 159 Saccharificatio
ii) Milling n
iii)Raw Material 08
iv) Steam 27
24
8 Saccharification 0 0 Fermentation 334
i) Liquefaction 218
ii) Steam 116
i) From 334
Saccharification
ii) Fresh Water 80
iii)CO2
Scrubbing 10
iv) Spent less 93
i) From 84 fermentation
Fermentation
11 Floor & vessel 10 02 08 Wetting
washing
12 CO2 scrubbing 10 - 0 Sent to 10
fermentation
Total 2421 354 447 1620
Net Input 801
All figures in cum/day.
31
Characteristics
The Characteristics of this effluent (Molasses Based) stream are expected to be:
Sr. Parameter Raw spent mash from continuous fermentation
process
No.
1 PH 4.0 – 4.3
2 Temperature 850C
2 Color Dark brown
3 Chlorides 6000-7500
4 Solids- 4000-6000
Total 1,30,000-1,60,000
Total Volatile 60,000-75,000
Inorganic dissolved 35,000-45,000
5 BOD 55,000-65,000
6 COD 1,10,000-1,30,000
7 Sulphates 4,500-8,500
(All Values except pH are in mg/l)

Table: Characteristics of Effluents
Treatment:
Stream (A)
The domestic effluent is of weak nature with biochemical demand BOD as 90-120 mg/lit and
suspended solids SS as 80-140 mg/lit. There is no toxicity involved and is fully biodegradable.
This is treatable in a well designed septic tank of hydraulic retention time of more than 24 hours.
This is compartmentalized by baffles.
32
The Domestic Waste Water (sewage effluent) is required to be treated to bring it to the quality of
100/100 (BOD/SS) standards, suitable for use on gardening, irrigation. This is best done
traditionally by providing a septic tank. Sangamner Bhag S.S.K Ltd Amrutnagar has so provided.
Sub-surface Irrigation arrangement or disinfection at the end for freshening up, odor control,
disinfection and safety for sewage farm workers shall be provided. This arrangement is found to
be satisfactory.
Stream (B)
The reusable wastewater comes from spent lees and from CO2 scrubbing.
This shall be used again for various purposes such as for (1) Boiler feed, (2) Liquefaction and (3)
Saccharified mash dilution, before or at fermentation.
Stream (C)
The Sober wastewater stream comes from boiler blow down and cooling purging water. Except
temperature, it has no other objectionable characteristic. This is cooled and used on garden
locally. The quantity is small.
Stream (D)
Moderately polluted wastewater comes from de-min plant regeneration, excess spent lees and
floor- vessel washings. This needs treatment and Biological Oxidation is possible. The quantity,
however, is so small that independent ETP is untenable. Thus with small collection tank, it is
allowed to mix with polluted stream (D) and treated-disposed with it. This too serves as diluents
in case of molasses based before its effluent goes into Bio-Digester or in case of grain based
before its effluent goes into ETP.
Stream (E)
The Industrial wastewater is low in pH, has deep color, and has high BOD, COD and TDS.
However, it is neither poisonous, nor toxic, nor hazardous. It is highly Biodegradable, and after
treatment, acceptable to the crops. It is proposed to treat the effluent in two stages, by Anaerobic
Methane Bio-Digestion and by Aerobic Bio-composting Treatment.
33
I) Anaerobic Methane bio-digester will have following units
# Unit Purpose Environmental significance
1 Plate type heat Bringing down the Open lagoons for cooling avoided.
exchanger temperature suitable to Heat is recovered. Congenial to
microbes Microbes
2 Collection sump Efficient mixing of all Adjusts, equalizes BOD, pH, flow for
effluent sub streams easier loading ahead
and return stream
3 Digestion tank Biological activity High HRT (15 days) given, contact
opportunity by mixing 25 HP for
higher efficiency
4 Clarifier Settling the active Reusing the skilled worker increases
biomass for returning the efficiency, resulting in more
Methane and less outgoing BOD
5 Gas holder To adjust the demand In no-demand period, no need of
letting out the methane
6 Other attendant To suit Brings in the flexibility of operation
units
Table: Anaerobic Methane bio-digester unit
(II) Post-digester effluent will be subjected bio composting. The press mud and other raw material
shall be used by the factory to convert the waste water into valuable compost.
The effluent from Gain Based process shall be treated by means of conventional process comprising
of following units.
Sr. Unit Purpose

No.
1 Primary Settling Tank To remove suspended and colloidal settleable solids and
34
settable B.O.D.
2 Buffer Tank To adjust pH by recycling alkaline returns sludge.
3 Trickling Filter For freshening and conditioning effluent for Aerobic
Stage using attached growth principle
4 Aeration Tank For final oxidation of Organic matter using suspended
growth principle
5 Final Clarifier To settle and return the Bio-Sludge for efficient Aerobic
performance
Table: ETP Units
There will also be attendant units like Pump House, Electrical Panel Room and Sludge Drying Beds.
The treated effluent characteristics in this case shall be as under
A # Parameter After treatment

1 pH 5.5 to9.0
2 SS mg/lit < 100mg/lit
3 TDS mg/lit < 2100 mg/lit
4 BOD mg/lit < 100 mg/lit
5 COD mg/lit < 250 mg/lit
Laboratory and Documentation shall support all the systems above.
Disposal:
The matter is very simple in the present case.
35
Stream (A)
The stream of domestic sewage / coming after treatment from Septic tank plant is fit for
disposal by absorbing it on root zone of the plants/crops.
Stream (B)
The stream of usable water coming from Condensate is bifurcated in two. One portion is sent
to Liquefaction section for diluting and raising temperature, and another returned to Boiler as
boiler feed. The CO2 scrubbing water is used for dilution in Fermentation tank, as also the
spent less. No further problem of disposal remains.
Stream (C) (D) & (E)

The treated effluent will be fit for disposal by absorbing it on root zone of the plants/crops.
When once so recycled/ reused, nothing is left for further disposal. The treated effluent is
satisfactory for use on land and is acceptable to the farmers. A demonstration plot will be
arranged to show the results for various crops apart from grain (Jowar and Corn). For this,
adequate land is available in the immediate vicinity.
SOLID WASTE
The industrial activity at Sangamner Bhag S.S.K Ltd Amrutnagar uses only one main raw
material and it is in solid form.
Following mitigation practice is the policy for future:
• Minimization at all levels will be attempted for discarded products, empty containers
(which are rare), packing surpluses, incoming raw material unloading spillages (which is
rare) and fugitives. The factory has very little scrap materials. All these, however, be
carefully stored on raised platform with dwarf toe walls all around, and a roof over-head.
The contents shall not be held in the premises for more than a fortnight.
36
• These measures can easily be taken by Sanamner Bhag S.S.K Ltd Amrutnagar because
(1) they have no discards or off-specification products, and (2) the waste is fully recycled
both in green stage and in dry stage.
• Quantification in Cubic meters per day can be presented as follows:
(A) Non Hazardous Solid Waste:
# Waste Treatment Disposal Remark

Quantity/day
1 Canteen 1.0 Cum Compost Own garden Organic

2 Colony 1.0 Cum Compost Own garden Mixed
3 Grain Grit 100 kg Segregation Land Inert
Development
4 Grain skins 1500 kg Segregation Sale as animal Useful
feed
5 Yeast 30 kg Compost Own garden Organic
sludge
6 ETP sludge 240 kg Treated Own garden Organic,
already Non-
Hazardous
7 Office & 2 Cum -- Sales Non-
Packing Hazardous
trash .
Table: Solid Waste per Day
Colony is very small (only nominal) and so is the labor strength attending the shifts. The municipal
waste from the colony and canteen is thus controllable. This will be composted and used in due
course on own land as manure. Plastic use is discouraged. . Yeast is recycled as the viable
37
community helps in more yield and conversion. Only some part is wasted. This is organic nature and
is suitable for getting composted. This is so done. ETP sludge is organic and digested. Thus after
dewatering can be used on land for conditioning. Office and packing trash is kept minimum and
disposed by sales or reuse
(b) Air Pollution:

The High Pressure Boiler will be provided with cyclone and scrubber. As the fuel is methane gas,
fear of SPM is non-existent and still a cyclone is provided. Any other combustion gases will be
absorbed in scrubber. Tall stack is provided as per norms. The exhaust steam of low pressure is put
to second use in the unit. The hdrocyclones, carbon dioxide scrubber to recover alcohol, efficient
plate heat exchangers for cooling recycled stillage and for cooling fermented wash is provided .The
CO2 which is liberated ,is scrubbed in water, with the of CO2 Scrubber. This CO2 contains ethanol,
which is recovered by collecting CO2 scrubber water into sludge decantation.
The air pollution sources are known and accordingly measures of prevention, abatement, control and
mitigation will be taken. This can be summarized as –
# Source Pollutant In-plant Measures Control Equipment

1 Boiler SPM , Feed methane more, Dampers, ID Fan, CO2 meter, Fly-ash
CO rather than bagasse. arrestor. Light ash through very tall stack.
2 Fermentation CO2 Tank covered Scrubbed in water
3 Distillation HC Closed circuit
4 Spent-mash HC, Heat Heat Exchanger (Not open to sky cooling)
5 ETP HC -- Fully Aerobic turning
With these precautions air and odor pollution will be under check.
38
7. Background Study:
This is important part of study.
(A) Natural Environment : We have undertaken to do the sampling as –
• Surface Water: 2 Locations, 11 Parameters.

• Ground Water: 9 Locations, 9 Parameters. Includes 1 up gradient and 2
down gradient of effluent land irrigation yard source.
• Air Quality: 3 Months, For SPM, RSPM, SO2 and NOx. 9 Locations Includes 1
upwind and 2 downwind of stack source.
• Noise: 9 Locations.
• Soil: 9 Locations, 2 locations in Actual land irrigation yard.
The stations will be selected in all the eight directions from the factory and in 10 km radius.
(B) Manmade environment
This includes existing land-use, demography, employment, socio-economic aspects and

community development needed and proposed. This will be for entire area both rural and
urban in this study zone.
• Socio-Economic Status in Influence Zone will include the study of Non-Workers

percentage whether high, from the percentage employed population on Agricultural,
how far is the scope for other avenues of livelihood like Live Stock, Forestry,
Fishing, Hunting, Orchards, Mining, Trade Commerce.
• Further out of Total Land what percentage is already under Cultivation and Out of
Total Land what percentage is already under Irrigation?
• If the land is not likely to support more people, then whether Industrialization is
necessary to improve the situation. All this will be studied as cost benefit ratio.
39
8. Safety
Safety and Occupational Health will be dealt carefully. A disciplined approach is natural to
this industry. Safety policy will be in place. The unit will be registered under Factory Act and
are bound by State Factory Rules. Thus, First aid trained and Fire-fighting trained person will
be available in every shift. Safety Officer will be appointed, as also the competent person
retained. Where necessary, provisions of other Acts, where required like Petroleum act,
Explosive Act, etc. will be obeyed. Fire fighting system is kept as per norms of Insurance
Company and CIF.
DMP (Disaster Management Plan) and off-site emergency plan will be in place.
Accordingly, Personal protection equipment will be given and use will be insisted.
Consulting Physician is retained to attain the factory.
9. BENEFITS
This industry will provide ENA alcohol as useful material for India, which will earn foreign
exchange in the potable alcohol cadre. This will not disturb the present land use because our
area occupied will be only small % of Influence zone 10 km. Compatible Architecture will be
adopted and No Prime Agriculture Land will be put to this industrial use. Trees will be
maintained and not raised down. No Rehabilitation is involved. The problematic waste
materials like solid waste (skins of grain) will be used as cattle feed, Wastewater will be
reused to grow the raw material, wastewater will be used to get non conventional, renewable
energy, and greenery will be increased. People will get some jobs here and the grain of
farmers will get proper price and lifting at right time. Some incidental small employment like
eatery, canteen, tyre repairs, and garage too will become available to genuine people. This
will be beneficial to the society. Due to this project, farmer will get more prices for grain
using less water than sugar cane.
40
10. EIA Study Report
This will be finally prepared and submitted as per guidelines given by MoEF as --
Chapters Contents
I Proponents, TOR, Purpose
II Project explained. Why this, Why needed, Why here, What
priorities, What options
III Environment Setting Natural & Man-made
Material, Method, Approach Delphi technique
IV High Significant Impact Æ Low Insignificant Impact & Shield
Proper Site Æ Prevention Æ Abatement Æ Treatment Æ
Mitigation Æ Smooth Disposal
V Alternate Analysis
Selection of Raw Materials, Site, Process, Machinery-
Hardware, Collaborators, Staff & Team
VI Monitoring = Stations, Parameters, Frequency, Statistics,
Rectify
VII Extra Innings Risk = To Environment, To
Health, To Bankers
Public Consultation Community = Ousters
Reporting Rehabilitation.
Others- Assistance
VIII Benefits = Physical, Social, Employment, Other Tangible.
Sustainable??
IX Cost-Benefit. If Project Done? If No-Project??
X EMP = Plan, Cell, Schedule, Watch-dog, Monitoring,
Documentation, Reporting
XI Summary, Conclusion, Justification, Mitigation.
XII EIA Team = Proponent, Consultant, Associates, Future
41
11. Scoping
• Against the study area of 31400 ha, the land under distillery is merely less than 0.025 %.
Thus, there will not be change in landuse pattern. The present land is already non-
agricultural and under industrial use.
• Raw material requirement, water requirement, water balance, process details,
technology, product storage, etc.
from Stack.
etc.
submitted.
42
12. Conclusion
• This project is very necessary in view of converting grain and waste grain into useful foreign
exchange saver product.
• The local people desire that this industry will be welcome in their area.
• The candidate site is suitable from general MoEF expectations.
• Water, power, raw material, Filler Material and Market is assured and found available with
ease.
• Full precautions will be taken for Pollution Control, Resource Conservation and
Environmental Protection.
• This is cost effective and Sustainable Development.
--00--
43
INDEX
Sr. Particulars Page Number

No From To
Chapter 1- Introduction
1.1 Brief Description of the Project Proponent 1 2
1.2 Brief Thoughts on Project 2 2
1.3 Brief Summary of the Project Objectives 3 3
1.4 Brief Summary of the Peculiarities 3 5
1.5 Environmental Policy 5 5
1.6 Track Record 6 7
1.7 Chapter Conclusion 8 8
Chapter 2 – Project Description
2.1 Objectives of Environment Impact Assessment 9 9
2.2 Materials, Method and Approach 10 10
2.2.1 Materials 10 10
2.2.2 Method 10 11
2.2.3 Approach 11 11
2.2.4 Technique 11 12
2.3 Indian Environmental Laws 12 12
2.3.1 Government Notification 13 13
2.4 Intended Use of this EIA 13 14
2.5 Scope of Document 14 15
Chapter 3 –Description of Environment
3.1 Alternatives 16 16
3.2 Raw Material Alternative 16 16
3.3 Technology Alternatives 16 17
3.4 Engineering & Hardware Options 17 19
3.5 Site Alternatives 19 21
3.6 Treatment Alternatives 22 22
3.7 ‘NO-PROJECT’ Option 22 22
CHAPTER 4 - PROJECT DESCRIPTION
4.1 Introduction 24 24
4.2 Location and Boundaries 24 24
4.3 Manufacturing Activity 24 24
4.3.1 Product 24 24
4.3.2 Raw Materials 25 25
4.3.3 Utilities 25 26
4.3.4 Manufacturing Process 26 29
4.3.5 Manufacturing Process (Molasses based) 29 32
4.4 Environmental Significance 33 34
4.5 Key Maps 34 34
CHAPTER 5 - ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING
5.2 Materials, Method and Approach 36 36
5.2.1 Materials 36 36
5.2.2 Method 37 37
5.2.3 Approach 37 38
5.2.4 Delphi Technique 39 39
5.2.5 Leopold Interaction Matrix 40 40
5.3 The Region 40 41
5.3.1 Topography 41 42
5.3.2 Geology 42 43
5.3.3 Water Phase of Environment 43 43
5.3.3.1 Rivers 43 44
5.3.3.2 Rainfall 44 46
5.3.3.3 Water Bodies 46 50
5.3.3.4 Fauna 50 54
5.3.4 Air Phase of Environment 55 55
5.3.4.1 Temperature 55 56
5.3.4.2 Humidity 56 56
5.3.4.3 Cloudiness 56 56
5.3.4.4 Winds 57 57
5.3.4.5 Special Weather Phenomena 57 60
5.3.5 Soil & Land Use Pattern 60 60
5.3.5.1 Soil 60 62
5.3.5.2 Forest 62 62
5.3.5.3 Irrigated and Un-irrigated Land 62 64
5.3.6 Human Settlement 64 69
5.3.7 Industries 69 70
5.3.8 Transport System 70 71
5.3.9 Environmental Problems 71 71
5.4 Site Vicinity Area (10 KM.) 72 73
5.4.1 Land Use 73 74
5.4.2 Surface Water Environment 75 76
5.4.3 Ground Water Quality 76 77
5.4.5 AIR ENVIRONMENT 77 77
5.4.5.1 Ambient Air Quality 77 78
5.4.5.2 Procedure For Sampling And Analysis 78 81
5.4.5.3 Summary 82 82
5.4.5.4 Soil 82 82
5.4.6 Ecology 83 83
5.4.6.1 Flora 83 84
5.4.6.2 Fauna 84 84
5.4.7 Man-made Environment: Socio-economic 84 84
5.4.7.1 Introduction 84 85
5.4.7.2 Population 85 87
5.4.7.3 Transportation & Communication 87 87
5.4.7.4 Public Health 87 88
5.4.8 Economic Status in the Study Zone 88 88
5.4.8.1 Land Use Pattern 88 88
5.4.8.2 Agriculture 88 89
5.4.8.3 Irrigation 89 89
5.4.8.4 Employment & Wages 89 93
5.4.9 Habitation 93 93
5.4.9.1 Habitational Characteristics 93 95
5.4.9.2 Rehabilitation 95 96
CHAPTER 6 - MITIGATION AND IMPACT THEREAFTER
6.2 Control Measures (Natural Environment) 98 98
6.2.1 Air Environment 98 98
6.2.1.1 Emission Control Equipments (ECE) 98 99
6.2.1.2 Dispersion 99 115
6.2.1.3 Fugitive 115 116
6.2.2 Water Environment 116 116
6.2.2.1 Introduction 116 116
6.2.2.2 Key Central Legislation 116 118
6.2.2.3 Water Quality 118 118
6.2.2.3.1 Raw Water 118 124
ZE Mitigation 124 125
6.2.2.3.2
6.2.2.3.3 Summary 125 126
6.2.3 Soil and Biological Environment 126 126
6.2.4 Solid Waste Management 126 129
6.3 Greening Drive 130 131
6.4 PART “B” MITIGATION 131 134
6.5 Measures for minimization 134 136
6.6 Irreversible & irretrievable commitments 136 137
6.7 Assessment of significance of Impacts 168 155
6.8 Integration 155 161
CHAPTER 7 – ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT PLAN (EMP)
7.1 Need 162 163
7.2 Objectives 163 163
7.3 Environment Components 163 163
7.3.1 Air Environment 163 163
7.3.2 Water Environment 164 164
7.3.3 Aesthetic (Noise & Odour) Environment 164 164
7.3.4 Biological Environment 164 164
7.3.5 Work-zone Comfort Environment 165 165
7.3.6 Socio- Economic Environment 165 165
7.4 Environment Management Hierarchy 165 167
7.5 Checklist of Statutory Obligations 167 168
7.6 Environmental Organization 168 168
7.6.1 Environment Management Cell 168 168
7.6.2 Environmental Monitoring Schedule 169 170
7.7 Schedules 170 170
7.7.1 Daily Compliance 170 170
7.7.2 Monthly Compliance 170 170
7.7.3 Quarterly Compliance 170 170
7.7.4 Yearly Compliance 170 171
7.7.5 Consent Compliance 171 172
7.8 Watch-dog Committee 172 172
7.9 Construction Phase Management 172 172
7.9.1 Site Preparation 172 173
7.9.2 Sanitation 173 173
7.9.3 Noise 173 173
7.9.4 Construction Equipment and Waste 173 173
7.9.5 Storage of Hazardous Material 173 174
7.9.6 Site Security 174 174
7.9.7 Land Environment 174 174
CHAPTER 8 – EPILOGUE
8 EPILOGUE 175 175
CHAPTER 1 - BACKGROUND
1.1 Brief Description of the Project Proponent:
This is a proposal to expand an established molasses-based Distillery of 40 KLPD in the

premises of existing Sangamner Bhag Sahakari Sakhar Karkhana Ltd. (SBSSKL) at
Village Ghulewadi, Tehsil Sangamner, Dist. Ahmadnagar, Maharashtra. The proposal, as
acknowledged by Government of India, Ministry of Commerce and Industry,
Entrepreneurial Assistance Unit, New Delhi is to produce:
# Product Quantity
1 Industrial Alcohol / Extra Neutral Alcohol / Absolute Alcohol 40 KLPD
Table No. 1.1: Proposed Production
This will be either molasses-based or grain based, being run only one at a time and not
increasing over new 40 KLPD.
This enterprise has been initially promoted by the eminent social worker and respected
agriculturists of the area. The vision came from a group of persons who made agricultural
and horticultural practices for over many years, and disseminated their knowledge. The
group is associated with local social bodies, educational institutes, co-operative credit
societies and irrigation societies.
Totally this is a group of agriculturists, agro-industrialists and business persons in

general, and in particular the present Directors of this co-operative sector limited
company. They collectively made progress to fulfill a dream of helping local farmers by
founding an agro-based Industry and running it well. The progress made so far is
achieved due to guidance from :
1
# Sarvashri Profile
1 Mr. Bhausaheb Santuji Thorat Founder Director
2 Mr. V B alias balasaheb Thorat Director
3 Adv. M S Kanwade Chairman
4 Mr. M L Navale Vice Chairman.
5 Mr A B Shinde Managing Director
Table No. 1.2: Board of Directors

The company will continue their efforts in making the proposed SBSL plant ideal with
state of art hardware and same responsible working as other enterprises of the proponents
group.
1.2 Brief Thoughts on Project:
Man needs Alcohol for day to day production of downstream industrial chemicals, also
for potable and medicinal usages and potentially as petrol additive to oxygenate,
replacing tetraethyl lead.
The target of alcohol demand as projected in the perspective plan for chemical industry,
Department of chemical and petrochemicals is increasing for next few years. In addition,
now a day, there is a good potential to export alcohol out of country.
Project Proponent have already obtained various permits/NOCs such as
• Industrial Entrepreneurial Memorandum from Govt. of India, Ministry

of Industry, New Delhi. Letter of Intent
• Building Plan (Planning phase)
• NOC from Grampanchayat.
• Power sanction from M-SEB
Project Proponent has made SWOT Analysis and finds the overall summation,
encouraging. The SWOT (Strength, Weakness, Opportunity and Threat) analysis is made
2
and all this goes to suggest that the Project Proponents have made a serious homework
and have seen that the environmental impact will be minimal.
1.3 Brief Summary of the Project Objectives:
The Objective of this Project of power Alcohol Ethanol is best summarised in a Paper
published by Union Petroleum Minister, Government of India, Hon'ble Ram Naik.
Hon'ble Minister states, "Brazil produces 14 billion liters of ethanol from molasses and
sugarcane juice against our production of 1.3 billion liters from molasses and nil from
direct sugarcane juice. The present level of production in India shows tremendous
potential for increasing thereof. This can be achieved only by major investments in the
technology upgradation/ expansion of distilleries or by setting up new distilleries."
This is precisely the main objective of this project, which will be supported by low or no
discards and conservation of resources. This type of plant is likely to be more viable in
view of present situation, when the Sugar has low demand in the market, molasses is an
environmental risk (of pollution and auto-combustion), and ethanol has a foreign-
exchange saving potential.
1.4 Brief Summary of the Peculiarities:
• The first peculiarity is this, that the Project Proponent has made a provision of
about 25% of their capital outlay for pollution control and greening drive in
the outset itself.
• The raw material molasses is used immediately after harvesting. This is
transported and also transferred without any chance of loosing sucrose
contents. This has become possible due to nearness of site to the sugar units
and tar roads in the vicinity. The size is controllable.
• It is possible to select good molasses answering following specifications:
3
"Molasses should be free from any foreign material including any
caramalisation products and known inhibitory elements of Yeast metabolism
such as lead, arsenic, polyelectrolytes etc. or micro-organisms producing side
products. Such available molasses will have:
# Particulars Specification
1 Fermentable Sugar FS Min. 36% (w/w)
2 F/N Ratio Min. 0.9
3 Sulfated Ash Max. 15% (w/w)
4 Volatile Acids Max. 10000 ppm
5 Bacterial Content Max 10 Cfu/gm
6 Sludge Content Max. 10% by volume at 1:1 dilution
7 Butyric Acid Max. 100 ppm
Table No. 1.3 : Selection of Molasses
• Selection of correct quality molasses is possible because in addition to our

own sugar unit, there are a number of other in reachable distance both in this
and adjoining Districts, this being on the common boundary.:
• When the weighing is done, the sucrose contents also will be recorded, which
keeps an eye on recovery, resource conservation and waste minimization.
Excess sugar in bagasse makes problems of air borne hydrocarbons or
fermentation if goes to any water body. This is prevention of pollution.
• Waste heat (exhaust steam) and wastewater (hot condensate) too is reused
fully.
• The selection of hardware has offered further advantages which have typical
environmental significance (A) Vacuum Distillation (B) Continuous
Fermentation.
• In addition to above, we are undertaking use of grain (or even spoilt grain) as
raw material. This will supplement when molasses is not available as raw
4
material. This gives alcohol which is in more demand in some sector and this
produces less strong effluent.
(A) Environmental benefits of Vacuum Distillation:
1. Minimizes by-products
2. Less load passed to Rectifier column
3. Scaling minimized
4. Lower steam consumption
(B) Environmental Benefit by Continuous Fermentation
Two systems of continuous fermentation are successfully adopted in Maharashtra, Biostil

plants and Cascade system are in operation in this state. The biostil process appears to be
robust, the cascade system is rather sensitive to quality of molasses and water. Quality of
spirit in Biostil is average but can be improved by addition of fusel oil column; quality of
spirit in cascade system is found superior.
The biostil process works under higher osmotic pressure and it is not susceptible to
infection, the cascade system is susceptible to infection. To adopt continuous process of
fermentation is an appropriate step towards the updating technology of alcohol
production for efficient performance.
1.5 ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY

Sangamner Bhag sahakari Sakhar Karkhana Limited is committed to
• Prevent pollution in its activities associated with manufacturing and supply of
Sugar and Industrial Alcohol, Extra Neutral Alcohol, Absolute Alcohol and
Bio-compost.
• Continually improve environmental performance
• Comply with environmental legislations and regulations
These shall be implemented by

• Reducing the spillages and fugitive pollutants emissions through extensive
monitoring
5
• Conserving energy and other resources through optimum utilization and waste
minimization
• Training and involving the employees for development of Clean and Green
Environment.
1.6 Track Record:

The Project Proponents are known for their track record of honest and transparent
businesses. The team is law abiding, and goes much beyond mere obedience to the letters.
They go to the spirit of law. The track record of merit and honesty is evident from the
working of existing Sugar unit.
Sugar Unit:
1. M/s Sangamner Bhag Sahakari Sakhar Karkhana Limited started
operation of sugar activity many decades back in 1967
2. The factory was commissioned and the capacity was 1250 TCD. The plant
operated very successfully.
3. Therefore, in a very short period the industry expanded to 3500 TCD rated
capacity and with the technical support that they have can reach upto 4500
TCD running capacity.
4. They are environment conscious and have planted more than 55250 trees/
shrubs in the area.
The Sugar factory and Distillery is working properly and effluents are treated well. The
same good work shall be continued with an aim "Production without Pollution" when the
additional distillery will be commissioned. The present compliance of Consent of Sugar
Division is as under
# Consent Condition Compliance

1 Not to exceed the consented effluent and Not exceeded
6
sewage Quantity
2 To treat the effluents and sewage ETP & STP provided,
satisfactorily operated properly
3 To erect Air pollution control equipments Fly Ash Arrestors so erected
4 To provide a stack of consented height So provided
5 To submit Water Cess monthly returns So submitted
6 To submit annual statutory Environmental So submitted
statement
Table No. 1.5: Track Record Sugar Unit
The same good record will be continued.
In addition, the Industry has undertaken following efforts for improvement, like Setting-
up of Greening drive, Rearing of Seed nurseries, Introduction of Sugar rich varieties,
Minor – Irrigation scheme, Raton Management.
(B) Various other units under individual Directors:
S.# Organization Merit

1 The local bodies/ Peoples All the environmental obligations are brought to the
Representation notice.
2 The Educational has maintained an excellent teaching quality
Institutes
3 The Credit/ Securities good remarks from Auditors.
Society/Bank
4 Agricultural Produce efforts with newer bio-technological inputs. explained
by audio-visual aids.
5 Hospitability Industry Respectable business conducted.
6 Industrial Activity Like sugar, transportation, construction, cotton-waste
production etc. Kept sustainable development.
7
Table No. 1.6: Track Record B: Other Directors' Activities
The proponents will attempt hard to keep the same track record as per earlier units.
1.7 Chapter Conclusion:
The proponents have a long history of social service. SBSSKL will be now producing
Alcohol. This can be a foreign exchange earner for the nation. It proposes to establish a
modern state-of-art factory at a site at Ghulewadi in Ahamadnagar district and by making
full utilization of its capacity wishes to feed the demand in the vicinity. At the same time
SBSSKL has kept the concept of sustainable development in mind. For fulfilling all this,
the process of Impact Assessment is undertaken and reported in the following chapters.
8
CHAPTER 2 - INTRODUCTION
2.1 Objectives of Environment Impact Assessment:

Selection will address Ministry of Environment and Forests, New Delhi published requirements;
such as
All options explored, not merely site.
Land Minimum, Load-bearing, Level, No Rain-wash.
Water Minimum, No Encroachment, Recover.
Wastewater. Segregate & Treat.
Not in Migration Route.
Consider Odor and Noise.
Design Green Belt (CPCB Guidelines Followed).
Minimize Transportation Risk.
No Rehabilitation or Resettlement involved.
Transparent Approach.
This is attempted here by keeping the following objectives:

1. To know the existing environmental status.
2. To estimate the future pollution load.
3. To design preventive and curative steps so that any probable significant impact
can be turned insignificant first by control measures and inconsequential next by
further mitigation measures.
4. To superimpose the future resultant pollution load on existing environmental
conditions due to the proposed activity.
5. To understand the views of other departments and incorporate measures to fulfill
the statutory requirements.
6. To prepare an environmental management plan (EMP) including monitoring
schedule to serve as “Watch-dog”
9
2.2 Materials, Method and Approach:
SBSSKL believes strongly in “Production without pollution” and has undertaken the
work of examining the project environmentally.
2.2.1 Materials:
The work involves three activities viz. (1) collection of dry data and statistics by literature
survey, interviewing resource institutes and general public, (2) wet studies by sampling and
laboratory analysis of ambient air, surface water, ground water, noise, soil, etc. and (3) logically
analyzing the findings of dry and wet studies for interpretation, extrapolation and inference.
A number of officers/offices were contacted in the course of this study. Samples were collected
in 2007-08; as follows, vide Table No.2.1
No. Media Stations Parameters Frequency

1 Surface Water 2 11 1
2 Ground Water 5 11 1
3 Ambient Air 9 3 3
4 Ambient Noise 5 1 1
5 Soil 5 20 1
Table No.2.1: Summary of Sampling
2.2.2 Method:
A sequence model was generally adopted in this study while covering every facet of
environment.
1. The present human activities within 10 km radius and prepared EI (Environmental

Inventory) and environmental status by sampling.
2. Extent of proposed activities in the influence zone and ancillaries especially with
respect to pollution.
10
3. How much will be the pollution created by the above said activity, totally after the
provision of effluent treatment plant (ETP) and emission control equipment
(ECE).
4. Whether the SBSSKL project of manufacturing be finally adopted /abandoned, at
this site.
5. Probable public acceptability.
2.2.3 Approach:
For a streamline work, a standard six-step model of working is adopted for this SBSL
study. The six generic steps associated with environment impacts are:
Step 1 : Identification of environment qualities impacts of proposed project

↓
Step 2 : Description of existing environment conditions
↓
Step 3 : Procurement of relevant environment quality standards and/or guidelines.
↓
Step 4 : Impact prediction
↓
Step 5 : Assessment of impact significance

↓
Step 6 : Identification and incorporation of mitigation measures
Figure No.2.2: Six-Step Approach
2.2.4 Technique: For siting of an activity, “Delphi Technique” is advised by MoEF. The
Government of India, has recommended this technique in the book on Siting of
Hazardous Waste Disposal Areas, prepared by NEERI, Nagpur and published by the
Ministry of Environment and Forest (MoEF) in 1991. The same is proposed to be used
with due improvisation, mutatis mutandis, covering other media of environment.
11
1. The modified Technique used here considers 23 attributes and
four weight-ages i.e.:
7 attributes, receptor related
5 attributes, pathway related
5 attributes, water pollution & waste management related
4 attributes, air pollution and waste management related
2 attributes, solid waste management related.
2. Four types of marks for each attribute like 0 to 0.25, 0.25 to 0.5, 0.5 to 0.75 and
0.75 to 1.0 depending on facts of situations, chemical properties of pollutants and
quantification are considered. These marks are known as Sensitivity Index (SI).
3. Combined consideration of (1) and (2) together gives attribute-wise weight-ages.

These are the negative marks out of 1000 and ranking of candidate sites is based
on comparison of these marks.
2.3 Indian Environmental Laws:
The site selection is taken seriously by many Indian Statutes and guidelines such as those
narrated below.
• Environment (Protection) Rules, 1986
• Environmental Guidelines
• Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ)
• Hazardous Site Guidelines
Cognizance of all above is taken while making the present study and recommendations. The
proposed activity is production of crystalline sugar from the agricultural raw material
In short Goals for sitting the proposed facilities should be to:
1. Minimize health risks.

2. Minimize adverse environmental impacts
3. Minimize costs, and
4. Maximize public acceptability.
12
2.3.5 Government Notification:
The Central Government has exercised powers conferred under Section 3 (1) (v) and Section 3
(2) of the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 and Rule 5 (3) (d) of Environment (Protection)
Rules, 1986; and published a Notification S.O.60 (E) in Official Gazette dated 27-1-1994. This
is now a rigid statutory requirement of clearance through Impact Assessment Agency (IAA), to
undertake certain projects in any part of India.
The latest 1994 Notification provides for a sequenced approach as to which one of industries
/human activities will need Environmental Site Clearance from Government of India and who
are exempted.
2.4 Intended Use of this EIA:
This EIA is not undertaken as an idle exercise. It is not intended to be just a plan on paper to
satisfy the statutory requirement. SBSSKL desires to use this work as a tool that can become
handy for many decisions making processes.
Legend:
KSPCB = Concerned (Maharashtra) State Pollution Control Board
CIF = Chief Inspector of Factories
CCI = Chamber of Commerce, Industries and agriculture
NGO = Non Government Organization
MoEF = Ministry of Environment, Central Government
ED = Environment Department, State Government
AFSFL = As Follow-up (Distillery of) Sugar Factory Ltd
13
Lo catio n , C o n tro l co n d itio n s,
Tree req u irem en ts
S o cial b en efit, Fire figh tin g, W ater
Fin an cial p lan n in g, su p p ly , Tran sp o rt, Bu ild in g
Bu d get p ro visio n , Law ab id in g KPCB co m p atib ility , A esth etics
AF S F L Lo cal
body
Th is EIA an d its u sers
M o EF & ED C IF
C C I, N G O
C itizen s
W atch -d o g, M o n ito rin g, A ccid en ts, O ccu p atio n al H ealth ,
EM P O n -site, O ff-site, D isaster
M an agem en t Plan
Eco n o m ic b en efits, Em p lo y m en t,
A n cillary gro w th
Figure No. 2.4: EIA – Users

This EIA is aimed at fulfilling the requirements of all these possible users.
2.5 Scope of Document:
This is an attempt where environment information is used for planning, development and
decision making. Every step is required to be systematically documented.
Planning
Process for Impact
SSL Environmental Future Alternatives Around in Management
Project Inventory EI for SSL the region Action
Scope of • Environment • Future load on • Technical • Selection • Obey

Corresponding natural existing • Collaborators • Project Consent
Documents • Environment environment • Environmental description conditions.
manmade • Control engineering • Significant load, • EMP, Self-
• Environmental • Mitigation • Economics but insignificant discipline
goals • Future needs • Constructions impact. • Monitoring
• Indian Laws • Siting • Watch-dog
• Local • No-project efforts
compulsions
Figure No. 2.5: Planning Programme
14
In short, the scope of document will entirely synchronize the planning program. The logic is
given in Figure No. 2.5 above.
Any human activity creates a change in the environment. More complex an activity, the impact
is more significant, needing a careful pre-planning. SBSSKL’s proposed activity is to produce
only one single family-item of Alcohol (Industrial, Extra Neutral and Absolute) with a simple
flow sheet of controllable steps. However, a study is made here with the same emphasis as if it
was a complex project. Materials and methods, approach and technique are the fundamental
considerations and these are discussed. Cognizance of laws, guidelines on site selection are
taken. An objective is kept that this EIA be useful for many decision-makers. The scope of EIA
process and EIA document is fixed at this stage itself so that further work will follow its path.
15
CHAPTER 3 - PROJECT ALTERNATIVES
3.1 Alternatives:
Any proposed human activity is never a simple straightforward matter. A number of decisions
are required to be taken and for each step a number of alternatives are available. Selection is thus
all the more critical in an industrial development where time, money, environment and natural
resources are at stake.
SBSSKL decided to undertake an “Alternative Analysis (AA)” for this project. The various
alternatives are Raw materials, Technology, Engineering & Hardware, Site, ‘No-Project’.
3.2 Raw Material Alternative:

The product will involve certain raw materials. There was a debate internally and finally the
following are selected :
• Molasses/ Grain/ Juice Domestic, Local
• Yeast Special culture, Pune
• Sulfuric acid Domestic
• Nutrients Domestic
• Turkey Red Oil Domestic
It may be seen that except Molasses/ grain, all other items are required in small quantities. The
choice of source, as mentioned above was adopted because there the materials are in purer forms.
If raw material is purer and is in the desirable form, it avoids a probability of discards or non-
specification outcome. It also obeys the mass balance more faithfully than when impurities are
involved. No problem of any empty containers or bags is encountered.
3.3 Technology Alternatives:

The technology of Alcohol manufacturing is very simple and straightforward with only 3 steps
involved viz. Figure No.3.1: Simplified Flow Sheet
Molasses/grain Fermentation Distillation

Preparation
Fig. 3.1: Simplified Flow diagram
16
The technology of Alcohol manufacturing has been developed over the years, and refined
indigenously in well equipped Research and Development Laboratory of VSI, Vasantdada Sugar
Institute, Pune, NSI, National Sugar Institute, Kanpur, and Private Vendors etc., in which
devoted scientists, engineers, skilled and experienced staff is working, to find the best
alternatives, addressing the above enquiries.
3.4 Engineering & Hardware Options:

The process development and engineering designing of this project has been done in such a way
that the whole operation of manufacturing can be carried out in a controlled system with no or
low gaseous emissions, effluents, and minimum waste generation. The material handling and
transfer of raw materials are also carried out in controlled and supervised system. Thus, the
technology is not only cost-effective but also environment friendly.
The process involves three main steps viz. (1) Molasses Preparation, (2) Fermentation and (3)
Distillation (and redistillation for purification).
The raw material is basically an agro-industrial produce Molasses. It is always desirable to have
listed suppliers. This ensures continuous and fresh supply of choice. This also makes it easier to
maintain a schedule of tanking. Here, the stocks to be maintained are very low. High stock in
waiting not only involves blocked money but also is a hanging sword from point of view of (1)
Auto-combustion, (2) High-BOD leakages, and (3) Lowered recovery of Alcohol. The excess
entails wastage too.
The Molasses/ grain preparation involves various steps like weighing, conveying, diluting, part
used for Yeast Propogation and quality assessment. Engineering plays very vital role in each of
the step. Accuracy of weighing, recording sugar contents, dilution with safe water, yeast
propogation with aeration are some of the engineering aspects considered.
Fermentation is by help of microscopic yeast. Yeast economy is of major thrust. Viability is

increased here making both, profitable production as well as less load to environment.
17
Temperature control engineering, checking intermediate properties and adjusting these, better
designs of recycle is adopted.
Distillation is in two stages and more than 2 columns are provided. For dehydration chemical
entrainer is used and the same is recovered and reused. All this is in-built arrangement. Good
Engineering should not aim only at good product. It should also aim at giving good service, less
utilities and less downtime. The down-time in a good industrial unit is the cleaning day when
scales on various units are removed. The engineering adopted here aims at creating less scaling.
Environmental Significance of selecting this Engineering and Hardware option is summarised

below: (A) Vacuum Distillation (B) Continuous Fermentation.
(A) Environmental benefits of Vacuum Distillation:

1. Minimizes by-products
2. Less load passed to Rectifier column
3. Scaling minimized
4. Lower steam consumption
(B) Environmental Benefit by Continuous Fermentation

It would be seen that though the initial investment for modern process of continuous
fermentation appears to be on much higher side, the advantages occurring are spectacular.
Volume of effluent discharged is less than that of total effluent discharged in conventional
distillation process.
Two systems of continuous fermentation are successfully adopted Biostil plants and Cascade
system are in operation in this state. The biostil process appears to be robust, the cascade system
is rather sensitive to quality of molasses and water. Quality of spirit in Biostil is average but can
be improved by addition of fusel oil column, quality of spirit in cascade system is found superior.
The biostil process works under higher osmotic pressure and it is not susceptible to infection, the
cascade system is susceptible to infection. To adopt continuous process of fermentation is an
18
appropriate step towards the updating technology of alcohol production for efficient
performance.
3.5 Site Alternatives:

The criteria kept for candidate sites included:
• Nearness of raw materials
• Purity of raw materials
• Ease of conveyance of raw materials
• Desire of Government for industrialization in that area
• Nearness of market
• Dispatch facilities
• Less Undulation of site
• Power and water supply, without encroaching on need of others
• Remoteness of target
• Not Destroying prime agricultural lands
• Maximizing capacity utilization
• Public Acceptability
It was our endeavor to strike such a balance that the environmentally best should also have
acceptability commercially. Study of many existing local Sugar units brought out an interesting
point that they have good quality saleable Molasses to offer, as well as the press-mud (both
useful to this Industry for production and for pollution control). The ready compost too has great
demand in the area of other sugar factories' command area too. Study of many existing Distillery
units brought out an interesting point that they are required to haul molasses from long distances
to keep it running. This ends up in loss of sugar or getting more percentage of “non-available”
sugar. In this unit the process flow-sheet is so kept to get an advantage that the molasses
requirement is fulfilled by quick haulage. If recovery is less, the organic matter remains in the
wastes like press-mud, bagasse or spentwash, which becomes an environmental liability.
The site should be well connected by Road, so that both the raw materials and finished goods can
be conveniently handled. The Road is neither too busy, so as to have a fear of accidents, nor is
19
too away from network. Area requirement and built-up area requirement in distillery industry is
quite high. We have made a survey of a few existing Sugar-Distillery units to find the “Use
Factor” of their built-up area. Accordingly the Architects have designed a least- plinth outlay.
An existing scenario of Plinth area in percentage, can be stated as:
Sr. No. Particulars Area % of Total

1 Colony and Guesthouse 2.5
2 Internal Roads 20
3 ETP 3
4 Wastewater composting, landscaping 9
5 Main Factory Building & Utilities including GSR, 18.5
Spray Pond & Water Channels, Sugar Godown &
Molasses tank
6 Cane Yard 13
7 Admin & Time Office 4
8 Open and Greening drive 10
9 Expansion & Diversification 20
Total accounted above for present purpose
100
Table No.3.1: Built-up Area Present
Less buildings and less roads means saving of rubble, sand, bricks, etc, which otherwise has to
be procured by robbing nature.
Some part of Ahmednagar District is socio-economically backward and the government has a
desire to improve its status. The land of the District as a whole cannot be said to be of a prime
agricultural importance. The pollution generation from this industry is finally made insignificant
having taken all the precautions from raw material selection up to low or no waste generation
and conversion. This site has a connecting road and has approachability. This site is connected
with Maharashtra State Electricity Board power and in addition to captive generation. When
20
various sites were seen, this site appeared to be environmentally best as also from the business
angle and therefore this option was finally adopted. This site in the campus of the existing Sugar
Unit, means safe handling of molasses, less need of creating new Utilities, less constructing new
buildings and roads, less fuel and less water.
On four sides of this particular site we have the Fields growing cane & Coarse cereals as
neighbors.
There is no sensitive establishment in the vicinity such as health resort, hospital, archaeological
monuments, sanctuaries, etc. The normal wind direction is found to be favorable at this site.
There are eight villages in vicinity for which more study is made, vide Table No.3.3:
# Name of Station Towards Distance from Site
k.m.
1. Kuran North
2. Sukhewadi North-East
3. Gulewadi East
4. Velhale South-East
5. Rajapur South
6 Kasara Dumala South West
7 Sakhindi West
8 Paregaon North West
9 Project Site -- --
Table No. 3.2: Villages around the Site

Notes:
1. All villages grow sugarcane/grain.
2. All these villages have road network connected.
3. None of these villages have fully satisfactory amenities like medical facilities.
education, employment, transportation, communication. They would like to have
this through media of industry.
4. All are provided with drinking water from wells or Government Water Supply
Schemes RWS. Hence SBSSKL does not encroach upon their supply.
With all this consideration, this site was ranked first and adopted.
21
3.6 Treatment Alternatives:
We have various options for treatment, It is however decided that Grain-based wastewater will
be converted to useful Animal feed and molasses based spent-wash to useful Compost. Moderate
effluent will be treated and used on seed plot or greening.
3.7 ‘NO-PROJECT’ Option:
In this option, it is required to be considered as to whether it is more advantageous to the Nation;

not to commence at all the production proposed.
The district statistical Census report and Gazetteer of the District clearly states that the socio-
economic conditions in this district are very low. They will, therefore, need a reasonable
industrialization.
On this background in order to support the national requirement SBSSKL has proposed this
activity to produce best quality Alcohols that is in major demand. Molasses with a potential
property of auto-combustion, and a high BOD of 9 lakh mg/liter, is an environmental risk if not
consumed quickly. Many times farmers have spoilt grain which is not saleable. This is a loss to
them. On the other hand the resultant product Absolute Alcohol is a substitute to Petrol and thus
a foreign exchange saver for the Nation. In other words if a “ No Project” option is selected the
repercussions will be widely felt around. Therefore, No Project option cannot be entertained.
It is noteworthy that the activity now proposed will support this cause of National productivity,
of saving the foreign exchange, of providing employment and in an environmentally friendly
manner. It will also produce organic bio-compost fertilizer, which is much in demand in place of
chemical fertilizers.
This project, as it will be soon shown, keeps an aim of sustainable development. ‘No-Project’
option is adopted only in an extreme last step of negative listing and is not warranted at all in the
present case.
22
In any human activity there are always possibilities of finding various options. SBSSKL decided
to examine and adopt one such option that will be both environment friendly and best suited for
production. Various alternatives in terms of raw material selection, technology, engineering and
equipment are considered. A final selection is thus arrived.
23
CHAPTER 4 - PROJECT DESCRIPTION
4.1 Introduction:
The brief summary of the proposed project, its need and objectives are given in Chapter 1 above.
The Ministry of Industries, Govt. of India, have acknowledged the same and given a permit/
Letter of Intent/ License for the project it is now proposed to submit a full description of the
project.
4.2 Location and Boundaries:

1. The proposed activity is scheduled to commence at a site in village Ghulewadi,
Tehsil Sangamner, District Ahmadnagar, Maharashtra.
2. The premises have a gentle terrain and no prime agricultural land is sacrificed.
Sub-soil is moderately coarse and partly fertile with some top cover of soil at
places (useful for the purpose of greenery and absorbing the treated effluents, if
necessary).
3. The site is located at a rural surroundings and is about 2 km from Sangamner, 7
km from River Pravara and 1 km from national Highway, is in the midst of Cane
and grain growing area but not itself a prime agricultural land, existing sugar
factory building is much more than 500 meters away from Highway, Railway.
4. The premises of Distillery Division will be carved out of 200 acres in possession
and may extend if needed. As much as about 15 % of this is already planned to be
brought under the honest green-belt and landscaping. A 2.5-meter high perimeter
wall in random rubble masonry or fencing, is/ will be erected all around the
boundary. Proposal is to have 3.13 acres for factory building and 20 acres for
effluent treatment.
4.3 Manufacturing Activity:

4.3.1 Product:
The Industry has a plan to produce Rectified Spirit or Extra Neutral Alcohol and Absolute
Alcohol, for which already permission is available from Government of India, by way of
Acknowledgement from Ministry of Commerce and Industries, Government of India, New Delhi
(IEM). This is proposed to be achieved in two ways either molasses-based or grain-based.
24
2.3.2 Raw Materials:
The capacity of the proposed Molasses/ or Grain-based will be 40 KLPD. For this the main and sole raw
material is molasses and grain respectively. The yeast brings about the change. Some chemicals in small
quantity are used for supporting propagation of the yeast and help to fermentation. Thus, the following
raw materials will be used.
# Item Quantity Particulars

1 Grains (Pre- 135 TPD Available from domestic market to choose the best one
cleaned)
1a Molasses 170 TPD Available Sugar mills of this District to choose the best one
2 Acid 0.04 TPD Used for keeping proper environment for process
3 Calcium 0.03 TPD Used for keeping proper environment for process
Hydroxide
4 Cultures/ 0.05 TPD To initiate Bio-Chemical Reaction
nutrients/
enzymes
5 Turkey Red Oil 0.13 TPD To serve as anti-foam agent occasionally.
Table No. 4.1: Raw Materials
2.3.3 Utilities
Power: The Power will be required as 1500 KW totally. This is available from MSEB. (However, after
initial firing of the Boiler for operation of steam, we may go by other route. The high pressure steam will
be fed to back pressure turbine for generation of power and exhaust steam from turbine will be taken in
process for distillation of fermented wash. Once turbine will take on line no outside power will be
required). Also Diesel generating set will be installed as back up for MSEB supply.
Steam: Steam will be required as 5 TPH. Existing boilers are seven as 20 TPH x 2 #, 25 TPH x 2 #, 40
TPH x 1 # and 8 TPH x 1 #. Hence adequate.
Water: The water requirement is estimated to be 0.7 MLD, taking all together as industrial, domestic and
Greening purposes. It will be met by the available surface water from River Pravara obtained by
permission of Irrigation Department. A modern water purification work will be installed and operated by
25
us, with some portion passing through Demineralization and Softening units as the adjunct. However, in
actual practice the water need will be reduced by efficiently recycling/ reusing the water/ wastewater.
Manpower: The manpower required for administration and production purposes will be recruited locally
without any difficulty. The expected total manpower is about 50 of supervisory nature, skilled and
unskilled nature. Monthly salary is expected to be more than Rs. 6 lakhs per month:
Cost: Estimated to be Rs 3287.46 lakhs.
Storage: Alcohol and molasses storage facilities shall be provided as per the rules of (1) Excise Deptt, (2)
Factory Inspectorate and (3) MoEF/ SPCB.
Project Layout
The site should be well connected by Road, so that both the raw materials and finished goods can be
conveniently handled. The Road is neither too busy, so as to have a fear of accidents, nor is too away
from network. Area requirement and built-up area requirement in this distillery industry is moderate. We
have made a survey of a few existing Sugar-Distillery units to find the “Use Factor” of their built-up area.
Accordingly the Architects have designed a least- plinth outlay.
Less buildings and less roads means saving of rubble, sand, bricks, etc, which otherwise has to be
procured by robbing nature.
2.3.4 Manufacturing Process:
(A) Manufacturing Process Grain –based:

1. This is grain based unit. It was possible to procure the raw material either in the form of Corn or
in the form of loose Grain. The later is preferred. If Corn is brought, then grains are required to
be separated first. This creates removal of unwanted mass of agricultural residue in the factory,
creating a problem of fugitive emissions and Solid Waste (albeit non-hazardous). On the other
hand if separation is done in the original field, the trash can be used then and there. Thus grain is
received here in gunny bags in clean fashion.
2. The grain is available in the vicinity and hence big storage is not necessary. A JIT (Just In Time)
principle for lowering the inventory is possible. Only 10 days stock is kept at a time. This
26
improves the logistic support and avoids any night time rush transport. Two storage silos are
provided to prevent any deterioration awaiting use.
3. Stored corn in conveyed to grain-cleaning equipment where trash such as soil particles, metal and
rock is removed. The timely removal of grit and coarse matter increases the life span of
4. The clean dry grain is to be biodegraded. The fist preparatory step will be to make separation of
degradable inner material from the outer skin, rind or wall of grain. This is done in hammer mills
(two operating mills, plus one standby). Hammering is done by mechanical means. This is helped
by making the dry grain suitably moist. The grain is now labeled as corn meal because it is ready
to serve like it. The hammering action is well designed and well controlled to save energy and to
effectively separate out the husk. The impact is taken by the grain and not by the Mild Steel wall
of vessel. This makes the fines and absorbs the noise. Vibration is controlled by foundation.
5. The Corn Meal is now to be converted into “mash”. This is first step of microbial action called
“Liquefaction”. To have good performance efficiency an optimum time of two hours and
optimum temperature of 88 C is provided in this tank. Proper environment is provided to the
Yeast, by way of selected culture, pH range, nutrients, moisture and specialized alpha-amylase
enzymes. Thermostatic control is provided to maintain the temperature desired. Incoming
material feed is metered in small but continuous dose. Recycled hot evaporator condensate
provides the desired temperature that serves both the purposes. This liquefaction is not just a
physical dilution, but a first step of microbial conversion. Thus ‘mash’ is now ready.
6. “Mash” is now to be converted into “Final mash”. In a Post- liquefaction tank meant for this
purpose, backset (recycled thin stillage from the centrifuge) is added, amounting to 15% by
volume of the final mash. Then the mash is heated to 110 o C, for period of 20 minutes, and
cooled to 60 o C.
7. The “Final mach” is to be now made “scarified Mash”. This is done in a reactor. The contents are
stirred for enhancing the biochemical reaction where saccharification takes place. To accelerate
this, specialized glucoamylase is introduced keeping optimum pH (4.4) and optimum Hydraulic
Residence Time (6 hours).
8. The saccharified mash is cooled to 33 o C and fed to Fermentation tanks. Similar precautions are
taken as are taken for saccharification namely mechanical arrangement of cascading, inoculating
special yeast culture, optimum Hydraulic Residence Time of 46 hours, optimum Temperature not
exceeding 33 o C and enhancing the biochemical reaction by stirring. Stirring is done by
27
recirculation the off-gas through a compressor mixes the airlift fomenters. This serves two
purposes, stirring as well as scrubbing of CO2 and alcohol, which would have otherwise escaped
out (creating hydrocarbon air pollutants). The post-fermenter liquor (now labeled as “Whole
beer”) has concentration of E.N.A. as 9% by weight or says 12% by volume.
9. The Alcohol is to be separated from the “whole beer”. This is Distillation section, comprising of
units like Beer Column, Rectifier, Stripper, Molecular Sieve beds etc. Beer is heated, and fed to
the beer column. Steam and cooling water for heating and cooling of the mash, whole beer, and
whole stillage are conserved by the use of heat recovery exchangers. The whole stillage leaves the
bottom of the beer column. The overhead vapors pass to the bottom of the rectifier, where the
concentration of E.N.A. is increased from 45% to 91% by weight. The bottoms from the rectifier
are pumped to the top of the stripper. The bottoms from the stripper are recycled to the
liquefaction tank along with evaporator condensate. (This serves two purposes namely increasing
the temperature and conservig the escaping alcohol). The concentrated vapor from the rectifier is
superheated and passes through one of two dehydrating molecular sieve beds; one is used while
the other is regenerated. Vapors from the regenerated bed are condensed and recycled to the
rectifier. The superheated vapor passing through the molecular sieve bed contains more than 99%
by weight E.N.A. The product is condensed, cooled and stored.
oligomers. In saccharification, the gluco-amylase attacks the non-reducing end of maltose and
higher oligomers, splitting off glucose. In addition to the alpha 1-4 linkages, there are alpha 1-6
branch points. These are attacked by pullylanase. This enzyme is probably found as a minor
constituent of commercial enzymes, which are not pur enzyme preparations, but complex
mixtures. The latest development in dry-mill E.N.A. enzymes is alpha amylase containing some
protease and pullylanase that makes some of the corn protein available for yeast nutrition.
The manufacturing flow sheet can be presented as:
28
Fig 4.1 Flow Diagram of manufacturing process (Grain Based)
4.3.2 Manufacturing Process (Molasses based)
A. Fermentation:
• Molasses handling:
• Yeast Propagation: Special Yeast is supplied by principal vendor and is developed
further in–situ. Precautions of adding measured quantity of sterilized molasses
substrate, aeration, taken and needed time for multiplication given. For this
provision of Yeast Activation Vessels.
29
• Fermentation: Yeast works on sugars contained in molasses, breaks down the
sugar into alcohol and carbon dioxide and significant heat. Temperature
controlled to 33-35oC (by circulating cooling water). A series of tank to secure
more percentage of alcohol. From last tank CO2 collected and directed to
scrubber. What remains is now known as wash.
B. Distillation (Multi-Pressure)
• The wash comes here. The hardware contains columns basically for two
functions, namely Stripping and Rectification. Thus
1. Analyzer column – Operated under vacuum
2. Rectifier cum Exhaust column- Operated under pressure
(Additional columns only for refinement).
• The arriving wash is first preheated in beer heater and fed to Analyzer column
• Vapor draw-containing alcohol from wash from Analyzer column top is fed to
Pre-rectifier column (if required), which too is working under vacuum. Liquid is
refluxed. The impure spirit is drawn from top of column and that collected at
bottom is fed to top of the Exhaust portion of the Rectifier cum Exhaust column.
Under pressure heat is given through Re boiler. Alcohol is enriched towards the
top and drawn out as Rectified Spirit about 95% v/v concentration.
• To avoid build-up of fusel oil, fusel oil is drawn out to a tank, diluted with water,
decanted, layers separated and alcohol layer returned as recovery
C. Dehydration
• This is to produce anhydrous Alcohol from Rectified Spirit
• Rectified Spirit is preheated and fed to evaporation/ regeneration column. Vapors
drawn, sent to Sieve Bed, dehydrated, condensed and cooled. Thus forms
Absolute Alcohol of desired 99.8% v/v purity.
• There is alternate Sieve Bed 2 ready for next operation.
30
Material Balance Findings:
Controlling Equations:
1. C12H22O11 + H2O 2C6H12O6
Sucrose + Water Reducing Sugar
342 + 18 360
1 + 0.05263 1.05263
2. C6H22O6 2C2H5OH + 2CO2
Reducing Sugar Ethyl Alcohol + Carbon Dioxide
180 92 + 88
1 0.5111 + 0.4889
1.05263 0.53978 + 0.51462

Thus,
# In Output Alcohol
1. 1 kg Reducing Sugar 0.511 kg by Equation
2. 463.68 kg Reducing Sugar 236.98 kg by Equation
(Say 1 Tone Molasses)
3. 463.68 kg Reducing Sugar 298.23 Lit. by Equation
4. 463.68 kg Reducing Sugar 259.46 Lit. Actually (87% η)
Table No. 4.2: Mass Balance
31
Molasses Arrives [1]
Molasses Weighed & Diluted [2]
Yeast Propagated with Molasses in Sterilized Separate Vessel [3] and [7]
Fermentation [4] and [5]
Clarified Wash Tank [6]
Analyser Column [8] and [9]
Pre-Rectifier Column if
required
Rectifier Column [10]
Exhaust Column
Reboiler
Fusel Oil Separated and Alcohol Returned
Rectified Spirit ENA
Molecular Sieve Dehydration Bed [11]
Absolute Alcohol
(The numbers in [ ] square brackets indicate environmental significance in the table below)
Figure 4.2: Flow Sheet Molasses (Simplified)
32
4.4 Environmental Significance:
S. Unit Peculiarities Environmental Significance
# Operation
/Process
1 Prompt use prevents spillages, discards,
Incoming Selected from nearest area.
Less loss of sugar. More yield. Less HC
Molasses/ grain Quick transport, by closed
hydrocarbons in the air. Ease of keeping
tankers. Quick use.
Environmental Statistics.
2 Processing basis kept by strict
Weighing Load Cell Based weighing
weighment . Better check on mass
system provided
balance
3 Self yeast propagation helps in less
Yeast Vessel sterilized. Nutrients
mass.
Propagation added. Aeration provided.
4 Fermentation Exact culture. Optimum reuse Specific biomass creates more
recycle. Temperature conversion. Exothermic reaction cooled
controlled to 33-35 C – by Heat Exchanger. Saves large
congenial to yeast activity, quantity of once through cooling water.
though reaction is exothermic.
5 CO2 Scrubber provided. Recovers Avoids fugitive HC Hydro-carbons exit
escaped Alcohol as fugitive.
6 Wash Arrests Suspended Solids and Ease of distillation, better quality
clarification floatables. product. Avoids discards. Avoids
downtime.
7 Yeast Recycle Yeast Activation Vessel and Maintains high viable biomass, yeast
aeration provided recycled, saves in bringing new yeast
and avoids wasted yeast mass.
8 Distillation Three column operating at If all of same pressure, energy
different pressure conditions. exhausted by one cannot be used in next
lower pressure vessel. Present
configuration conserves energy, and
avoids pollution.
9 Analyzer Heated by flash steam Latent heat of condensation of Rectifier
33
Column column, reused.
10 Rectifier Fusel oil is taken out Fusel oil decanted by first diluting with
Column separately instead of build-up water and recovering layered fusel oil.
11 Absolute Configured as "Stand-alone" Brings flexibility in operation by
Alcohol Unit or as "Post- Rectified Spirit" maneuvering utilities. Improves
column, either way efficiency in one step rather than two.
12 Instrumentation Computer-controlled system to facilitates monitoring the quality of
actuate valves product and safety of operation.
Predicts in time, resetting the process.
13 Training imparted, Best operational control and retrieval of
Controls
Documentation designed, information results in better checks.
Indicator chart, hourly reading
charts provided
Table No. 4.3: Environmental Significance of Process Steps
4.5 Key Maps:

1. The location is shown in Figure 4.3 index map (physical) of District
Ahmadnagar, with Site shown, in Sangamner Tehsil.
2. The location is shown in Figure 4.4 index map (political) of District
Ahmadnagar, with Site shown, in Sangamner Tehsil.
3. The location is shown in Figure 4.5, a map with SBSSKL as center, with scale.
4. The SBSL premises are shown in figure 4.6 with boundaries layout map, with all
the shops/sheds, roads, and open spaces shown on it, not to scale.

In the earlier Chapter various alternatives were considered and the one considered most
environment friendly was chosen. At the present site the best preferred and
environmentally the best happens to be the same. The proposed activities at this site are
now discussed. Some in-house, in-plant measures are taken for prevention and abatement
and its environmental significance is pointed out, supported by maps. Thus:
• Location Backward area of the district.
• Investment Initially envisaged low as Rs. 32.88 Crores. Increases
34
with delay
• Buildings Only limited requirement.
• Human Resource 50 (Supervisory and others)
• Distances -Pune-Nashik Highway 1 km
Railway Station 20 km
Forest more than 10 km
Town Sangamner 2 km
River Prawara 7 km
• Limited wastewater, land required for composting is available
• No significant scale Solid waste
• Pollution Control Domestic Sewage In-place
Industrial effluent In-place
Air Pollution In-place
Fugitives Control In-place and shall be attended.
Noise Control In-place and shall be attended.
Odor Control In-place and shall be attended.
Society Benefits In-place and shall be added.
• Site addresses the MoEF requirement (vide publication on EIA). Thus :
All options Explored, not merely Site.
Land Minimum, Load-bearing, Level, No Rain-wash.
Water Minimum, No Encroachment, Recover.
Wastewater. Segregate & Treat.
Not in Migration Route.
Consider Odour and Noise.
Design Green Belt (CPCB Guidelines Followed).
Minimise Transportation Risk.
No Rehabilitation Or Resettlement involved.
Transparent Approach.
35
CHAPTER 5 - ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING
5.1 Introduction:
Information is first assembled for the Region-District and then narrowed down to 10 km radius
with the Project as Centre. (The peripheral area is already discussed in Chapter two). In both the
areas, both the components of Environment (i.e. Natural and Man-made) are covered. This is
done in 2007-08, both for feasibility studies and for final EIA. The standard methodology is
adopted and discussed in this chapter.
5.2 Materials, Method and Approach:

SBSSKL believes strongly in “Development without pollution” and has undertaken the work of
examining the project environmentally.
5.2.1 Materials:
The work involves three activities viz. (1) collection of dry data and statistics by literature
survey, interviewing resource institutes and general public, (2) wet studies by sampling and
laboratory analysis of ambient air, surface water, ground water, noise, soil, etc. and (3) logically
analyzing the findings of dry and wet studies for interpretation, extrapolation and inference.
A number of officers/offices were contacted in the course of this study. Samples were collected
in 2006- 07; as follows, vide Table No.2.1
No. Media Stations Parameters Frequency
1 Surface Water 4 11 1
2 Ground Water 5 11 1
3 Ambient Air 9 3 3
4 Ambient Noise 9 2 1
Table No.5.1: Summary of Sampling
All the samples were collected by Standard Practices and analyzed as per Indian Standard
Specifications or by APHA (USA).
36
5.2.2 Method:
A twelve-step sequence model was generally adopted in this study while covering every facet of
environment.
• To fix up the scope of work (purpose and need of study)
• The present human activities within 10 km radius and prepared EI (Environmental
Inventory)
• The present environmental status by sampling.
• Establishing correlation between cause-effect of step 2 & 3 above.
• To know the carrying capacity of Environment
• Effect of proposed activities in the influence zone and ancillaries especially with respect
to pollution.
• How much will be the pollution created by the above said activity, totally after the
Provision of effluent treatment plant (ETP) and emission control equipment (ECE).
• Whether the carrying capacity has capability of absorbing the pollution stated at step No.
6
• Whether the SBSSKL project be finally adopted /abandoned, at this site.
• If decided to be adopted, what additional mitigation measures be further thought as last
line of defense.
• The legal provisions required to be obeyed.
• Probable public acceptability.
5.2.3 Approach:
For a streamline work, a standard six-step model of working is adopted for this PROJECT study.
The six generic steps associated with environment impacts are:
(1) Identification of pollutant emissions and impact concerns related to the
construction and operation of the development project,
(2) Description of the environmental setting in terms of existing environmental
quality, emission inventory, and natural data in the project study area,
(3) Procurement of relevant laws, regulations or criteria related to environmental
quality and/or pollution emission effluent standards,
37
(4) Conduction of impact prediction activities, including the use of simple dilution
calculations, qualitative predictions based on case study and professional
judgments,
(5) Use of pertinent information from step 3, along with professional judgment and
public input to assess the significance of anticipated beneficial/ detrimental
impacts, and
(6) Identification, development and incorporation of appropriate mitigation measures
for the adverse impacts.
Figure below delineates the relationship between the six steps or activities in the suggested
conceptual approach of Figure No. 5.1
Figure No.5.1: Six-Step Approach
Step 1 : Identification of environment qualities impacts of proposed project
Step 2 : Description of existing environment conditions
Step 3 : Procurement of relevant environment quality standards and/or

guidelines.
Step 4 : Impact prediction
Step 5 : Assessment of impact significance
Step 6 : Identification and incorporation of mitigation

measures
38
5.2.4. Delphi Technique:
For sitting of an activity, “Delphi Technique” is advised by MoEF. This study should serve as
its background setting.
The Government of India has recommended this technique in the book on Sitting of Hazardous
Waste Disposal Areas, prepared by NEERI, Nagpur and published by the Ministry of
Environment and Forest (MoEF) in 1991. The same is proposed to be used with due
improvisation, mutatis mutandis, covering other media of environment.
(a) The Delphi Technique considers 34 attributes and four weight ages i.e.:
7 attributes, Receptor related
10 attributes, Pathway related
8 attributes, Pollutant related
9 attributes, Waste management related.
(b) The modified Technique used here considers 23 attributes and four weight-ages
5 attributes, water pollution & waste management
related
4 attributes, air pollution and waste management
related
2. Four types of marks for each attribute like 0 to 0.25, 0.25 to 0.5, 0.5 to 0.75 and 0.75
to 1.0 depending on facts of situations, chemical properties of pollutants and
quantification are considered. These marks are known as Sensitivity Index (SI).
3. combined consideration of (1) and (2) together gives attribute-wise weight-ages.
These are the negative marks out of 1000 and ranking of candidate sites is based on
comparison of these marks.
39
5.2.5. Leopold Interaction Matrix:
Assessment of Impact significance is to be attempted by a Matrix Technique such as Leopold
Interaction with about 100 attributes spread over 11 categories A to K as
A. Modification of Regime B. Land Transformation

and Construction
C. Resource extraction D. Processing
E. Land alteration F. Resource renewal
G. Changes in Traffic H. Waste Replacement and
Treatment
I. Chemical Treatment J Accidents, and
K. Others
This study shall be done on the basis of Environmental background Setting of this Chapter.
5.3. The Region:
The activity of This Project is in the midst of a study area, which is spread in Tehsil of
Sangamner in District Ahmednagar. The site is about 2 km from Sangamner Town, 4.36 km
from Pravara river. 57.10 km from Nasik Airport
The site is at 190-35’55.39” North Latitude and 740-11’31.49” East longitude
Ahmednagar district is situated partly in the upper Godavari basin and partly in the Bhima basin
occupying a somewhat central position in Maharashtra State . It extends between 1802 and 190 9’
North latitudes and 780 9’ and 7505’ East longitudes. The district is irregular in shape and
resembles a slanting cross with a length of 200 kms and a breadth of 210 kms. It is surrounded
40
by Nashik district to the North, Ahmednagar district to the North –East , Bid district to the East,
Osmanbad and Solapur districts to the south, Pune district to the West and Thane district to the
North –West.
The district is spread over an area of 17,048.00 km2 and has a population of 3372935 as per the
1991 Census which account for 4.27 per cent and 5.54 per of the State figures respectively. It
ranks 1st in terms of area and 5th in terms of population amongst 30 districts in the State. The
2001 Census figures for population is 40,88,077 souls.
Ahmednagar is Maharashtra’s most advanced district in many ways. It has the maximum number
of sugar factories, perhaps to spread the message of “Rural Prosperity through Cooperation” it
gave the country half a century ago. The first cooperative sugar factory in Asia was established
at Pravanagar. A role model of water conservation work can be seen at Ralegaon-Siddhi, which
is also called the Ideal Village. Newase where Dnyaneshwari was written, Shri Saibaba’s Shirdi,
one of Ashtavinayaks at Siddhatek, the famous Kanifnath temple, attract devotees. The Palace of
Chandbibi, the Bhandardara dam, the Maldhok (Indian Bustard) sanctuary and the Rehkuri
sanctuary are some of the places of tourist attraction.
5.3.1 Topography
The relief of the district has an immense variety .This partly on account of its size and partly on
account of its location immediately adjoining the crest of the Sahyadries. The district as a whole
is an elevated tableland with a number of plateaux at various levels. One plateau merges into the
often through sharp-crested ridges. Topographically, the district can be divided into three parts .
(1) The Sahyadry hill range in the north-west and its three eastward offshoots namely the
Kalsubai- Adula range in the north , the Baleshwar range in the middle and the
Harishchandragad range in the sounth Kalsubai with a height of 1,646 metres is the highest peak
in the State.
41
(2) The plateaux : These are mainly the Akola plateau, the Ahmadnagar plateaux and the
Jamked plateau. The plateaux in general , have an elevation of over 600 metres.
(3) The Basins: In between the plateaux are the river basins . The main basins are the Bhima
basin in the south and the Godavari basin in the north which includes the Pravara –Mula basin .In
general, these basins have an elevation of between 500 and 600 meters.
5.3.2 Geology
The geology of the entire district consists of Deccan traps with inter- trappean beds. These
volcanic lava flows are spread out in the form horizontal sheets or beds. The rocks are dark gray
to greenish gray in colour and generally of two types. The non- vesicular types are hard, tough,
compact medium to fine granted, with conchoidal fracture. The vesicular or amygdule types are
comparatively soft and break more easily.
The rocks exhibit a tendency to spheroidal weathering by the exfoliation of roughly concentric
shells and hence rounded weathered boulders are commonly found scattered along the foothills
throughout the district. Another structural feature is the prismatic and columnar jointing. These
are generally observed in the step-like series of perpendicular escarpments on the hill sides and
slopes of the narrow winding valleys.
Laterite caps the summit of some of the hills of high altitudes in the district. Laterite rock is
ferruginous, hard and massive, and generally varies in color from dark red to yellowish and dark
brown to dirty brown. A fresh cut surface of the literate bed is usually soft but becomes very
hard and touch on exposure to the atmosphere.
Trap rocks are generally barren of any economically useful and important minerals but being
hard, dense and durable are most suitable for building purposes, road metal. Railway ballast and
as an aggregate for concrete mixtures.
42
Irregular nodules of kankar and gypsum occur in the soil at a number of places especially in the
eastern parts of the district. Kankar on burning yields good lime and is locally used for the
manufacture of lime for use in construction purposes.
5.3.3 Water Phase of Environment:
5.3.3.1 Rivers
The drainage of the district belongs to two major river systems, the Godavari is the most
celebrated river of the whole of peninsular India. It rises in the Sahyadri ranges near Trimbak in
Nashik district and enters the district as a considerable stream near village Wadgaon in
Kopargaon tahsil .It flows in a south –east direction through rich alluvial plains and forms an
almost continuous boundary between Ahmadnagar and Ahmednagar districts. The river has a
length of 200 kms within the district. The bed of the river is generally sandy but inmany places
rocky boulders crop up forming large pools upstream, where fish abound, and rapids
downstream. During the monsoon season ,and the river is full and cannot be crossed without the
help of country crafts and boats but in the dry season the river trickes down to a minor channel
and is easily fordable.
The Pravara is an important tributary of the Godavari. It originates in Akola tahsil in the eastern
slopes of the Sahyadries. It has a length of about 200 kms within the district and meets the
Godavari at village Toka in Nevasa tahsil . The Pravara has immensely benefited the district with
its irrigation system which has converted a part of the district into one of the most prosperous
and productive tracts in the State. The Mula, the Adula and the Mahalungi are important
tributaries of the Pravara river.
The whole of the southern portion of the districts lies in the Bhima basin. The Bhima,
however,passes only the boundary between Ahmadnagar and Pune districts for a distance of
about 60 kms. The Bhima rises, close to Bhimashanker in Pune district and enters Ahmadnagar
district near village Sangavi Dumale in Shrigonda tahsil and flows in a south-east direction. The
43
banks of the river are generally low and the bed is generally sandy crossed at a few places by
rocky barriers . The chief tributaries of the Bhima are the Ghod and the Sina. The Ghod also
flows in a sounth-east direction for about 80 kms within the district and forms the boundary
between Ahmadnagar and Pune districts . The Sina rises north of Ahmadnagar and after
flowing through the city forms a part of the boundary between Ahmadnagar and Bid districts. It
joins the Bhima river in Solapur district a few miles south of Solapur city.
5.3.3.2 Rainfall
Records of rainfall in the district are available for 13 rain-gauge stations for periods extending
from 47 to 83 years. Tables 2 and 3 given below give the details of the rainfall at these
stations and for the district as a whole. The average annual rainfall in the district is 578.8 mm.
(22.79"). The district mostly is in rain shadow to the east of western ghats. Near the western
border of the district the rainfall decreases rapidly as one proceeds towards east. But from a
line roughly north-south in the central parts of the district the rainfall gradually increases
towards the east. About 77 per cent of the annual rainfall in the district is received during the
south-west monsoon season, September being the rainiest month. The variation in rainfall
from year to year is large. The highest annual rainfall amounting to 159 per cent of the normal
occurred in 1916, while 1920 was the year with the lowest annual rainfall which was 51 per
cent of normal. In the fifty year period from 1901 to 1950 the annual rainfall in the district
was less than 80 per cent of the normal in 15 years with three consecutive years of such
rainfall occurring once and two consecutive years thrice. Considering the annual rainfall at
the individual stations two and three consecutive years of rainfall less than 80 per cent of the
normal is common at many stations. Even four consecutive years of such low rainfall
occurred once each at four of the stations. It will be seen from Table No. 2 that the annual
rainfall in the district was between 300 and 800 mm. (11.81" and 31.50") in 44 years in the
fifty year period.
On an average there are 35 rainy days (i.e., days with rainfall of 2.5 mm. -10 cents - or more)
in a year in the district. This number varies from 31 at Rahuri and Sangamner to 41 at Akola.
44
The heaviest rainfall in 24 hours recorded at any station in the district was 330.2 mm. (13.00") at
Kopargaon on 15th October 1951.
The average annual rainfall in the district is 578.8 mm. The distribution of rainfall is very
uneven. The western part of Akola tahsil gets good rainfall and rainfall decreases as one
proceeds towards east. The district mostly lies in the rain shadow to the east of the Sahyadries .
September is the rainiest month. About 77 percent of the annual rainfall is received during the
south-west monsoon season. The variation in rainfall from year is large.
Table below gives the frequency, normals and extremes of rainfall for Ahmadnagar:
Range in mm. No. of years Range in mm. No. of years
201-300 1 601-700 10
301-400 7 701-800 7
401-500 10 801-900 3
501-600 10 901-1,000 2
TABLE 5. 2-FREQUENCY OF ANNUAL RAINFALL IN THE DISTRICT (DATA:

1901-1950)
In the western zone of the region annual Rainfall is high, while on the Eastern zone of the region
annual Rainfall comes down, the average monthly split up is-
# Month Rainfall in mm
1 January 18.9
2 February 13.0
3 March --
4 April --
5 May 21.6
6 June 72.4
7 July 109.5
8 August 187.4
45
9 September 54.5
10 October 60.5
11 November 18.6
12 December 22.4
Mean 578.8
Table No. 5.3: Rainfall Pattern
5.3.3.3 Water Bodies

Water storage in the district is either provided by only manmade impoundments of dams and by
natural lakes these are very insignificant..
The major dams are on rivers like Pravara, Godavari, Bhima, Ghod, Mula etc. There are two
major Dams in the District, followed by eight medium Dams. There are minor dams as well
totaling to 90 in numbers. All have back-water expanses. Number of percolation tanks too
provides some relief, at least for some period of the year.
Smaller tanks normally become dry by pre-monsoon period.
Flora:
Ecology is the study of surrounding environment wherein various living or biotic groups live
together and form a system of existence where every component, whether small or big is
interdependent and hence is an indispensable part of an Ecosystem. In an Ecosystem, plants are
important as primary components of a food chain followed by small organisms that are food of
the other organisms. An Ecosystem gets disturbed even if a single member of it is extinct
because the entire food chain gets disturbed. The various ecosystems constitute of the man and
animals, plants, microorganisms, aquatic and desert animals and so on.
From ancient times, the man has understood the principle of co existence and has been living
with harmony with all the living creatures. The basics of ecology explain us how important is
46
even a small microbe in an ecosystem. Every species of plant and animal on this earth has its
own importance and usefulness for the planet.
Living things are organized in to natural groupings (communities) with mutual dependencies
among their members, and they show various responses and sensitivities to the outside
influences. However, the process of rapid development and industrialization has marked some
prominent questions about survival of the flora and fauna. Fortunately, global awareness during
past few years has cognated this and we are undergoing worldwide programs for wild life
conservation. The worldwide-accepted concept of ‘Sustainable development’ has given us a
vision of eco-friendly project execution.
The study of an assessment agency would be very much incomplete if proper attention is not
provided towards project’s impact foreseeable on flora and fauna of the study area. The existing
flora and fauna of the project area should be enriched by the humans with many new species
mainly in addition to numerous local abundant species:
a. Trees
Common Name Botanical Name Family
Apta Bauhinia racemosa Leguminosae
Awala Phyllanthus embelica Euphorbiaceae
Babhul Acacia nilotica Mimosaceae
Bel Aegle marmelos Rutaceae
Bhokar Cordia dichotoma Boraginaceae
Bor Zizipus mauritiana Rhamanaceae
Chinch Tamarindus indica Caesalpiniaceae
Jambhul Syzigum cumini Myrtaceae
Kajra Strychnos potatorum Noganiaceae
Karanj Pongamia pinnata Papilionaceae
Kavath Limmonia Species Rutaceae
Khair Acacia catechu willd Mimosaceae
Lokhandi Ixora arborea Rubiaceae
Mango Mangifera indica Ancardiaceae
Nandruk Ficus retusa Moraceae
47
Nilgiri Eucalyptus sp. Myrtaceae
Neem Azadirachis Indica Maliaceae
Palas Butea monosperma Papilionaceae
Pangara Erythrina indica Papilionaceae
Pipal or Peempal Ficus arnottiana Moraceae
Ritha Sapindus laurifolius Sapindaceae
Sag Tectona grandis Verbenaceae
Shevga Moringa oleifera Moringaceae
Shami or Soundad Prosopis spicigera Mimosaceae
Subabhul Leucaena leucocephala Mimosaceae
Shisam Dalbergia sissoo Papilionaceae
Sitaphal Annona squamosa Annonaceae
Umbar Ficus racemosa Moraceae
Vad / Banyan Ficus benghalensis Moraceae
Vedi Babhul Prosopis juliflora Mimosaceae
b. Shrubs
Ghaneri Lantana camara Papilionaceae
Karvand Carissa carandas Apocynaceae
Murudseng Helicteres isora Sterculiaceae
Nirgudi Vitex negundo Verbenaceae
Nivdung Euphorbia neriifolia Euphorbiaceae
Ran tulas Ocium basilicum Labiateae
Sher Euphorbia tirucalli Euphorbiaceae
Takala Cassia tora Caesalpiniaceae
c. Herbs (Annuals, biennials and perennials)

Aghada Achyranthes aspera Amranthaceae
Dhotra Datura fastuosa Solanaceae
Dudhani Lagenaria vulgaris Cucurbitaceae
48
Ghol Amaranthus tenuifolicus Amranthaceae
Kaduchinch Corchorus trilocularis Tiliaceae
Kurdu Celosia argentea Amranthaceae
Rui Calatropis procera Asclepiadaceae
Tilvan Cleome viscosa Capparidaceae
Tantani Tridax procubens Compositeae
d. Grasses
Anjan grass Cenchrus ciliaris Gramineae
Bhale kusal Andropogon triticeus Gramineae
Gondval Andropogon pumilus Gramineae
Harali Cynodon dactylon Gramineae
Kunda Ischaemum pilosum Gramineae
Kusali gavat Andropogon contortus Gramineae
Nagarmotha Cyperus rotundus Gramineae
e. Climbers
Gulvel Tinospora Cordifolia Menispermaceae
Guni Abrus precatorius Papilionaceae
Kapalphadi Cardiospermum Sp. Sapindaceae
Waghoti Capparius zeylanica Capparidaceae
f. Agricultural crops
Ambadi Hibiscus cannabinus Malvaceae
Bajri Pennisetum typhoides Gramineae
Batata (Potato) Solanum tuberosum Solanaceae
Bhat (Peddy) Oryza sativa Gramineae
Chavali Vigna sinensis Papilionaceae
Chillies Capsicum sp. Solanaceae
Cotton Gossypium hirsutum Malvaceae
49
Erand Ricinus communis Euphorbiaceae
Flowers
Gram Cicer arietinum Papilionaceae
Groundnut Arachis hypogaca Papilionaceae
Jawar Sorghum vulgare Gramineae
Karadai Carthamus tinctorius Compositeae
Karale Guizotia abyssinica Compositeae
Maka (Maize) Zea mays Gramineae
Matki Phaseolus acontifolia Gramineae
Mug Phaseolus aureus Papilionaceae
Onion
Ragi
Sugarcane Saccharum officinarum Gramineae
Til Sesamum indicum Pedaliaceae
Tomato Lycopersicon lycopersicum Solanaceae
Tur Cajanus cajan Papilionaceae
Udid Phaseolus mungo Papilionaceae
Watana Pisum sativum Papilionaceae
Wheat Triticum sativum Gramineae
Table No. 5.4: Common Flora
(Source: Dept. of Forests, Govt. of Maharashtra)
SBSSK proposes to design and implement a scientific Greening Drive to maintain the above
Bio-diversity.
5.3.3.4: Fauna
The District observes rich wildlife on its western side where rainfall and forests are substantial;
while as we go towards east the number of species are considerably reduced. We find in Western
Ghats:
50
Mammals 23,
Avifauna 82,
Snakes- 24,
Amphibians 3,
Insects 67,
Butterflies 17.
The details are as follows:
Mammals
Twenty three species of mammals are known to inhabit the forest of Western part and due to still
better protected forests in the interior regions of dam valleys, being protected by high rising
mountain ridges. There are linking corridors too with other forest ranges. However on eastern
side of the region, the species number comes down to ten due to open level fields, distant water
bodies and human settlements. The names of animals that are known to inhabit this area
permanently are enlisted below.
Avifauna
What is stated for mammals, same West-East division is true for birds. In western ghats most of
the birds are local residents which nest, breed, roost and feed in this area, with a high proportion
of insectivorous and carnivorous birds as compared to seed or grain eaters that appear in east side
of the district. The number of species comes down from 82 to 32 between west and east. Only in
such areas birds are found in numbers, where there is permanent and large water bodies that
provide food enough for the birds, and where significant microphysics or plank tonic growth that
can attract large number of migratory birds.
Reptiles and Amphibians
Among the reptilian fauna this region is likely to harbour 13 species of lizards, 24 of snakes and
three of Amphibians. Common amphibians are Frog, Toad and Hyla.
51
Insects and Butterflies
Among the insects this region harbours 45 species (Leaf Miners, Foliage Feeders, and Stem
Borers etc.) and 17 of Butterflies.
Fisheries
Ahmadnagar district is not rich in fisheries as it is not richly endowed with fluvial weaters . All
important riversof the district generally run along its boundary. Fishermen in the district take
advantage of the river at Chinchani and in the Pravara at Toka for only six months in the year.
They are mainly “pardeshi” Bhols and Kahars. Some of them cultivate watermelons or prepare ‘
Chana- phutana’and Murmura as a subsidiary means of livelihood. TILl nets and drag nets are
commonly used for fishing. The fish catch comprises mainly cat fishes and local minor fishes.
Name Scientific Name Family

Animals
Black buck (Kalvit) Antilope cervicapra Cervidae
Common langur (Wanar) Prebytis entellus -
Common mongoose (Mungoos) Herpestes edwardsi Herpestidae
Indian hare (sasa) Lepus nigricollis Leporidae
Indian porcupine Hystrix indica Hystricidae
Indian porcupine (Salindar) Hystrix indica Hystricidae
Jackal (Kolha) Canis aureus Caridae
Indian wold (Landga) Canis lupus Caridae
Jungle cat Felis chaus Felidae
Red fox (Khokad) Vulpes vulpes Canidae
Indian fox Vulpes bengalesis Canidae
Aves
Baya (Weaver bird) Ploceus philippinus Ploceidae
Black drongo (Kotwal) Dicrurus adsimilis Dicruridae
Blue rock pigeon (Parwa) Columba livia Columbidae
Blue jay (Nilkanth) Coracias benghalensis Coraciidae
52
Brahminy myna Sturnus pagodarum Sturnidae
Cattle egret (Gai bagla) Bubulcus ibis Ardeidae
Common babbler Turdoides caudatus Timaliinae
Common pariah Kite (Ghar) Milvus migrans Accipitridae
Common peafowl (Mor) Pavo cristatus Galliformidae
Crow Pheasant (Bharadwaj) Centropus sinensis Cuculidae
Golden oriole (Haldya) Oriolus oriolus Oriolidae
Grey partridge (Titar) Francolinus pondicerianus Phasianidae
Grey quail (Bater) Coturnix coturnix Phasianidae
House crow (Kawla) Corvus splendens Corvidae
House sparrow (Chimni) Passer domesticus Ploceidae
Indian myna (Salunki) Acridotheres tristis Sturidae
Jungle crow (Domkawla) Corvus macrorhynchos Corvidae
Koel (Kokila) Eudynamys scolopacea Cuculidae
Large pied wagtail (Parit) Motacilla maderaspatensis Motacillidae
Little cormorant (Pankawla) Phalacrocorax niger Phalacrocoracidae
Little egret (Bagla) Egretta garzetta Ardeidae
Mahratta woodpecker (Sutar) Picoides mahrattensis Picidae
Pheasant tailed jacana Hydrophasianus chirurgus Jacanidae
Pied King Fisher (Khandya) Ceryle rudis Alcedinidae
Redrumped swallo (Pakoli) Mirundo daurica Hirundinidae
Redvented bulbul (Bulbul) Pycnonotus cafer Pycnonotidae
Redwattled lapwing (Titwi) Vanellus indicus Charadriidae
Ring dove (Hola) Streptopelia decaocto Columbidae
Rose ringed parakeet (Popat) Psittacula krameri Psittacidae
Rufoustailed finch lark Ammonanes phoenicurus Alaudidae
(Chandol)
Snake bird (Tirandaj) Anhinga rufa Phalacrocoracidae
Spot bill duck (Badak) Anas poecilorhyncha Anatidae
Spotted owlet (Pingla) Athene brama Strigidae
53
White backed vulture (Gidhad) Gyps bengalensis Accipitridae
White breasted kingfisher Halcyon smyrnensis Alcedinidae
White breasted waterhen Amourornis phoenicurus Rallidae
White throated munia Lonchura malabarica Ploceidae
Reptilia
Banded krait (Manyar ) Bungarus caeruleus Elapidae
Cobra (Nag) Naja naja Elapidae
Chameleon (Sarda) Chameleon zeylanicus Chameleonidae
Checked keelback Xenochorophis piscator Colubridae
Freshwater twotle Melanochelys tricarinata Emydidae
Bengal monitar Lizard Varanus bengalensis Varanidae
(Ghorpad)
Indian Starred Tortoise (Kasav) Geochelone elegance Testudinidae
Russel’s Viper (Ghonas) Vipera russelli Viperidae
Aquatic Fauna
1. Notopterns 2. Mastacembelus armaths
3. Anguilla bengalensis 4. Chela spp
5. Aspidoparia morar 6. Barbus khudree
Butterfly List
1. Blue Mormon 7. Blue Pansy
2. Indian Fritillary 8. Common Grass Yellow
3. Danaid Eggfly 9. Peacock Blue
4. Plain Tiger 10. Peacock Pansy
5. Common Crow 11. Common Emigrant
6. Common Sailer
Table No. 5.5: Common List of Fauna of the District
54
5.3.4 Air Phase of Environment
The natural setting will include discussions on environmental features like land, air, water,
meteorology and man-made settings will include the socio-economic, demographic aspects and
also the aesthetics. Meteorology is dealt first. The climate of the district is characterized by a hot
summer and general dryness except during the south-west monsoon . The year can be divided
into four seasons. The cold season from December to February is followed by the hot season
from March to the first week of June. The south –west monsoon season is from the second week
of June till the end of September while October and November constitute the post monsoon or
retreating monsoon season.
5.3.4.1 Temperature:
There is a meteorological observatory in the district at Ahmadnagar functioning from 1891.

The records of this observatory may be taken as representative of the meteorological
conditions prevailing over the district. The cold weather starts by about the middle of
November and continues till the end of February. December is the coldest month of the year
with the mean daily maximum temperature at 28.5° C (83.3° F) and the mean daily minimum
at 11.7° C (53.1° F). During the cold season the district is sometimes affected by cold waves
in association with the passage of western disturbances across north India, causing drop of
minimum temperature to 2° to 3° C (35.6° to 37.4° F). From March to the break of south-west
monsoon the day temperatures increase progressively, the nights remaining comparatively
cool. In the hot season, the sweltering heat of the afternoons is sometimes relieved by
thunder-storms. May is the hottest month of the year with the mean daily maximum
temperature at 38.9° C (102.0° F) and the mean daily minimum at 22.4° C (72.3° F). On
individual days during the hot weather period temperature occasionally goes up to 43° or 44°
C (109.4° or 111.2° F). With the onset of southwest monsoon in the district there is an
appreciable drop in temperature and weather becomes pleasant. With the withdrawal of the
monsoon by about the first week of October day temperatures increase slightly and a
secondary maximum in day temperatures is recorded in October. However the night
temperatures decrease steadily after the withdrawal of the monsoon.
55
The highest maximum temperature recorded at Ahmadnagar was 43.7° C (110.7° F) on 9th May
1960 and the lowest minimum 2.2° C (36.0° F) on 7th January 1945.
Seasonal variation in temperature is quite large. From march on wards is a period of continuous
increase in day temperatures, the nights remaining comparatively cool. May is the hottest month
of the year with the mean daily maximum temperature at 380.9C. On individual days
temperatures occasionally rise to 430 or 440 C . With the onset of the south-west monsoons there
is an appreciable drop in temperatures and weather becomes pleasant. With the withdrawal of the
monsoons day temperatures increase but night temperatures progressively decrease. From about
the middle of November both day night temperatures decrease rapidly. December is the coldest
month of the year with the mean daily minimum temperature at 11.70 C . In association with the
passage of western disturbances across north India during winter season, the minimum
temperature in the district sometimes drops to 20 or 3 0 C.
5.3.4.2 Humidity:
The air is generally dry during the months from February to May and particularly so in the
afternoons when the humidity is about 20 per cent on the average. The relative humidities during
south-west monsoon period are between 60 and 80 per cent. Thereafter they decrease rapidly.
Except during the south-west monsoon season the air generally dry particularly so in the
afternoons. Skies are generally clear or lightly clouded during most of the year. During the south
–west monsoon season the skies are heavily clouded to overcast . Winds, are generally light to
moderate in force with some strengthening during the monsoon season.
5.3.4.3 Cloudiness:
During the monsoon season the skies are generally heavily clouded or overcast. During the rest
of the year the skies are mostly clear or lightly clouded. However, in the cold season, for brief
spells of a day or two, occasionally, passing western disturbances cause cloudy weather. In the
latter part of the summer season, especially the afternoons, clouding increases. In the post-
monsoon months the cloudiness decreases. In the rest of the year the skies are clear or lightly
clouded.
56
5.3.4.4 Winds
Winds are generally light to moderate with some strengthening in the south-west monsoon
season. In the south-west monsoon season winds are from directions between south-west and
north-west. In the post-monsoon season winds from the north-west and north are common in
the mornings while in the afternoons the winds blow from directions between north and east.
In the cold season winds are variable in directions, winds between north-west and south-west
being more common. In the summer season northerly to north-westerly winds are more
common, but by May westerlies also begin to blow in the afternoons.
5.3.4.5 Special Weather Phenomena:
Depressions in the Arabian Sea during May and June, which move northwards, near the coast
and depressions from the Bay of Bengal during the monsoon season moving across Madhya
Pradesh affect the weather over the district causing locally heavy rain and gusty winds.
Occasionally depressions from Bay of Bengal during October move westwards across the
peninsula emerge into the Arabian Sea and move forwards the Gulf of Cambay. Such
depressions also affect the weather over the district. Thunder-storms occur during the months
from March to June and in September and October. Dust-storms are very rare in the district.
The district experiences cloudy to overcast skies with wide-spread heavy rain in association
with the monsoon depressions that form in Bay of Bengal and move across central parts of the
country.
Weather Phenomena (Number of days with)

Month
Precipitation Thunder Fog Dust Storm Squall
January 0.5 0.1 0.4 0.0 0.0
February 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0
March 0.9 1.5 0.0 0.0 0.4
April 3.0 4.0 0.0 0.1 1.2
May 4.0 5.0 0.0 0.0 1.0
June 13.0 3.0 0.0 0.0 0.5
57
July 24.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.1
August 23.0 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.1
September 14.0 4.0 0.1 0.0 0.6
October 8.0 5.0 1.5 0.1 0.3
November 3.0 1.8 0.9 0.0 0.0
December 0.6 0.3 0.2 0.0 0.0
Annual 94.0 26.0 3.0 0.2 4.0
Mean
Table No. 5.6: Weather Phenomena
No. of Days with Percentage Number of days with wind from

wind-speed (Kph)
Month > 62 20-6 1-19 0 N NE E SE S SW W NW Cal
m
January 0 0 21 10 4 5 12 6 2 6 22 10 33
February 0 1 20 7 6 5 9 4 2 6 27 18 23
March 0 1 25 5 5 6 6 2 2 6 34 25 14
April 0 1 26 3 6 3 2 2 2 6 37 33 9
May 0 4 26 1 5 2 1 1 1 6 50 30 4
June 0 6 23 1 0 0 1 0 2 18 66 11 2
July 0 4 27 0 0 0 0 0 0 17 77 7 2
August 0 3 27 1 0 0 0 0 0 10 78 8 4
September 0 1 27 2 1 1 1 0 1 8 62 18 8
October 0 0 21 10 3 9 14 5 1 6 18 12 32
November 0 0 18 12 3 8 28 11 2 1 3 2 42
December 0 0 19 12 4 10 25 9 1 3 6 4 40
Table No. 5.7: Wind Phenomena
58
Cloud (OCTAS)
No. of Days with Cloud Number of days with Low Cloud
Month
Amount Amount
0 1-2 3-5 6-7 8 0 1-2 3-5 6-7 8 Fog
January 11 11 5 3 1 17 9 4 1 0 00
February 13 10 3 2 0 20 7 1 0 0 0
March 13 9 5 3 1 17 9 4 1 0 0
April 7 11 6 5 1 9 13 7 1 0 0
May 5 13 6 5 2 9 14 6 2 0 0
June 0 3 8 10 9 1 10 15 4 0 0
July 0 0 3 11 17 0 5 18 7 1 0
August 0 0 4 13 14 0 5 17 8 1 0
September 0 2 7 12 9 1 9 10 4 0 0
October 2 7 9 9 4 6 13 9 3 0 0
November 7 9 7 5 2 17 8 4 1 0 0
December 11 10 5 4 1 21 7 3 0 0 0
Total 69 85 68 82 61 118 109 104 32 2 0
Table No. 5.8: Cloud Phenomena
Visibility (Number of days with)

Month
Up to 1 km 1-4 km 4-10 km 10-20 km > 20 km
January 0 0 0.9 7 23
February 0 0.1 0.7 6 21
March 0 0 1.4 8 22
April 0 0.3 1.9 7 21
May 0 0.1 1.7 8 21
June 0 1 5 11 13
July 0 2 12 14 3
August 0 1.4 9 14 6
59
September 0 0.7 4 11 14
October 0 0.3 2 5 22
November 0 0.2 1.3 7 23
December 0 0.1 1 5 23
Total 0 6 41 105 212
Table No. 5.9: Visibility Phenomena
Month Daily Max Daily Min

January 30.7 12.0
February 32.9 13.3
March 36.1 16.8
April 37.9 20.6
May 37.2 22.6
June 31.9 23.0
July 27.8 22.0
August 27.7 21.5
September 29.2 20.8
October 31.8 19.3
November 30.8 15.0
December 30.1 12.0
Mean 32.0 18.2
Table No. 5.10: Maximum & Minimum Temperatures
5.3.5. Soil & Land Use Pattern
5.3.5.1: Soil
The soils of the district can broadly be classified into three groups viz, black or kali, red or
tambat and laterite and the gray of inferior quality locally known as barad .
60
The plains in Kopargaon and Sangamner tahsils have comparatively a good depth of soil. Near
the Pravara and Godavari rivers wide tracts of deep rich lands are found .The soils in the Mula
valley on the other hand are comparatively lighter. In the Adula valley ,there is a good deal of
lertile land bordering the river banks. Further up in the hilly areas to the west of Akola ,red soil
derived by residual weathering of the basalts in a tropical humid climate, deeper on the slopes
than on the levels ,is found. The dang or hill country is a land of bajra and next in importantance
is rice. Near the range of hills that run south-east down the centre of Shrigonda and Karjat
tahsils, the land is very poor with occasional of good light soil near Karjat and other place.
Soils on the plateau vary considerably depending upon the terrain and slop conditions . Over the
plateau in many parts of Parner tahsil, the soils though not very deep have a good admixture of
lime and are open as a result of which they are well suited for the production of a number of rabi
crops. However, on terraces, the soils are inferior and hill slopes are stony. Fairly productive
black soils are seen only in low grounds. In the western parts of Sangamner ttahsil the soils are
fertile along the banks of the Pravara and Mula that develop that only in narrow strides. On the
hills in the plateau, the soils are friable and mixed with gravel. Jowar and bajri are the two main
crops of the plateau. Pluses mainly turand gram are often grown as mixed crops.
The chief soils of the entire Godavari basin are kali or black with a variety of gradations
depending upon the local terrain condition and slope. The soils, by and large derived from
weathering of basalts under tropical semi-arid climatic conditions, are regurs (black cotton soil)
In this region, the soil is more suited to wheat than to cotton. It is quite sticky during the rains
and full of cracks in the hot weather. However in the plains of Sangamner tahsil on either side of
the Pravara and Mula occur mumjal soil, a reddish sandy loam , and chopan soil which are
admirably suited for garden cropping
The soil is developed from Deccan Trap. These are generally alkaline in reaction. Clay loam in
texture has high contents of Calcium carbonate and Magnesium carbonate. Soils of the district
are light, medium or heavy according to depth, texture and location. Heavy soils are found near
banks of river, where light soils are found away from river. Soil texture in the region varies from
sandy loam, calyee loam, loam to clay in texture. These are brownish black to black in colour,
61
under laid with murum that is derived from basalt rock. In the area that receives good rainfall,
physical transfer of small particles in soil due to surface runoff and dissolution of mineral is seen
moderate (that leads to more conductivity). Prominent cations are Calcium and Magnesium. In
general the soils of the region has high adsorption capacity. The availability of nitrogen and
phosphorous content of soil varies, and are generally moderate fertile. Potassium and organic
matter is usually substantial. Trace metals are available for the microbes.
Soil samples are collected in the local zone and results produced later in this report.
5.3.5.2 Forest.
This includes all land classified as forest under any legal enactment dealing with forest or
administered as forests. Whether State –Owned or private and wooded or simply maintained as
forest land. Within the forest area itself there may be occasionally cultivated patches or grazing
lands, but such areas too are called as Forest .
The total forest area of the district is shown by village Directory Statement. The forest area in the
district is distributed among 884 villages accounting for 56.89 percent of the villages in the
district. The total area under forests in this district is about 160074.69 hectares and social
forestry area is about 3191.20 hectares as per the position in 1989. Among the 13 tahsils of
district. Akole accounts for one fourth of the total forest area of the district .The forest produce is
divided into two main classes, major and minor. The chief major forest produce is timber and
firewood . The chief minor forest produce are Apta and Tembhurni leaves (useful in Bidi
manufacturing) in addition to Babul. Tarwad, Bamboo, Barks. Hirda. Honey and wax etc.
5.3.5.3 Irrigated and Un-irrigated Land .
All the agricultural lands when added together would correspond to the net area sown plus the
current and other fallow land. Permanent fallow or “culturable waste” lands are those lying
uncultivated as fallow for more than 5 years in succession. The concept of irrigation implies the
existence of source of water supply within a reasonable distance and an arrangement to regulate
62
the supply of water according to the day –to day needs of the crops raised in these fields.
Naturally, therefore all areas which are cultivated under purely rainfed conditions are treated as
unirrigated lands. The irrigated area is distributed into 1351 villages out of a total of 1554
inhabited villages accounting for 86.94 percent of the total villages. In 1102 villages irrigation is
done by well only . The area irrigated by “rivers” and other sources account for only 0.17 percent
and 0.24 percent of the total irrigated area respectively. The other used for irrigated are
government canals (43.60%) wells (12.80%) Well with electricity (42.23%) and tanks (0.50%)
and Lakes (nil)
# Particulars District Tehsil Sangamner

A’nagar
1 No. of villages 1556 81
2. No. of Towns 13 2
3 Total area sq km 17048 867
Table No. 5.11: Present Land-Use Pattern
From the above it may be seen that-

• The Tehsil covers 5.2% of the number of villages of the District. This shows that
there is substantial area for each.
• The Tehsil covers 5.09% of the area of the District. This shows that, among 13
Tehsils, this is one of the smaller Tehsils, by land use consideration.
• The Tehsil has 246 ha forest area of the District. This shows that, this is not one of
the major Tehsils, by forest land use consideration (only 0.15%).
Agriculture:
Jowar is the most import crop of the entire basin. Bajra also occupies a significant proportion
Increasing in importance in the lighter soils to the south and west . Pluses are much less
significant in the basin than in Ahmadnagar plateau and are raised only as cover crops. Cash
crops on the other hand are much more significant than on the plateau and of them, sugarcane is
most important. Next in importance are groundnut and cotton.
63
Irrigation:
Although, the district gets rains, major part of it all gets washed out due to sloping terrain. The
individual land holding is small. Irrigation and communication facilities are scanty. In some
tehsils the situation is better. This Tehsil depends on Agricultural modes of livelihood and not on
cultivation alone, as reflected in Employment.
This area is not a conventional earthquake-prone area.
5.3.6 Human Settlement

The comparison between the State and this region on basis of human settlings can be seen from
the following Table.
District
#. Particulars Tehsil Sangamner
A’nagar
1. Location North 180-2’ to 190- 9' 190-35’55.39”
740-11’31.49”
East 730-9’ to 750-5’
2 Expanse N-S, Km 200 30.3
3 E-W, Km 210 46.3
4 Area in sq. km. 17048 867
5 Coast line Km. Nil Nil
6 No. of settlements 1569 83
7 Population 4088077 325984
8 Decennial growth % 24.35 21.20
9 Pop. Density/ sq. km 198 393
10 Literacy Rate 75.82 53051
11 Nonworkers % 54.05 60.78
12 % Scheduled Cast 12.30 18.75
13 % Scheduled Tribe 7.05 5.08
14 Number of Female per 1000 Males 949 937
15 Female to Male literacy 0.61 0.62
Table No.5.12: Comparison Statistics
64
• The Tehsil occupies 5.08 % of the District area, but accommodates 7.97% of its
population. This is also reflected in another parameter of density per sq. km, which in
the Tehsil is 1.98 times higher than that of the District.
• This is attributable to industrialization.
• The population of Scheduled cast brethrens in the Tehsil is comparable with the District
though higher, Scheduled Tribes are less.
• Literacy rate is much better in the district (75.82%) but low within the Tehsil (53.51%).
Female literacy is required to be improved. The educational facilities are lately
improved or educated persons have come here to migrate and settle.
• The sex ratio also clearly indicates this phenomina. When in the District there are 949
women per 1000 male, in the Tehsil the figure is only 937. This shows that more male
persons are migrating into this area.
• In the Tehsil and district the average population distribution village-wise is with break
up as:
Population 200- 500- 2000- 5000- > Average

< 200
range 500 2000 5000 10000 10000
No. of 18 2606
villages,
13 135 973 360 55
such in
District
No. of 3 3928
villages,
0 2 38 26 12
such in
Tehsil
Table No.5.13: Tehsil Population break-up
This shows that except at the two ends, majority of wards have population in between two- to
five thousand. Literacy and medical facilities are available irrespective of size of wards.
65
• The population figures appear to correlate with employment possibilities. In absence of
any commensurate irrigation development and pressure of residential requirements,
agriculture is not a significant source of livelihood. The employment details are given
separately under a sub-section ear-marked in this study for that purpose specially.
• Complete school, college and University education is available to the citizens of this
Tehsil in abundance. This ample facility however is not resulted in high literacy, in all
the villages.
• Drinking water is available to all the villages, the source being Dams on upstream.
Public Health:
Medical institutions of all kinds are available at 463 centers in the District (covering 29.92%
villages). In this Tehsil 34.57% villages have this facility. There are Hospitals available in the
Nagar Tehsil with more than 3.6 beds per 1000 population. In this Sangamner Tehsil it is at rate
of 0.28 beds per 1000 population. e City Tehsil, there are 1277 Dispensaries, a large number of
Registered Practitioners, 20 Family Planning Centers, 22 Health Centers, 39 Nursing Homes, 2
TB Hospitals and 28 other establishments. There is growing trend.
Employment & Wages:

Livelihood: The main occupation in the outer annular study area is related to natural resources
of land and forests. The people are engaged in agriculture either of their own piece of land or on
the masters'. The remaining, in western part of the district, goes to forest and fetch forest
produce. Unless all family members get engaged they cannot survive. Therefore non-worker
percentage here is somewhat less than the non-workers non-employed people elsewhere, namely
54.05 % in the study district, while in the State it is 57.02 %. Though, presently this is a hand to
mouth scenario, improvement in the situation is expected by new development projects. The
statistics mentioned above is tabulated.
66
# Particulars State District
A’nagar
1 Main Workers to total population 39.28 42.47
2 Non-workers to total population 57.02 54.05
3 Cultivators & Agricultural labors to total population 23.42 31.40
4 Cultivators & Agricultural Labour to total workers 59.62 73.94
5 Livestock, Forestry, Fishing, Hunting, Plantation, 1.52 1.48
Orchards & Allied activities. to total workers.
Table 5.14: Comparative Occupations

As would be seen from the table:
• Non-Worker percentage is substantially high, more than half of the population.
This is a sign for anxiety, look more so on the background of State figure.
• The Total worker percentage in vocations other than agriculture is appreciably
higher, in the state (40.38%), but low in the district (26.06%), which may be
attributable to absence of urbanization, industrialization and service/ trade
opportunities.
• Whatever employment appears only restricted to male population.
• The Women’s participation is very poor. When 194 male are finding some work,
only 100 women get opportunity to gain money in State and 149 in the District.
This is too low a figure as compared with advanced part of the country even on
rural basis. Thus women can never get any economic independence.
• Maximum employment is in the Agricultural sector only i.e. 59.62% in the State
and 73.94% in the district.
• In Agricultural sector women participation is higher. 1.71 times in the State and
as 1.45 in the district. This is women’s exploitation.
• There appears to be some scope for dependable livelihood for few other avenues
as Manufacturing, Processing, Servicing & Repairs in other than Household
Industries, construction, trade & commerce, transport-storage & communication
and other services, in an assured and dependable manner.
67
• The number of people not having any source of revenue is substantially high. The
marginal workers too do not get satisfactory duration of employment in the year.
Both together are 60.7% in the State and 57.53% in the district. Thus when about
two-thirds of people are capable to do but not getting job, the situation is grave.
New industrialization, tourism or constructions the only answer. Women not
getting any employment are a matter of anxiety too.
• From among the people in the age group 0 – 6, today many of them shall be in
their youth and hoping for jobs within next ten years. Industrial and other
development is the only answer.
All this leads to conclusion that
• Industrialization or activities are concentrating in cities and towns.
• Trend will reduce to depend on agriculture for livelihood.
• Migration to cities may provide Male employment with Women participation.
• There is a limitation to further improve the agriculture by water source, as this is
already exploited by providing dams, pick-up wiers and canals.
• Villages can play a good role by supplying to the nearer towns, vegetables and
milk by improving livestock census per sq. km and utilizing this opportunity of
employment gains.
Summary:
1. Having gone through the entire statistics, it presents a very complex picture
(somewhere weak, somewhere strong) of the district. Unless the decision-making
people take some drastic development steps, the situation will worsen and this area will
become poorer. It will either perish or become criminal as the nation-wide trend brings
it into focus.
2. Out of total revenue land as high as 89.50 % is under cultivation. This means that there
is hardly any additional potential left from cultivable land. Thus diversification is
necessary for earning livelihood. Further 4.28% is the land not available for
cultivation as it is under different land use.
3. 5.93% of revenue land is culturable but lying waste. The efforts of bringing in use are
lagging mostly due to poverty and without monetary support and going without any
68
significant use of fertilizers and pesticides. This can be covered by bringing new
proposals of agro-based industries, in the nearest towns. Standard dwelling places will
be needed.
4. Irrigation potential is not fully developed. As high as 36.46% land needs assured feed.
Further scope is limited.
5. Though fruits-growing can give relief, it is only restricted to certain belt, leaving large
majority behind to struggle with poverty. Fishery and Livestock are also not yielding
any substantial support to the population.
Whenever similar situation happens elsewhere, the young and able males migrate to
nearby Cities to get work. Here, the background education is developing the youths of
this district with technical/ appropriate education. This may provide job opportunities
in towns of the district or state, and a migration trend will start, needing more
Habitation.
5.3.7 Industries
Ahmednagar is not one of the industrially advanced districts of the state like Mumbai, Thane,
Pune or Nashik. Vagaries of the rains, agricultural resources and inadequate transport facilities
contribute to this. The district is not rich in minerals. There are 8 sugar mills, and 2 spinning
mills, In all there are 18 big units, 189 medium and 5782 SSI small scale industries. SSI units are
engaged in handloom, gur processing, ginning, pressing, spinning, pottery, brick-making,
tanning, oil mills, bidi making, agricultural tools, pumps, engine, cloth, medicine, rubber-plastic
items, soap, nylon, biscuits, electrical appliances, vessels and wooden toys. and repairs. Both
MIDC and Co-op Industrial sectors have opened Industrial areas.
In this area there are no Minerals of any economic significance. The district as a whole is
monotonously covered by Deccan by Trap basaltic lava flows. The lava flows are almost
horizontal in disposition but local gentle tilting, undulations and minor flexures are sometimes
seen. But for these ,so major faulting or folding is seen in the area. The basalts are generally
covered by a thin mantle of black soil of recent origin. Other recent deposits such as river
alluvium, sands, grovels, silts and calcareons concretions known as kankar are also found in the
river basins.
69
Trap rocks are generally barren of any economically useful and important minerals. However,
being hard, dense and durable, they are extensively used as building material and road metal. The
pinkish coloured vesicular variety is amenable to cutting into blocks of desired sizes. Kankar, on
burning yields good of lime and is locally used for the manufacture of lime specially around
Ahmadanagar city.
5.3.8 Transport System

District has road, rail travel facility. 68.79% villages or 81.75% villagers have some
communication facility available. Kopargaon tehsil is the best with 97.09% villages served and
Newasa tehsil with 44.19 is the poorest. Villager with higher population get the roads quickly.
Roads have acted as a pull factor for development and enlistment of the area.
Type of Road State Zilla Municipa Total

PWD Parishad Body
I. Surface wise
1 Cement Concrete 32 -- 32 14
2 Black Topped 1846 368 2214 171
3 Water Bound Macadam 772 4410 5182 116
4 Others 160 4327 4487 63
Total 2810 9105 11915 364
II. Category wise
1 National Highway 61 -- -- 61
2 State Highway 78 18 96
3 Other State Highway 1635 -- 1635
4 Major District Road 1015 1555 2570
5 Other District Road 21 3221 3242
6 Village Road -- 4311 4311
7 Other Developmental Road -- -- 364 364
Total 2810 9105 364 12279
Table No. 5.15: Roads
70
Highway pass via This District. Pune-Nashik National No. 50 as also State Highways to Bhoom,
Majalgaon, malegaon, Daund-Patas, Pune, Jalgaon, Baramati, Pandharpur, Osmanabad etc.
Among the villages, that have population less than 500, 33.11% are connected by good road and
94.52% of rural population is served so of bigger villages (having population more than 5000).
5.3.9 Environmental Problems
In this District, there are organized industries in industrial estates developed by Government
agency MIDC Maharashtra Industrial Development Corporation at many places and notably at
Ahmednagar, Loni, Sangamner and so also a few Co-operative estates. The Municipal Councils
are riperian. The wastewaters of all these enter into this Godavari-Bhima riverine system
Directly or indisrectly. The Municipal Councils especially have not developed cent percent
sewage collection and treatment. As a result, the stretches downstream are hardly fit to use as
source for human consumption drinking water. Therefore many are dependent on Government
canals. The other problems like industrial air pollution is not a sensitive issue here, but the
vehicular air pollution is in certain pockets. Municipal solid waste is a problem common to all
local bodies of the State, as also the agricultural return water with traces of fertilizer and
pesticides.
This New Project, however, would like to contribute to the solution of these problems in three
ways, which will at least aim at not increasing the existing problems, in spite of such big
establishment undertake here. For this, this Proponent will –
1. Collect its own sewage-sullage and treat it for greening, where large number of
trees are planned to be planted.
2. The Concept of This project being “help to nearby farmers (by purchasing raw
materials)”, transportation is reduced and corresponding vehicular pollution is
avoided.
3. The Organic part of the MSW generated here will be fully locally composted and
used on our own greenery, and
4. The Organic part of the effluent generated here will be fully converted to Animal
feed and made available to neighboring farmers.
This Project, thus, will try to ease the environmental problems here.
71
5.4 Site Vicinity Area ( 10 km)
General
This proposed site is within the administrative jurisdiction of Sangamner Tehsil. It is located at
190-35’55.39” North Latitude and 740-11’31.49” East longitude. The study area is of 10 km
radius with this site as centre. The area is divided by nominal ridge separating basins of Rivers
Pravara and Godavari., flowing generally west to east. The site and surroundings area forms
72
Quadrant % Area Altitude Topography
above MSL in m
300- 600- 900
600 900 +
NE First 25 -- -- Low-level plane, 300 to 600 MSL. Major portion
draining to R. Pravara, minor to R. Godavari.
SE Second 25 -- -- Low-level plane, 300 to 600 MSL. Fully draining to
R. Pravara,
SW Third 25 -- -- Low-level plane, 300 to 600 MSL. Fully draining to
R. Pravara,
NW Fourth 25 -- -- Low-level plane, 300 to 600 MSL. Draining evenly
to R. Pravara, minor to R. Godavari.
Table No. 5.16 Topographic Distribution
Area of the site as per revenue record (popularly known as 7/12 extract) is without any dispute.
5.4.1. Land Use

The Study Zone in the vicinity of this site as centre is considered. This can be broadly split in
three distinct parts, namely
# Description On Details
A Rural All Jafrabad, Naur, Rampur, Govardhanpur, Sarala,
around Malewadi, Gondegaon, Chitali, Dhangarwadi,,
Ranjankhol, Dighi, Nimgaon khairi, Undirgaon,
Haregaon, Gondhavani, Brahmangaon vetal,
Shirasgaon, Ainatpur, Mahankal Wadgaon,
Khanapur, Bhamathan, Gumandeo,
Malwadgaon, Muthewadgaon, Wadala
Mahadeo, Bhokar, Khokar, Nipani wadgaon,
Matapur,
B Not a Municipal -- --
area, but called CT
(Census Town)
73
C Established -- --
Municipal area
Table No.5.17: Vicinity Area Land Development
(*) Not an Established Municipal area, but so developed that in census work Government took it
as a town called CT (Census Town)
Note:- B and C of above is taken as Urban and no. A is taken as Rural. A consists of 29 villages
taken as Rural,
B consists of nil fringe wards CT (Census Town) & taken as urban C consists of nil
Cantonment Boards and one Municipal Corporation, thus Urban The present land use pattern in
Study area is:
# Particulars Total
1 No. of villages/CT wards/Cantt 29
Board
2 Total area hect 31069
3 Forest area hect 81
4 Area irrigated by source hect 14864

5 Area un-irrigated hect 10949
6 Culturable waste land incl. 1246
Gavchar and Groves, hect
7 Area Not Available for cultivation 2230
hect
Table No. 5.18: Present Land-Use Pattern (Vicinity Area)
The future land use shall change to an extent of about 3.200 hect i.e. say 0.0045 % only as
covered Area for buildings and roads, Area under Water bodies as pools, ponds, lakes, Area for
utilities or infrastructure, Area under lawn and massive greenery.
The site is plain and the study zone is only gently undulating and moderate hilly-nalla valleys are
created.
74
5.4.2 Surface Water Environment
The status of surface water quality is assessed in the study region. The study region is a gentle
basin of River Pravara. There are no hillocks in the vicinity. Dwarf ridge at north separates
gently the drainage divisions to R. Godavari on North and R Pravara on South.
In rainy season, from top and slope of the hillocks, small streams of water run down the gradient,
to form bigger streams first and then out-falling in the River Pravara. This continues in the rainy
days of the monsoon season. At the same time, water percolates, goes below and some part joins
the groundwater table as recharge and some small part reappears after filtration through the
hillock rocks to join the streams and then to the River. This continues in the post-monsoon
season but not for a substantially long duration, as it happens in western ghat region of the
district.
Thus the study area site is an interesting combination of regimes of surface water and
groundwater, in part of the year.
Status of surface water quality of study zone is judged using Standard Methods. The findings are
tabulated below. For the sake of comparison, a table is given showing prescribed standards for
potable water.
Sampling in February 2007 River Pravara
# Parameter Limits Unit Up-stream Down-stream

1 Total Dissolved 500 Mg/l 360 354
Solids
2 Turbidity 3 3
3 pH 6.5-8.5 -- 7.2 7.2
4 Total Alkalinity mg/L 140 156
5 Chlorides 250.0 mg/L 56 44
6 Sulphates 150.0 mg/L 32 58
7 Nitrates 45.0 mg/L 4.0 6.8
8 Total Hardness 300.0 mg/L 252 288
9 Iron 0.3 mg/L 0.10 0.10
75
10 Coliform 0/ 100ml /100 650 720
ml
11 E. Coli -- Present Present
Table No .5.19 : Water Quality of Study area
5.4.3 Ground Water Quality

Ground water is the accumulation of water below the surface of earth, caused by the portion of
rainfall that percolates through the soil pores and rock crevices, flown by natural gravity till it
reaches an impervious stratum. The study area receives limited rains, but has considerable
groundwater presence. The quality of groundwater is examined by drawing samples from open
dug wells as well as from deep wells from the study area. Analysis was done by Standard
Methods. The results are summarized below in tabular form, and compared with limits of IS:
10500
Parameter
Sampling
Oil
Station Total
pH T.D. S T.S.S Chloride Sulphate B.O.D C.O.D &
Hardness
G
Kuran 7.3 1250 18 716 346 77.95 16 48 Nil
Sukhewadi 7.8 838 16 456 204 62.9 5 1 Nil
Gulewadi 7.7 1494 18 940 282 141.44 18 48 Nil
Velhale 8.4 812 30 372 214 35.63 12 40 Nil
Rajapur 7.2 1488 20 688 500 139.44 6 18 Nil
Kasara Dumala 8.6 254 10 120 34 9.45 5 16 Nil
Sakhindi 7.8 860 14 404 260 81.26 2 8 Nil
Paregaon 7.6 1300 24 712 352 124.35 2 8 Nil
Project Site 8.4 740 22 368 208 35.09 3 8 nil
76
Parameter
Sampling
Oil
Station Total B.O.
pH T.D. S T.S.S Chloride Sulphate C.O.D &
Hardness D
G
Kuran 7.9 1228 32 672 166 173.6 12 48 Nil
Sukhewadi 7.4 1594 40 732 390 117.2 14 52 Nil
Gulewadi 7.3 1712 42 944 360 163.4 15 56 Nil
Velhale 7.8 862 30 400 220 41.45 6 24 Nil
Rajapur 7.7 1800 44 880 600 117.0 18 64 Nil
Kasara Dumala 8.4 140 12 72 20 7.63 2 8 Nil
Sakhindi 8 1208 24 668 668 48.54 14 48 Nil
Paregaon 8.6 856 26 388 388 38.9 4 16 Nil
Project Site 8.1 1210 14 688 688 148.5 12 48 Nil
Parameter
Sampling
Oil
Station Total B.O.
pH T.D. S T.S.S Chloride Sulphate C.O.D &
Hardness D
G
Kuran 7.2 1600 18 836 456 156.7 17 60 Nil
Sukhewadi 7.3 1650 22 840 482 183 14 54 Nil
Gulewadi 7.5 2360 32 1320 672 2216 16 60 Nil
Velhale 7.6 789 14 392 108 392 12 40 Nil
Rajapur 7.3 1510 16 700 522 136 8 32 Nil
Kasara Dumala 8.4 660 12 300 144 61 8 32 Nil
Sakhindi 7.4 1190 10 672 334 62.17 10 40 Nil
Paregaon 7.5 410 10 256 24 8.9 7 32 Nil
Project Site 7.7 970 14 600 132 119.98 6 24 nil
Table No 5.21 :Water Analysis Report During Month Oct, Nov & December
5.4.5 AIR ENVIRONMENT
5.4.5.1. Ambient Air Quality
Air is one of the most vital natural resource for existence of all the living organisms on the planet
Earth. Good quality air is essential for the physiological processes such as respiration and
expiration of man, animals and plants. Ambient Air Quality is an indication of overall state of
77
environment of a particular area. Ambient air quality (AAQ) is an important criterion for healthy
environment and its degradation causes various long-term impacts on the human health.
The ambient air quality can be termed to be good only if it is having proportionate concentrations
of natural gases like oxygen, nitrogen etc. Nature itself maintains the balance of constituents of
atmospheric air but unfortunately, over a few decades; man is disturbing the process by
introducing various air pollutants through industrialization and transportation.
Toxic gases like SO2, NOx, CO, CO2, Hydrocarbons, and chlorofluorocarbons; introduced
through various polluting sources cause degradation of ambient air quality, which leads to
various human diseases like asthma and other respiratory diseases. For example, the carbon
monoxide; if exceeded in ambient air, mixes with human blood converting the hemoglobin into
carboxy hemoglobin; which is toxic.
In the present study, ambient air monitoring stations were determined on the basis of
meteorological conditions, human settlement and the concentration of pollutants. Among the
meteorological conditions, wind speed and wind direction were considered, whereas population
density was given a top priority among other population characteristics for determining the
monitoring stations.
5.4.5.2. Procedure For Sampling And Analysis

During this study, High Volume Sampler (HVS) is used for ambient air monitoring as usual.
The equipment is designed as per the specifications of the central board for the prevention and
control of water pollution, New Delhi - emission regulations (December 1985). It is used to
monitor the ambient air quality for Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM). It also has provision to
collect samples of gaseous pollutants such as SO2, NoX, CO, H2S, F, CL etc. from ambient air by
absorbing them in appropriate reagents kept in impinger tubes followed by further analysis in the
laboratory.
Air is drawn into a covered housing and through a filter by a flow rate blower at 1.1 - 1.5 m3/min
that allows total suspended particulate matters with diameter less than 100 μm (Stokes equivalent
diameter) to collect on filter surface. Particles with diameter of 0.1 - 100 μm are ordinarily
collected on glass fiber filters. The particulate concentration (μg/m3) in ambient air is computed
78
by measuring the mass of SPM collected and the volume of air sampled. All the samples are
collected over a period of 24 hours each as per the CPCB norms. Average values are given in the
first Table below, followed by detailed observations. SPM appears contributed more by dusty
natural environment.
The Particulate concentration (μg/m3) in ambient air is computed by measuring the mass of SPM
collected and the volume of air sampled. The size of the sample collected is usually adequate for
further analysis of trace elements. Sampling locations are shown in Table below and the
monitoring data from 8 stations at 8 directions is presented in Tables that follow. Monitoring
Stations are:
# Name of Station Towards Distance from Site in kms.

1. W-WNW 5.25
Kuran
2. SW-SSW 2.47
Sukhewadi
3. N 0.50
Gulewadi
4. E-ESE 4.89
Velhale
5. SE-ESE 4.75
Rajapur
6 S-SSE 6.40
Kasara Dumala
7 ENE-NE 8.20
Sakhindi
8 N-NNW 9.0
Paregaon
9 -- --
Project Site
Table No.5. 22: Location of Sampling Stations
The Wind rose data for the site is in 8 directions is as follows:

6-11 12-19
Directions 1-5 kmph > 19 kmph Total %
kmph kmph
North 2.5 1.0 -- -- 3.50
North East 4.25 -- -- -- 4.25
East 10.25 2.5 -- -- 12.75
South East 3.5 0.5 -- -- 4.00
South 0.5 -- -- -- 0.5
South West 0.5 1.0 -- -- 1.5
79
West 5.5 19.5 8.5 -- 33.5
North West 5.0 13.0 4.0 -- 22.0
Calm Calm 18.00
Table No.5.24: Wind directions, % of times
The important parameters like suspended particulate matter, SO2 and NOx, which are commonly
specified, are monitored at 9 stations for 3 months (of winter 2007-08) and the results are
tabulated below.
# Station Month 1 Month 2 Month 3

1. 108 86 114
Kuran
2. 120 98 106
Sukhewadi
3. 118 89 103
Gulewadi
4. 94 102 106
Velhale
5. 102 92 84
Rajapur
6 88 94 82
Kasara Dumala
7 112 102 106
Sakhindi
8 98 100 108
Paregaon
9 118 96 98
Project Site
TableNo.5.25: Ambient SO2 observations in ug/m3

1. 10.8 10.4 10.2
Kuran
2. 10.2 10.2 10.5
Sukhewadi
3. 9.7 12.0 11.0
Gulewadi
4. 9.2 9.8 9.4
Velhale
5. 10.2 11.2 8.8
Rajapur
80
6 9.8 12.1 9.8
Kasara Dumala
7 9.2 10.2 10.2
Sakhindi
8 10.2 11.2 10.8
Paregaon
9 9.7 9.5 10.2
Project Site
TableNo.5.26: Ambient NOx observations in ug/m3

1. 7.8 7.8 8.2
Kuran
2. 9.2 8.0 7.0
Sukhewadi
3. 7.4 7.4 8.4
Gulewadi
4. 6.0 7.6 6.8
Velhale
5. 5.6 6.0 6.2
Rajapur
6 4.8 5.4 6.1
Kasara Dumala
7 6.0 6.6 7.0
Sakhindi
8 8.2 7.4 7.0
Paregaon
9 7.8 6.2 6.0
Project Site
TableNo. 5. 27: Ambient NOx observations in ug/m3

From the foregoing, the following points of interest emerge viz.
• The fear of inversion is limited.
• The winds are not hampered by any hillocks in the vicinity.
• The winds have a dispersing tendency.
• The ambient concentration of SPM, SO2, NOX are within the statutory limits.
However, at such stations that are near roads or crossings have shown high values.
Ambient air quality (AAQ) is an important criterion for healthy environment and is the priority
issue on the environmental management worldwide. The degradation of atmospheric air over last
two decades is a matter of serious concern globally. Life on the earth is directly related to
quality of air inspired and expired. Air is required by all the living entities like man, animals and
the plants for their very existence on the Earth. For every EIA study, ambient air quality is one of
the most important criteria for the proper assessment of cumulative impact.
81
5.4.5.3 Summary
• The temperature fluctuates but the range is not so wide as to create anxiety
• The humidity fluctuates but the range is not so wide as to create anxiety
• Fear of inversion is limited
• Fear of special weather phenomena like storm, visibility, cloudiness, hail are
normal
• Earthquakes are not noted
• The surface water quality is in acceptable limits at upstream, but not so at
downstream at some parameters.
• The Groundwater quality is in accepted limit (except sometimes in TDS, total
hardness and coli form)
• Ambient air quality shows SPM as moderate, SO2 as low and NOx as low, except a
few urban points, especially near Roads.
• During the survey, the team never found the noise levels disturbing at majority of
the residential stations.
5.4.5.4 SOIL
The soil is surveyed. Texture varies from sandy loam, clay loam, loam to clay. Sandy loam is
present in the region of North, Northwest to West, Loam in the arc of East to Southeast and clay
is predominant in East & Northeast from the site. Physical character indicates 39% total sand,
41% silt and 20% clay with local variations. The bulk density is found to be an average of 1.07
gm/cubic cm. The porosity is about 54% and water holding capacity as 65%. The pH of the soil
of study area is neutral in the range of 6.5 to 8.0. Calcium and Magnesium are the predominant
cations present in the soluble form. In general the soil has high adsorption capacity. The sodium
adsorption ratio was found to be 2.3. The presence of heavy metal indicated reason of enhanced
microbial activity. The soil is moderately to highly productive. The CEC (cation exchange
capacity) was 87 meq/ 100 g, and as more than 50 indicate high productivity and as more than 40
indicate high adsorptive, the villages show good crop potentially. The soil has favorable organic
matter and potassium, moderate phosphates but nitrogen needs supplement. The Observations
are more for the annular space of surrounding Haveli tehsil that comes in the study zone.
82
5.4.6. Ecology
5.4.6.1 Flora
The flora of the region is described earlier section in Part 3.1. In the nearer area, the
Observations for the annular space of surrounding Sangamner tehsil that comes in the study
zone, following vegetation is seen as:
Type Varieties
Trees 35
Herbs 6
Shrubs 9
Grasses 9
More predominant among these are-

Species Canopy order Remark
Trees
Acacia nilotica (Babhul) Middle T
Acacia auriculoformis Upper Pl
Azadirachta indica Top T, M
(Neem) Top M, Pl
Eucalyptus sp Top F
Ficus Top F
religiosa Upper middle M
Ficus bengalensis (Vad) Upper Pl
Mimusops Top T
elengi
Pollophorum inerme
Tectona grandis (Sag)
Herbs
Argemon mexicana Ground flora M
Xanthium srumarium Ground flora W/M
Shrubs
Cassia auriculata Lower Fo
83
Lantana camara Lower W
Grasses
Abrus precatorius Ground cover Fo
Andopogon pertutus Ground cover Fo
Andropogan triticus Ground cover Fo
Cymbopogon indica Ground cover Fo
Cynodon dactylon Ground cover Fo
M = Medicinal, T = Timber, Fo = Fodder, W = Weed, Pl = Plantation
Table No. 5.28: Predominant Flora (Study Area)
5.4.6.2 Fauna
The fauna of the region is described earlier section in Part 3.1. In the nearer area, the
Observations for the annular space of surrounding Haveli tehsil that comes in the study zone
following types occur as:
Type Varieties in the Varieties in
Western nearer zone
Region
Mammals 23 10
Avifauna 82 32
Snakes 24 5
Amphibians 3 3
With the advent of urbanization in the close vicinity of Pune city, the number is limited.
5.4.7 Man-made Environment: Socio-economic:
5.4.7.1 Introduction
Social and economical consideration is basic in the man-made environment. Any human activity
is undertaken for a sole objective of economic benefit to the human society. In other words if the
socio-economic impact is not positively beneficial, one will not enter into that activity at all. It
is, therefore, worthwhile to make a socio-economic impact assessment (SIA) in advance before
84
deciding on commencement of the activity. SIA is done honestly, keeping the following
framework.
• SIA is a systematic effort to identify, analyze, and evaluate social impacts due
to a proposed project or policy change on the individuals and social groups
within a community or on an entire community in advance of the decision
making process in order that the information derived from the SIA can actually
influence decisions.
• SIA increase knowledge on the part of the project proponent and the impacted
community.
• SIA raises consciousness and the level of understanding of the community and
puts the residents in a better position to understand the broader implication of
the proposed action.
• SIA includes within it a process to mitigate the social impacts likely to occur, if
that action is desired by the impacted community.
For further discussions this study area which is fully of rural component will be considered.
5.4.7.2 Population:
As per latest available census figures, the statistics of the Influence Zone (10 km around) is
presented in a tabulated form below:
Study area District
# Particulars
A’nagar
1 Census Population 88380 4088077
2 Area in sq km 30069 17048
3 Population Density 225 198
per sq km
4 No. of towns -- 13
6 Sex ratio Female 934 941
per 1000 Male
7 Scheduled Tribes % 5.74 7.05
85
8 Scheduled Cast % 17.11 12.30
9 Male literacy % 62.92 62.95
10 Female literacy% 34.25 34.25
11 Population in age 17.11 --
0 to 6 years %
Table No. 5.29: Information on Population & Habitation (Study Area)

Perusal of the above table brings out a No. of points:
• The decadal growth in Study sector is much lower than the State average (25.73%).
Overall this Study sector area has shown a growth of 3.24% which is much Lower than
District figure of 24.35%. This shows that this area has not proved attractive for
incoming migration. The present low density (198 than the 225 of Study Area) can
absorb this trend.
• The sex ratio also indicates certain inferences. In study sector ratio 934 is comparable
with the district average 941.
• In Influence Zone majority of the villages are medium with average population 3048.
This also shows better chances of development. The population range in these 29 villages
was found to be between 495 and 10344 souls, with break up as:
•
1001- 2001- 5001-
Population range 0-1000 >10000
2000 5000 10000
No. of villages, such 7 8 9 4 1
Table No. 5.30: Influence Zone. Population break-up
This shows that half of the villages are considerably small impliedly demands more avenues of
livelihood. The small size also goes along with less literacy and less medical facilities available.
86
• Literacy: This needs to be improved, both in male but more in female population and
both at district level, as well as at study area level. In study area 29 villages, there are in
all 29 primary schools, 11 Medium Schools and 10 High Schools.
• The area split up runs parallel to above remark, average in being 1071 ha, in a range of
320 hectares to 2936 hectares. The details:
Area in hectares. <500 501-1000 1001-2000 >2000
No. of such villages 7 7 12 3
Table No. 5.31: Influence Zone. Village area break-up
• The population figures appear to correlate with employment possibilities.

• Drinking water is available to all the 29 villages, the source being open dug well with or
without pump/electricity. Some are catered by tank-storage. Sector B and C are better
placed..
In order to improve the process of development, this activity will help the Government
departments to bring about the desired up-liftmen.
5.4.7.3 Transportation & Communication:

There is presence of this influence zone on the railway map. There is also a good roads network.
In the vicinity of the project there are good road connections and benefit will go to people. In the
Influence Zone, major villages are connected by road network. However the surfacing is required
to be improved in two villages. Smaller 'wadis' remain secluded. The presence of activities like
this is catalytic to the road development.
5.4.7.4 Public Health:

Medical facilities are available variously. In six out of the 29 villages of Study sector we have
PHC (Primary Health Centre), in six are Dispensaries and in 3 Registered Practitioners visit.
87
This is relatively a better picture, but required to be improved.
5.4.8 Economic Status in the Study Zone:

5.4.8.1 Land Use Pattern:
The land-use pattern of the Influence Zone can be presented as follows:
# Particulars Tehsil S’pur Study Zone
2 Total area hect 84606 31069
3 Forest area hect 246 81
4 Area irrigated by source hect 44884 14864
5 Area un-irrigated hect 30844 10749
Culturable waste land incl. Gavchar 5015 1246
6
and Groves, hect
Area Not Available for cultivation 3618 2230
7
hect
Table No. 5.32: Landuse Pattern in Study Zone (Rural Part)
(Remaining part is getting urbanized or is coupled with other villages)
5.4.8.2 Agriculture:
The people in the district grow Kharif, Rabbi and perennial cash crops. Most predominant crop is
groundnut and sugarcane. In addition wheat, coarse cereals, maize, rice, masur-arhar gram is
taken, especially in sector A
In fruits orchards of oranges and sweet lime is found on eastern side of the study zone. Chilies,
grapes, pomegranates, guavas are also generally taken. A lot of green vegetables too are grown
in the area. Where there is only limited assured water supply, Rabbi crop is possible only
partially.
88
In the study area, some crops are taken where water is available for all the months. These are
Sugarcane, vegetables, Beetle leaves, Banana, Peru, Papai, and Lemon etc. Sugarcane is
developing in limited places where it is assured to lift for sugar mills. Generally, however, the
use of pesticide/ insecticide is not affordable to farmers. The crops grown can hardly support the
people for the entire year. The situation is now improving, though largely depends on Rains.
In Study sector 82.44% land is under agriculture use.
5.4.8.3 Irrigation:
Although, the district gets rains, major part of it all gets washed out due to sloping terrain. The
individual land holding is small. Irrigation and communication facilities are scanty. This area
however is blessed with a dam on upstream with Pravara Right Bank canal system. Still situation
is only partially supportive. In spite of this difficult situation, previously a large percent used to
be supported by cultivation. In Study sector 29.24% people out of total population are dependent
of farms. In terms of percent out of main workers engaged in Farming come to 74.48%.
In Sector there is reasonably moderate water source for irrigation, somewhat more than rainfed
area. Whatever is irrigated, 70.85% area draws water from wells and remaining from
Government Canals.
5.4.8.4 Employment & Wages:

Livelihood: The main occupation in the Sector A of the study area is related to natural resources
of land. The people are engaged in agriculture either of their own piece of land or on the
masters'. The remaining goes to fishery, mining, forest, trade and commerce, household
industries etc. Unless all family members get engaged they cannot survive. Non-worker
percentage here is more than the non-workers non-employed people elsewhere, namely 60.78%
in the Tehsil as against 54.05 in A’nagar as District. Though, presently this is a hand to mouth
scenario, improvement in the situation is expected by development. The statistics mentioned
above is tabulated.
89
# Particulars District S’pur
A’naga Tehsil
1 Main Workers to total population % 42.47 36.49
2 Non-workers to total population % 54.05 60.78
3 Cultivators & Agricultural labors to total population 31.40 29.24
%
4 Cultivators & Agricultural Labor to total workers % 73.94 74.48
5 Manufacturing, processing, repairs in household and 24.58 23.05
in other than household industries, Construction, and
Trade, Transport & commerce to total workers. %
6 Livestock, Forestry, Fishing, Hunting, Plantation, 1.48 2.47
Orchards & Allied activities, mining & quarrying,
servicing, to total workers. %
7 Ratio male to Female Main workers 1.49 2.08
Table 5.33: Comparative Occupations (District & Tehsil)

• Non-Worker percentage is substantially high, somewhat more than half of the
population in the District and about two thirds in the Tehsil. This is a sign for
anxiety, and the situation may create sub-standard housings.
• The Total worker percentage in vocations of agriculture in the Tehsil is overall
comparable with the district figures.
• The Total worker percentage in vocations other than agriculture is appreciably
low as compared with many other districts, which indicates need of vocational
training and housings.
• Whatever employment appears only restricted more to male population.
• The Women’s participation is poor. When 149 male are finding some work, only
100 women get opportunity to gain money in the District, while in tehsil it is still
worse that is when 208 male are finding some work, only 100 women get
opportunity to gain money . This is too low a figure as compared with advanced
90
part of the country even on rural basis. Thus women can never get any economic
independence.
• Maximum single employment is in the Agricultural sector only i.e. 73.94% in the
District and 74.48% in the Tehsil.
• In Agricultural sector too women participation is lower as cultivator, but higher as
labour.
• There appears to be some scope for dependable livelihood for other avenues as
livestock, forestry, fishing, hunting, plantation, orchards & allied activities, in
Tehsil 2.08%, though only 1.49% in the District. (All avenues totally offering as
24.58% in the District and 23.05% in the Tehsil.). This must improve.
• The number of people not having any source of revenue is substantially high. The
marginal workers too do not get satisfactory duration of employment in the year.
Both together are 57.53% in the District and 63.51% in the Tehsil. Thus when
about two-thirds of people are capable to do but not getting job, the situation is
grave. New industrialization, construction or tourism is the only answer. Women
not getting any employment is a matter of anxiety too.
• From among the people in the age group 0 – 6, today many of them shall be in
their youth and hoping for jobs within next ten years. Industrial and other
development is the only answer. This itself is a 17.50% in the Tehsil.
Coming nearer to the study zone of 20 km diameter (Split in Sectors A, B, and C), we find –
# Particulars District Study Area

1 Main Workers to total population % 42.47 39.26
2 Non-workers to total population % 54.05 55.76
3 Cultivators & Agricultural labours to 31.40 29.24
total population %
4 Cultivators & Agricultural Labour to 73.94 74.48
total workers %
91
5 Other occupation (*) to total workers. 26.06 25.52
%
6 Ratio male to Female Main workers 1.49 1.82
Table 5. 34: Comparative Occupations (District & Study Area)
Note- (*) Other occupations means Livestock, Forestry, Fishing, Hunting, Plantation, Orchards
& Allied activities, mining & quarrying, Manufacturing, processing, servicing, repairs in
household and in other than household industries, construction, transport, storage,
communication, trade & commerce
• Non-Worker percentage is slightly higher than the District in Study sector..

• The Total worker percentage in vocations of agriculture in the sector is
comparable though lower than the district figures.
• The Total worker percentage in vocations other than agriculture is also
comparable with district figures.
• Whatever employment appears only restricted more to male population.
• The Women’s participation is poor. When 149 male are finding some work, only
100 women get opportunity to gain money in the District, while in Sector it is still
better that is when 182 male are finding some work, only 100 women get
opportunity to gain money. Thus women can never get any economic
independence.
• Maximum single employment is in the Agricultural sector only in Study sector i.e.
29.24%.
• In Agricultural vocation too women participation is lower as cultivator, but higher
as labour.
• There appears to be some scope for dependable livelihood for other avenues as
livestock, forestry, fishing, hunting, plantation, orchards & allied activities,
mining-quarrying, Manufacturing, Processing, Servicing & Repairs in
Household Industries, Manufacturing, Processing, Servicing & Repairs in other
92
than Household Industries, construction, trade & commerce, transport-storage &
communication and other services. (All these eight avenues totally offering as
high as 26.06% in the District and 25.52% of the Study Atrea.). This is unique
observation as compared to many other tehsils, and must improve..
All this leads to one conclusion that industrialization or activities of construction

has to be stepped up
• To provide more livelihood
• To provide Male employment with Women participation
• By this activity of disciplined township construction, the land use pattern is not
affected much.
5.4.9 Habitation
5.4.9.1 Habitational Characteristics:
The district A’nagar is urbanized with 13 towns. It is noteworthy that 3.8% of the total number
of towns of the State are located in this district. This Sanmagner tehsil, however, has a mixed
background with the habitation housed in 81 villages, and 2 Towns.
The houses in the study area are of variable description from more like hamlets to very standard
houses. The Statistics of the vicinity area can be presented as –
# Particulars Study
Area
1 Number of Houses 16020
2 Population/House 5.52
Table No.5.35: Habitation (Study Area)
It may thus be seen that though not overcrowded, housing needs improved standards.
The statistics of sub-standard houses is available. It states –
93
Class Name & Status % Slum Slum density (per sq km)
population
I Ahamadnagar M 13.93 90863
II Sangamner M 13.58 6777
Total 13.83 97640
Table No.5.36: Slum Population (Study Area)
This indicates that the area when becomes attractive for any immigrants to come in, improved
housing too will be necessary..
Another noteworthy point is about the schedule caste and schedule tribe brethrens. The
percentage contribution in this study area is –
# Particulars District Study Area
1 Scheduled Class % 12.30 17.11
2 Scheduled Tribe % 7.05 5.74
Total 20.35 22.85
Table No.3.37: Percent of SC and ST
The Schedule Tribes population here is much less than those in District. While the Scheduled
Caste population here in the study area is higher than those in the District. This has historical
reason.
Livelihood: The main occupation in the study area Sector A is related to natural resources of
land, forests, transport and trade. The people are engaged in agriculture either of their own piece
of land or on the masters'. The remaining, forest being limited source, family members get
94
engaged in other activities else they cannot survive. As people have to toil hard non-worker
percentage here (55.76%) is lesser in Tehsil (60.78%) than the non-workers non-employed
people. Though, presently this is a hand to mouth scenario, improvement in the situation is
expected by developments.
5.4.9.2 Rehabilitation
The area under discussion is coming inside the Sangamner Tehsil and located inside an existing
though defunct industrial land at village Haregaon. The land previously also was shown as
industrial in the Regional Plan. It is now too proposed to continue in that land-use Zone.
The Chronology for such developmental change is slow and steady and nothing is done by haste
or by pushing the things.
Objective of any development is to gain progress of the community and not create any
disturbance to them. If any disturbance is foreseen, efforts must be taken to prevent it or
minimize it. Rehabilitation thus forms a core issue in any developmental project. The degree of
disturbance varies, depending on situation. It will be less or negligible where development
• Does not make the people homeless or ousters
• Does not prohibit the community from making the historic use of
the land
• Does not take away standing crop of people
• Does not disturb the cattle and bovine population
• Does not destroy trees, bushes, water arrangements that is the age-old creation of the
people
• Does not take away ancestral land.
• Does not involve forest land where tibals maybe staying
• Does not involve any land of "dustman" or "Inam" (gift) by earlier Kings that command
reverence in the area, or temples of "Gram-devata'
95
In this particular case, the land involved is entirely of existing Industrial nature and none for any
other use. The land belongs to the present Proponents now and hence question of tribal does not
arise. In fact there are no oustees, no displaced persons, no disturbance of anyone's property
when this particular land is already in possession and selected for development of this unit. This
is already accepted by the community as a natural corollary. The villagers desire that overall, in
the project area as well as in surrounding region, developments should take place and some
economic benefits be realized for them as Sustainable Development.
As such there is no disturbance in the area and hence no environmental ramifications.

In the last Chapter, the new activity and its environment friendly nature is examined. The
present environmental setting is discussed in this Chapter. The new activity alters the land use
planning for better, fits in present Government Policy and other related matters are shown. The
existing environment (both natural and man-made) is discussed by collective information from
many sources. Statistics is provided for various media such as air, noise, water, solids, soils and
biology. Present social and economic status is discussed and to what extent, if any, it is sensitive
is found out. New SBSSKL Project is already socially accepted organization and is committed
to the ecological restoration and maximizes social benefits. The community development and
rehabilitation efforts as may be reasonably expected will be undertaken.
96
CHAPTER 6 - MITIGATION AND IMPACT THEREAFTER
PART “A” MITIGATION
6.1 Introduction:
Careless working may result in making significant adverse effect on environment.
Any activity making a significant effect is not permissible. This “significant effect” is
required to be neutralized to a level of “insignificance”. This can be brought about by
various tools like: in plant measures, segregation, environment friendly process and
collectively termed as pollution control say by providing Effluent Treatment Plant (ETP) and
Emission Control Equipments (ECE) etc. and neutralize the situation further to a “low or no
consequences”. Thus logic Figure No. 6.1:
Ind u st ry S B S S K L P ro d u ct
P o ll u t io n
S ig n i f i c a n t e f f e c t
C o n tr o l m e a s u r e s
I n s i g n if i c a n t
S u p p l e m e n ta r y m iti g a t i o n m e a s u r e s
L o w /n o co n s e q u e n c e
T ar g e t
Figure No. 6.1: Mitigation Logic
97
6.2 Control Measures (Natural Environment):
6.2.1 Air Environment:
Air quality criteria given by Central Pollution Control Boards are:
Pollutant SPM Suspended Sulphur Dioxide Oxides of

Particulate Matter (SO2) Nitrogen (NOX)
Time Weighted Annual 24 hours Annual 24 hours Annual 24
Average Average Average Average Average Average hours
Average
Industrial Area 360 500 80 120 80 120
Residential, 140 200 60 80 60 80
Rural and other
area
Sensitive area 70 100 15 30 15 30
Table No. 6.1: National Ambient Air Quality Standards, 1994, in ug/m3
6.2.1. 1. Emission Control Equipments (ECE):

Looking to the description of manufacturing operations and the corresponding flow sheet,
SSI knows from which unit operation or process, air pollutants are expected. For the purpose
of arresting and capturing the pollutants, measures are proposed and designed. The
following is discussed:
1 Corn Grain SPM road Leveled Roads & land, --
Yard dust, Juice rubber tire, slow speed.
HC Less waiting
2 Boiler SPM, CO, Feed Methane in closed Dampers, ID Fan, CO2
SO2 manner, Feed coal of low meter, Fly-ash arrestor.
ash & sulfur contents and Light ash through very tall
dry stack.
98
3 Fermentation CO2 Tank covered Scrubbed in water and
Bottled.
4 Distillation HC Closed circuit Instrumentation
5 Stillage HC, Heat Heat Exchanger (Not open to sky cooling)
effluent
6 Secondary Methane -- Close Loop used for Boiler
ETP
Table No. 4.2: Emission Control Equipments
In addition, other attendant efforts like water spraying, tree plantations and covered storage
etc shall be adopted, wherever feasible and needed. Totally the pollution control may cost @
Rs 4.0 crores with O & M anticipated at 17% of it per annum
Fuel is in the form of Methane Gas or bagasse (in case of methane is insufficient) and
6.2.1.2. Dispersion:
Emissions are anticipated only from one source, and there proper stack is proposed to be
provided after the Control Equipment.
The stack is fitted with port-holes, ladder and platform for facility of taking samples.
AMBIENT AIR QUALITYL MODELLING
Air quality impact assessment is an important study; Mathematical modeling is an

established and accepted technique to predict the air quality.
In this study, impact on environment has been assessed with the help of Mathematical
modeling following the Central Pollution Control Boards Guidelines. The mathematical
model used for conducting the study is the latest version of Industrial Source Complex.
Model developed by the Environment Protection Agency of United States (ISC-3, 1996),
which is entirely in line with the requirements of Central Pollution Control Board, New
Delhi.
EMISSION AND STACK DETAILS
Emission rates and stack details are as shown in the following Table
99
: Boiler
Stack attached to
Boiler Capacity : 7 MT/hr.
Type of Fuel : Methane
Stack Height : 60 m.
Stack Temperature : 95oC
Pollutant: SPM
SPM concentration (mg/m3) 20
Stack Diameter(m) 4.000
Stack Velocity(m/sec.) 6.000
Stack Area(m2) 12.560
Air Flow Rate(m3/sec) 75.360
Air Flow Rate(Nm3/sec) 61.025
Air Emission Rate (g/sec) 1.221
Pollutant:Sulphur Dioxide (SO2)

SO2 concentration (mg/m3) 5.000
Pollutant:Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx)
NOx concentration (mg/m3) 5.000
Table No. 6.3 BASIS OF EMISSION RATE CALCULATIONS
EMISSION SOURCE CO-ORDINATES
As it is single source emissions there is no need of emission co-ordinates.
100
MATHEMATICAL MODEL FOR POLLUTANTS DISPERSION
In the present case ISC-3 (Industrial Source Complex) model has been used to assess the air
impacts. This ISC model for stack uses the steady state Gaussian plume equation for a
continuous elevated source. The features of this model are:
• Simulates dispersion from single/multi/area/line/volume sources.

• Allows calculations to be made at a user specified regular rectangular grids.
• Provides estimates of concentrations for any averaging time period for the entire
period of input meteorology.
• Allows calculations to be underwriters for source group as selected by the uses.
• Uses the Briggs dispersion curves as selected by the user, to derive the plume spread
parameters.
• Adjust dispersion curves to account for user specified information on aerodynamic
roughness.
• Adjust for wind speed variation with height, using user specified default urban/rural
power. Co-efficient.
• Simulates dispersion from buoyant non buoyant Point sources, non buoyant area, non
buoyant volume sources and non buoyant line sources.
• User Brigg’s plume rise algorithm to calculate plume height.
• For a steady-state Gaussian plume, the hourly concentration at downwind distance x
(meters) and crosswind distance y (meters) is given by:
QKVD
X (x,y,z) = ------------------ exp [-0.5 (y/2 σy)2 ] ...................Equation 1.1
2 p u σy σz
Where:
101
X = Concentration of pollutant at a point (x, y); (g/m3)
Q = Source strength (Pollutant Release Rate); (g/s)
u = Horizontal wind speed at the source level; (m/s)
σy & σz = Vertical & Horizontal crosswind dispersion coefficients
respectively, which are a function of downwind distance 'x' and
atmospheric stability; (m)
K = a scaling coefficient to convert calculated concentrations to desired
units (default value of 1Effluent Treatment Plant+06 for Q in g/sec
and concentration in μg/m3)
V = Vertical Term, which includes the effects of source elevation,
receptor elevation, plume rise, limited mixing in the vertical, and
the gravitational settling and dry deposition of particulate (with
diameter greater than 0.1 microns)
D = Decay Term
The ISC model uses either a Polar or a Cartesian receptor network. In this case Polar
receptor network has been used.
VERTICAL TERM
The Vertical of the Guassian plume. It includes the effects of source elevation, receptor
elevation, plume rise, limited mixing in the vertical, and the gravitational settling and dry
deposition of particulates. In addition to the plume height, receptor height and mixing height,
the computation of the Vertical Term requires the vertical dispersion parameter (σz).
The Vertical Term without Dry Deposition

In general, the effects on ambient concentrations of gravitational settling and dry deposition
can be neglected for gaseous pollutants and small particulates (less than about 0.1 microns in
diameter). The Vertical Term without deposition effects is then given by:
V = exp[ -0.5((zr - he) /σz )2 ] + exp [-0.5((zr + he) /σz )2 ] +
102
Σ∞i = 1 { exp[-0.5(H1 / σz )2 ] + exp[ -0.5(H2 / σz )2 ] +
exp[ -0.5(H3 / σz )2 ] + exp [-0.5(H4 / σz )2 ] }..................Equation 1-2
where:
he = hs + δh
hs = stack height (mt)
δh = Plume rise (mt)
zr = receptor height above ground (flagpole) (mt)
zi = mixing height (mt)
H1 = zr - (2izi - he )
H2 = zr + (2izi - he )
H3 = zr - (2izi + he )
H4 = zr + (2izi + he )
The infinite series term in Equation 1- accounts for the effects of the restriction on vertical
plume growth at the top of the mixing layer. The method of image sources is used to account
for multiple reflections of the plume from the ground surface and at the top of the mixed
layer. It should be noted that, if the effective stack height he, exceeds the mixing height, zi,
the plume is assumed to fully penetrate the elevated inversion and the ground-level
concentration is set equal to zero.
Equation 1-2 assumes that the mixing height in rural and urban areas is known for all
stability categories. The meteorological preprocessor program uses mixing heights derived
from twice-daily mixing heights calculated using the Holzworth procedures. The ISC
models currently assume unlimited vertical mixing under stable conditions, and therefore
delete the infinite series term in Equation 1-2 for the E and F stability categories.
The Vertical Term defined by Equation 1-2 changes the form of the vertical concentration
distribution from Guassian to rectangular (i.e., a uniform concentration within the surface
103
mixing layer) at long downwind distances. Consequently, in order to reduce computational
time without a loss of accuracy, Equation 1-2 is changed to the form:
V = ⎭√ 2π σz / zi ...................................................Equation 1- 3
at downwind distances where the σz/zi ratio is greater than or equal to 1.6.
The meteorological preprocessor program, RAMMET, used by the ISC Short Term model
uses an interpolation scheme to assign hourly rural and urban mixing heights on the basis of
the early morning and afternoon mixing heights calculated using the Holzworth procedures.
The interpolation procedures are functions of the stability category for the hour before
sunrise. Because of the uncertainties about the applicability of Holzworth mixing heights
during periods of E and F stability, the ISC models ignore the interpolated mixing heights for
E and F stability, and treat such cases as having unlimited vertical mixing.
THE DECAY TERN (D)

The Decay Term in Equation 1-1 is a simple method of accounting for pollutant removal by
physical or chemical processes. It is of the form:
D = exp(-Ψ x/us) for Ψ > 0.........................................Equation 1-4

or
=1 for Ψ = 0
where:
Ψ = the decay coefficient (sec-1) ( a value of zero means decay is not considered)
x = downwind distance (m)
For example, if T1/2 is the pollutant half life in seconds, the user can obtain Ψ from the
relationship:
104
Ψ = 0.693/T1/2...............................................................................................Equation 1-5
The default value of Ψ is zero. That is, decay is not considered in the model calculations
unless Ψ is specified. However, a decay half life of 4 hours ( Ψ = 0.0000481 sec-1) is
automatically assigned for SO2 when modeled in the urban mode.
WIND SPEED AT STACK HEIGHT
The wind power law is used to adjust the observed wind speed, uref , from a reference
measurement height, zref , to the stack or release height, hs. The stack height wind speed, us,
is used in the Gaussian plume equation (Equation 1-1), and in the plume rise formulas. The
power law equation is of the form:
us = uref (hs/zref)p ..................................................Equation 1-6
Stability Category Rural Exponent Urban Exponent

A 0.07 0.15
B 0.07 0.15
C 0.1 0.20
D 0.15 0.25
E 0.35 0.30
F 0.55 0.30
Table No. 6.4 Stability Category
EFFECTIVE STACK HEIGHT

The effective stack, height, he to be used in Gaussian equation is given.
He = Hs + Hpr
Where,
Hpr. = Plume rise due to thermal and momentum factors.
105
He = Effective stack height (m)
Hs = Physical stack height (m)
In the present case plums rise has been calculated by Brigg’s formula (1975). The details of
this equation are given below.
Plume Rise Under Unstable and Neutral Conditions

(a) Buoyancy dominated
Hpr = 1.6 F 1/3 (X) 2/3 / U ....................................Equation 1-7
Where X ≤ 3.5 X* and

X* = 14 F 5/8 if F< 55 m4/sec3
= 34 F 2/3 if F≥ 55 m4/sec3 ....................................Equation 1-8
In present computations X is taken equal to 3.5 X*. For this value of X maximum plume rise
under unstable and neutral conditions is governed by the following simplified equations:
21.425 F 0.75
Hpr (max) = ; F < 55 m4/sec3
U
38.71 F 0.60
= ; F ≥ 55 m4/sec3 ............Equation 1-9
U
Here F = gVs (Ds/2)2 [(Ts - Ta)/Ts] ....................................Equation 1-10
Where,
g = 9.81 m/s2
Vs = Stack gas velocity (m/s)
106
Ds = Stack Diameter at top (m)
Ts = Stack gas temperature (deg.K)
Ta = Ambient temperature (deg.K)
107
(b) Momentum Dominated Plume Rise Under Unstable And Neutral Conditions :
Hpr (max) = 3 Ds (Vs/U); Vs/U > 4 ........................Equation 1-11
Determination of dominance of buoyancy or momentum under unstable and neutral

conditions
First ΔT and (ΔT)c are calculated by following equations :
ΔT = Ts - Ta
0.0297 Ts Vs 1/3
(ΔT)c = ; F < 55 m 4/S3 ...........Equation 1-12
DS 2/3
0.05757 Ts Vs 1/3
= ; F ≥ 55 m4/s3 ...............Equation 1-13
DS 2/3
If Ts > Ta and ΔT > (Δc assumed plume rise is buoyancy dominated and if Ts < Ta or ΔT <
(ΔT)c plume rise is assumed momentum dominated.
Plume rise under stable weather conditions
(a) Buoyancy dominated plume rise.
Hpr = 2.6 (F/US) 1/3 ...............................................Equation 1-14
Here
S = stability parameter
g δθ
S=
108
Ta δZ .....................................Equation 1-15
δθ
Here = temperature gradient
δZ
δθ
= 0.02 for stability E
δZ
= 0.035 for stability F
U = wind velocity at stack level (m/s)
(b) Momentum dominated plume rise:
Vs2 Ds2 Ta-1/3 -1/6
Hpr = 1.5 [-------------------------] S ...............Equation 1-16

4 T U
(c) Determination of dominance of momentum or buoyancy for plume rise

under stable weather condition :
(ΔT)c = 0.01958 Ta Vs S 1/2 ....................................Equation 1-17

Ts >Ta & (ΔT) > (ΔT)c plume rise is assumed buoyancy dominated
if Ts < Ta or (ΔT)< (ΔT)c plume rise is assumed momentum dominated
Determination Of Plume Rise Under Calm Conditions (Wind Velocity At 10 M Less Than 2
Kmph)
In case of calm winds plume rise is calculated by equation (13) and following equation and
the lower value of two is taken as final plume rise.
109
Hpr = 4 F 1/4 S -3/8 ............................................................Equation 1-18
DISPERSION CO-EFFICIENT
In the present computations the dispersion coefficients proposed by PASQUILL and

GIFFORD and reported by TURNER for Rural area have been used. The dispersion
coefficients are valid up to 10 Kms. distances from pollution source. The equations are as
follows:
Pasquill Stability σy = 465.11628 (x) tan (TH)

Category TH = 0.017453293 (c-d ln (x))
A 24.1670 2.53340
B 18.3330 1.80960
C 12.5000 1.08570
D 8.3330 0.72382
E 6.2500 0.54287
F 4.1667 0.36191
Table No. 6.5: PARAMETERS USED TO CALCULATE

PASQULL-GIFFORD σy (m)
Pasquill Stability σz = a(x) b

Category ( x in km.)
A* X (km.) A B
< 0.10 122.80 0.94470

0.10-0.15 158.080 1.05420
0.16-0.20 170.220 1.09320
0.21-0.25 179.520 1.12620
110
0.26-0.30 217.410 1.26440
0.31-0.40 258.890 1.40940
0.41-0.50 346.750 1.72830
0.51-3.11 453.850 2.11660
>3.11 ** **
B* <0.20 90.673 0.93198

0.21-0.40 98.483
>0.40 109.300
C* All 61.141 0.91465
D* <0.30 34.459 0.86974

0.31-1.00 32.093 0.81066
1.01-3.00 32.093 0.64403
3.01-10.00 33.504 0.60486
10.01-30.00 36.650 0.56589
>30.00 44.053 0.51179
E <0.10 24.260 0.83660
0.10-0.30 23.331 0.81956
0.31-1.00 21.628 0.75660
1.01-2.00 21.628 0.63077
2.01-4.00 22.534 0.57154
4.01-10.00 24.703 0.50527
10.01-20.00 26.970 0.46713
20.01-40.00 35.420 0.37615
>40.00 47.618 0.29592
F < 0.20 15.209 0.81558

0.21-0.70 14.457 0.78407
0.71-1.00 13.953 0.68465
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1.01-2.00 13.953 0.63227
2.01-3.00 14.823 0.54503
3.01-7.00 16.187 0.46490
7.01-15.00 17.836 0.41507
15.01-30.00 22.651 0.32681
30.01-60.00 27.074 0.27436
>60.00 34.219 0.21716
Table No. 6.6- PARAMETERS USED TO CALCULATE
PASQULL-GIFFORD σz(m)
Note:
* If the calculated value of σz exceed 5000 m, σz is set to 5000 m.
** σz is equal to 5000 m.
METEOROLOGICAL DATA USED IN ASSESSMENT

The meteorological parameters namely: ambient temperature, wind speed, wind direction and
stability class at the Factory Site during the sampling period of September 2007 to November
2007. The mixing height data has been used from the CPCB published document “A Method
to Determine the Minimum Stack Height” for Bombay observatory.
ATMOSPHERIC STABILITY
The hourly occurrence of various stability classes at project site is determined by wind
direction fluctuation method by employing on-line instrument.
The stability classification system based on wind direction fluctuation method is as follows.
Relationship between σθ and stability class as suggested by Slade (1965) is given in Table :-
Stability Class σθ (degrees)

A > 22.5
B 22.4 - 17.5
C 17.4 - 12.5
D 12.4 - 7.5
112
E 7.4 - 3.5
F < 3.5
Table No. 6.7-Stability Class

RESULTS OF THE ISCST-3 MODEL
The average and maximum Ground Level Concentrations (GLCs) have been determined for
SPM, SO2 and NOx. The average 744 hrs. and maximum 24hrs. average concentrations
have been determined in polar grid of 100 up to 3600 for a distance of 1500 m, 2500 m,
3000m, 4500m, 10000 m. The results are presented in following table and Iso-plathes are
shown in Figures shown below
Sr. Description 1st Highest Value 2nd Highest Value

n n
No Conc Co-ordinates Conc Co-ordinates
( µg/m3) X (m) Y (m) ( µg/m3) X (m) Y (m)
A SPM
1 744 hrs. Avg.
0.10171 -1499.9 0.9 0.09972 -1148.6 964.7
concentration
2 Highest 24 hr.
0.28178 511.7 -1410.0 0.25220 -1148.6 964.7
Result
3 Second Highest 24
0.25219 -1148.6 964.7 0.23809 -1499.9 0.9
hr. Result
B SO2
1 744 hrs. Avg.
0.02541 -1499.9 0.9 0.02491 -1148.6 964.7
concentration
2 Highest 24 hr.
0.07039 511.7 -1410.0 0.06300 -1148.6 964.7
Result
3 Second Highest 24
hr. Result 0.06299 -1148.6 964.7 0.05947 -1499.9 0.9
C NOx
1 744 hrs. Avg.
0.02541 -1499.9 0.9 0.02491 -1148.6 964.7
concentration
2 Highest 24 hr.
0.07039 511.7 -1410.0 0.06300 -1148.6 964.7
Result
3 Second Highest 24
0.06299 -1148.6 964.7 0.05947 -1499.9 0.9
hr. Result
TABLE NO. 6.8 : MAXIMUM COMPUTED GLCs VALUES
113
Figure No.6.2 : Isoplathes for SPM
114
Figure No. 6.3: Isoplathes for SO2
Figure No.6.4 : Isoplathes for NOx

6.2.1.3 Fugitive:
A number of mitigation measures are taken to control fugitive emissions, the presence of
which will be noticeable by plain vision if not controlled. The measures are thus taken
seriously and continuously such as:
• Rubber wheel carts / tractors/ trucks to bring in corn- grain, not filled high, sides cladded,
slow speed travel, avoiding vibrations en-route.
• Engineering the plant layout in such a way so as to virtually eliminate need of using
heavy equipment for material handling in the main plant
• Internal roads paved, leveled, no undulations, no sharp curves, slow speed
• No open storage of grain involved. Silos for storing grain. Inventory kept minimum.
Provided steel tank for finished product with a proposed expenditure of about Rs. 70
lakhs.
115
• Tree plantation on surrounding available area.
• Excess ETP sludge mass carted out to garden manure yard.
Carbon Di-oxide Emission:
There are three sources of CO2 namely, burning of fuel in boiler, the fermentation in
proposed distillery, and ETP of moderate BOD effluent .
The emissions are controlled as follows
1. In the boiler indicators are provided to have proper air-fuel ratio for
maximum combustion efficiency. Thus Co2 will be found but not CO. the
emissions are liberated at a stack height designed as per MoEF. In the
surrounding, greenery is provided to absorb the residual CO2.
2. In fermentation, CO2 is produced by microbial reaction. Along with CO2
there is also release of some hydrocarbon. This hydrocarbon are useful to
us to enhance the production. Therefore, emissions are scrubbed in water
and fed back in process.
3. The greenery maintained around is capable to reduce above.
The Industry proposes to continue the efforts of air pollution control and remain inside the
limits.
6.2.2. Water Environment

6.2.2.1 Introduction
It will be a logical analysis of any situation if a study is undertaken in following way:
• Incoming water quality.

• Water budgeting to estimate effluent quantity and quality.
• ETP and its performance evaluation.
• Expected impact.
6.2.2.2 Key Central Legislation:
116
A comprehensive statute viz. Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act stands
promulgated in 1974 (amended twice in 1978 & 1988). The Statement of Object and Reasons
annexed to the Bill, interalia states:
“Having considered the relevant local provisions existing in the country and
recommendations of the aforesaid Committee, the Government came to the conclusion that
the existing local provisions are neither adequate nor satisfactory. There is, therefore, an
urgent need of introducing a comprehensive legislation which will establish unitary agencies
in the Center and States to provide for the prevention, abatement and control of pollution of
rivers and streams, for maintaining and restoring wholesomeness of such water courses and
for controlling the existing and new discharges of domestic and industrial wastes”.
The scope of the Act is quite wide. The object of this Water Act, 1974 is (1) to prevent and
control of pollution of water as defined therein and (2) to maintain or restore wholesomeness
of water.
The objective also appears to provide penalties after conviction that it will be deterrent to
others who might indulge or tend to indulge in polluting the waters. The definition of water
pollution, therefore, is kept quite wide and encompasses welfare of not only human beings
but also the plants, animals and aquatic organisms. The definition is too comprehensive to
allow anyone to escape the hands of this Act on pure technicalities. This Act considers the
principle of vicarious liability in Section 47, and thus where the offense has been committed
by a company (a body corporate, a firm or association of individuals), every person who at
the time of offense was committed, was in-charge of and was responsible to the company, as
well as the company, shall be deemed to be guilty of the offense. Furthermore, if it is proved
that the offense has been committed with consent or connivance of or is attributable to any
neglect on the part of any director, manager, secretary or other officer of the company then
such person also shall be deemed to be guilty of the offense and shall be liable to be
proceeded against.
The Scope of this Act is kept quite wide as to cover in Section 48, the offenses by the
Government departments or undertakings and the head of the department shall be in normal
117
course deemed to be guilty of offence, where an offense under this Act is committed. With
the sole object to empower the Pollution Control Boards, (establishment of which is yet
another object of this enactment), to keep the waters wholesome, the legislature have offered
a wide scope under Section 60 which sanctions an over-riding status viz. “The provisions of
the Act shall have effect not-with-standing anything inconsistent therewith contained in any
other enactment other than this Act.”
Therefore, in conclusion it can be said that in order to prevent and control pollution of water,
to avoid nuisance, harm, injury to public health and safety and to maintain or restore quality
of water, this Act confers a number of powers on Pollution Control Boards and expects
specific functions from them. To protect a guilty person against double jeopardy, the Act puts
a bar by Section 49 on cognizance of offence, that no Court shall take cognizance of any
offense under this Act except; (1) on a complaint made by or (2) on a complaint made with
previous sanction in writing of the State Board. By a recent amendment public participation
is encouraged and prior sanction is not insisted.
6.2.2.3 Water Quality:

6.2.2.3.1 Raw Water:
The water input for the SBSSK plant is drawn from the supply of Government Irrigation
department from Canal on River Pravara. The water is satisfactory for the purpose after it is
treated purified fully by us including sand filtration and disinfection. The source is
dependable all the year round and quality is acceptable. Proper water softening and
demineralization gadget will be provided for certain portion required as demineralized water
for boiler or soft water for process.
Water Budget.
Water is required for various purposes like Boiler, Cooling, Process Floor washing, Vassal
washing, Vacuum pump, Domestic use. The summery being –
118
Water Budget (Molasses Based Process)
Tower
Plant

i) Fresh 469
Water
ii) CO2 10
Scrubbing
iii) Spent 106
less
Fermentation
vessel
washing
12 CO2 10 - 0 Sent to 10
Total 1933 294 498 1141
Net Input 792
119
TABLE NO. 6.9 : Water Budget (Molasses Based)


Saccharificatio 116
n
ii) Milling n
iii)Raw Material 08
iv) Steam 27
24
i) Liquefaction 218
ii) Steam 116
i) From 334
Saccharification
ii) Fresh Water 80
iii)CO2
Scrubbing 10
iv) Spent less 93
Fermentation
120
washing
fermentation
Total 2421 354 447 1620
Net Input 801
TABLE NO. 6.10 : Water Budget ( Grain Based)
Characteristics
The Characteristics of this effluent stream are expected to be:
# Parameter Spent mash Moderate effluents

1 PH 4.0 – 4.5 5.5
2 Temperature 90-95 C 45-85
3 Color Yellowish Faint
4 Total Suspended 4000-6000 300-500
Solids
5 BOD 20000-25000 300-700
6 COD 45000-55000 1000-2000
7 Total Dissolved 22000-25000 300-400
Solids
Table No. 6.11: Characteristics of Effluents
Treatment:
Stream (A)
The domestic effluent is of weak nature with biochemical demand BOD as 90-120 mg/lit
and suspended solids SS as 80-140 mg/lit. There is no toxicity involved and is fully
121
biodegradable. This is treatable in a well designed septic tank of hydraulic retention time of
more than 24 hours. This is compartmentalized by baffles.
The Domestic Waste Water (sewage effluent) is required to be treated to bring it to the
quality of 100/100 (BOD/SS) standards, suitable for use on gardening, irrigation. This is best
done traditionally by providing a septic tank. SBSSKL has so provided.
disinfection and safety for sewage farm workers shall be provided. This arrangement is found
to be satisfactory.
Stream (B)
This shall be used again for various purposes such as for (1) Boiler feed, (2) Liquefaction and
(3) Saccherified mash dilution, before or at fermentation.
Stream (C)
The Sober wastewater stream comes from boiler blow down and cooling purging water.
Except temperature, it has no other objectionable characteristic. This is cooled and used on
garden locally. The quantity is small.
Stream (D)
floor- vessel washings. This needs treatment and Biological Oxidation is possible. The
quantity, however, is so small that independent ETP is untenable. Thus with small collection
tank, it is allowed to mix with polluted stream (D) and treated-disposed with it. And mixed
with effluent from grain based effluent before the same goes into ETP.
Stream (E)
However, it is neither poisonous, nor toxic, nor hazardous. It is highly Biodegradable, and
122
after treatment, acceptable to the crops. It is proposed to evaporate this waste water by use of
multiple effect evaporator and use the same as animal feed.
Sr. Unit Purpose

No.
settable B.O.D.
growth principle
performance
Table No. 6.12 : ETP Units
There will also be attendant units like Pump House, Electrical Panel Room and Sludge
Drying Beds.
# Parameter After treatment

1 pH 5.5 to9.0
A Laboratory and Documentation shall support all the systems above.
123
(IV) Thermal help by triple effect evaporator too can be taken for volume reduction, as an
alternative. In such case it can be taken to further logical sequence of drying the matter so
that it can be used as Animal Feed
Disposal:
Stream (A)
Stream (B)

If thermal treatment is given the dried mass can be used as Animal Feed.
6.2.2.3.2 Mitigation:
As additional mitigation measures, TIL proposes to take-up following:
• To spread awareness to the workers about the importance of water quantity
measurements and resource conservation.
• Shop-floor supervisors are encouraged for mopping up, dry collection and good
house-keeping by arranging lectures, and by conscious supervision.
124
• The treated domestic and industrial sober waste water will be applied judiciously
on land for gardening so that there will not be any flooding of excess water either
to migrate to ground water table or get away as runoff to join surface water drains.
• Documentation shall be maintained and submitted in annual Environmental
Statement.
6.2.2.3.3 Summary:
From the foregoing it may be seen that the industry is without any such effluent which is
hazardous, poisonous or non-biodegradable. It is not likely to create pollution from the point-
of-view of water phase of environment, once converted in Animal feed and moderate part
used on land.
Action Plan
The action plan is prepared to ensure that there is no discharge of effluent anywhere creating
nuisance.
• There will be no storage of effluent in the lagoon in the rainy season. In fact
only 5 days capacity is proposed to tide up the stoppages if any. Thus usually
dry.
• There will be no composting activity any time as a method of treatment.
• Pre-monsoon inspection shall be carried out to ensure that garland drains are
dry and pumps are working in the eventuality of rain run on or rain run off,
near the land under irrigation disposal.
• Two down gradient and one upgradient well will be monitored regularly
during rainy season, near the land under irrigation disposal. .
• The ETP sludge also will be taken care off during pre-monsoon inspection.
Lagoon
The lagoon will be of small capacity of 5 days only and lined in order to avoid any leachate.
This lining will have three components. The first will comprise of watering and compacting
of Soil (Black Cotton), the second component will be of HDPE 250 micron and the third
component, as normally practiced consist of either concrete, brick on edge or shahbad tiles.
As concrete or shahbad tiles are sensitive to acidic pH, people normally preferred brick on
125
edge, which is also supported by CPCB. We shall do good job engineering like manner and
joints will be filled with acid proof cement.
6.2.3 Soil and Biological Environment

Introduction:
Every industrial activity brings in some change to soil environment. The land-use pattern
changes, eyesore buildings may come up, excavation and filling with borrow-pits gets
involved, the soil gets paved by roads, buildings (terraces/roofs) and platforms. All this,
reduces areas for percolation into soil and increases storm run-off that leads to erosion of soil
in channels down stream. Sometimes the rapid congregation of water becomes too high for
the carrying capacity of channels/ nallas giving rise to build-up of back waters.
Borrow Pits:
The present plot of TIL has sober undulations. By good architectural practices, the flow of
activities will be planned so as to make maximum use of gravity for the traffic of material.
The buildings and the plinths will be so adjusted as the cutting should balance the
embankments or filling. Indeed very little murum or any other material will be required to be
borrowed from outside.
The fear of erosion, nalla back-water, need of soil stabilization etc. are thus of no cause for
anxiety by this proposal and hence no effect is expected on biological environment in
developing this unit.
6.2.4 Solid Waste Management:
Introduction:
• Minimization at all levels need be attempted for discarded products, empty
containers, packing surpluses, incoming raw material unloading spillages and
fugitives. The factory has very little scrap materials. All these, however, be
carefully stored on raised platform with dwarf toe walls all around, and a roof
126
over-head. The contents should not be held in the premises for more than a
fortnight.
• The main solid waste generated during the process is Ash. These will be disposed
off using the Ash handling system. The part of ash can be utilized in the Road
construction process and it can be used for brick making, etc.
• This is not a big problem. The solid in process generate only as yeast spent
residue. This is highly biodegradable and can be taken to garden compost yard
without difficulty.
• Other will be empty drums which can be used for refill or may be disposed to
original vendors. The colony is very small the organic portion will be composted
and inert sent for low land filling.
• These measures can easily be taken by TIL because (1) they have no discards or
off-specification products, and (2) the waste is fully recycled both in green stage
and in dry stage.
• Quantification in Cubic meters per day for the unit can be presented as follows:
# Waste Quantity/da Treatment Disposal Remark

y
Development
4 Grain skins 1500 kg Segregation Sale as Useful
animal feed
5 Yeast sludge 30 kg Compost Own garden Organic
127
already Non-
Hazardous
Packing trash Hazardous.
Table No. 6.13 : Solid Waste per Day
Colony is very small (only nominal) and so is the labor strength attending the shifts. The
municipal waste from the colony and canteen is thus controllable. This will be composted
and used in due course on own land as manure. Plastic use is discouraged. Grain raw material
brings with it some rock, grit, soil particles. This is screened out. Being inert in nature is
proposed to be segregated and used for landscaping, or as filler material for composting.
Grain inner mass is useful for fermentation. The outer rind or skin is removed in hammer
mill. This, however, has good value as animal feed, and hence so delivered promptly. Yeast
is recycled as the viable community helps in more yield and conversion. Only some part is
wasted. This is organic nature and is suitable for getting composted. This is so done. ETP
sludge is organic and digested. Thus after dewatering can be used on land for conditioning.
Office and packing trash is kept minimum and disposed by sales or reuse.
(b) Hazardous Waste:

Hazardous Solid waste is governed by Hazardous Waste (Management & Handling) Rules of
1989 as amended in 2000. The H. W. amendment is promulgated in 2003. It defines
Hazardous Waste on a basis of different criteria. This is examined.
The relevant summary of above reads as :
Sr. List of Processes Generating Waste stream Remark
No. Hazardous Waste Please vide
Note
38 Cleaning of barrels which 38.1 Chemicals containing No. 1 below
have held chemical substances residues from barrel
cleaning
128
38.2 Sludge from waste-water
purification
41 Waste treatment processes e.g. 41.4 Distillation residue from No. 2 below
distillation, separation and the work-up of
concentration technique. contaminated halogen-free
organic solvents
44 Every action relating to and 44.1 Spent oil No. 3 below
every use of lubricating and 44.2 Other spent lubricating
system oil and system oil
Table No. 6.14 : Hazardous Waste per Day
Note 1: The number of barrels containing Turkey Red Oil are only few, as the substance is
not a raw material. It is merely an anti-foam agent. These are on returnable basis to suppliers.
So also can be said for the yeast supplement substances, like nutrients, which comes in bags
only.
Note 2: The activity is bound to remain inside, as no organic solvents are involved anywhere
in the line of process reaction or work-up.
Note 3: Not being an Engineering Industry, use of oil-grease, lubricants, or hydraulic/ system
oil is extremely limited or absent. The steps like fermentation, distillation, blending do not
involve any rotating machines. However, in sugar unit, there are rotating part, milling
machines, centrifuges and pump needs lubrication.
In addition to above plantation is done for mitigation.
6.3 Greening Drive.

Objective:
To provide a measure of air pollution mitigation, fugitive dust control, shed for men and
bullocks, cooler atmosphere, camouflage the land-use, aesthetics of the region, absorption of
green-house gas, utilization of NPK of the wastewater after treatment.
Methodology
129
Design of Plantation will be such as:
• Not to get disturbed in future expansions
• Be nearer to source of water and supervision.
• Be where the need is
• Capability of securing maximum survival rate with an aim of 100%
Selection of species will be done by detailed considerations:
• A large variety of species selected to have bio-diversity
• Indigenous local species have a more chance of survival. So will be surveyed.
• Species of origin utside of India, but subsequently found established too shall be
encouraged.
• Species that will grow rapidly under local dominant stress of soil salinity, high
wind, water needs, sustainability in dry months
• Species that have more foliage area, absorbing gasses.
Sections will be at least four for greening drive:

• Three row curtain on periphery
• Block of trees near temple
• Avenue trees near approach road and internal roads
• Ornamental trees in the garden
• Bushes on slopes of roads
• Fruit trees in the colony.
Logistics
Provision is made in advance for:
• Securing plants from nearby Nursery

• Water distribution arrangement
• Staff earmarked for the purpose having trained in the respect
• Agricultural implements, pesticides and manures necessary
• Fire protection.
130
Selection: Central Pollution Control Board has divided India in 15 different regions. The
present location comes under Upper Godavari Plains Region. CPCB has further divided this
region in sub-zones. The peculiarities of this subzone is identified as follows
• Rainfall 600 mm
• Climate Semi Arid
• Soils BC to coarse
CPCB has recommended more than 150 species which can be attempted in this subzone of
the region. Selection is therefore based further on availability of species in the nearby
nurseries. Biodiversity is also kept in view. 1000 Trees and 2000 sq m vegetative cover/ lawn
is proposed.
PART “B” MITIGATION
6.4. Environmental Impacts due to project location, possible accidents, project

design, project construction, regular operations, final decommissioning or
rehabilitation of a completed project
It is our endeavor to minimize the impact. Impact can normally be caused due to various
reasons namely (1) by wrong site selection, (2) by accidents during construction, (3) by
accidents during operation, (4) by accidents during decommissioning or (5) by accidents
during rehabilitation of the project.
Location is so selected as should not create environmental issues much on downstream and
downwind directions. The area involved is very small, and already made NA and obtained
NOC from Village Panchayat. Public acceptability is also ascertained in advance. The target
is shielded, and normal mitigation measures will prove adequate.
Construction phase is of small duration. Heavy civil construction is not involved, it is more
of a fabrication needing less building materials to be borrowed from nature. Existing
infrastructure of local body, Government and predecessor mill will serve as water supply,
water storage, office buildings and colony quarters. Construction will not be done in night
shift. No explosives will be used for foundations as this is within the premises of existing
131
mill. Large labour camp is not necessary, because skilled and unskilled people are available
in the nearby villages. All due precautions will be taken for noise, dust and wastewaters.
Commensurate with small-volume, day-time, machinery-assisted, expert-handled
construction involved there are very low/no chances of accidents. No significant long range
impact will be felt and normal mitigation measures will prove adequate.
Operation phase shows a relatively safe expectation, as compared with many other types of
chemical industries. Only one Raw Material, simple two step manufacturing process and only
one finished product, makes this aspect easy and devoid of apprehended accidents. The raw
material is brought on JIT (Just In Time) principle from adjacent fields, and there will be a
silos to store it. Coal storage will be kept cool by spraying water, but temperature of this
location does not go very high. The finished product is much is demand in market and hence
no need of having over-storage. This being flammable liquid usual precautions as per Factory
act and Explosive Act shall be taken. Excise Department also keeps an eye on this by posting
one of their Inspector at site. Fire protection system will be in place as per Acts and
Insurance Companies. Normal precautions will prove adequate.
If ever it becomes necessary to Decommission or Rehabilitate the Industry, the experience

gained by this industry here and elsewhere will be able to handle this without aftermaths of
accidents.
Low incidences are possible because many measures for minimization are designed.
This can be analyzed by (1) first identifying the various affectable facets of environment, (2)
measures for minimizing the cause of impact, (3) measures for minimizing the impact in
general, (4) measures for minimizing the impact in particular that are irreversible and
irretrievable and (5) finally assessing its significance.
Impact on Environment can happen by many ways as –
A. Modification of Regime B. Land Transformation and
132
Construction
Treatment
I. Chemical Treatment J Accidents, and
K. Others
The above eleven attributes can be further subdivided for better analysis. As an example the
first attribute “Modification of Regime” can be sub-divided in twelve consideration aspects
as –
a. Exotic fauna introduction, b. Biological controls,

c. Modification of habitat, d. Alteration of ground cover,
e. Alteration of groundwater hydrology, f. Alteration of drainage,
g. River control and flow modification, h. Canalization,
i. Irrigation, j. Weather modification,
k. Burning, l. Surface paving
Similarly for other attributes also subdivisions are made for better analysis. This follows.
The degree of impact as well as the nature of Impact (i.e. direct/ indirect, adverse/ beneficial,
tangible/ intangible, reversible/irreversible, local/global retrievable/retrievable) will be
dependent on the success of our pollution control and mitigation practices.
6.5 Measures for minimization

The principles of minimization or off-setting mal-effects are based on the principle of
prevention, abatement, treatment, reuse, and smooth disposal of wastes. These are indicated
herein below and dealt in details later in this Chapter.
# Regarding Measure/ effort Remark

1 Raw Obtained fresh Gets more yield, less loss, less load to
133
Material environment.
Dependable source Continuity assured. No shock load to
environment by make and break.
Inventory Only small as assured source. No fear of expiry
date.
2 Steam Own & Closed Circuit. Exhaust low pressure steam is
dependable source reused and not let out.
3 Filler Already available No dearth. Thus not making compost-making
material & dependable any doubtful solution. However, we are
source converting the spentmash to animal feed. Not
resorting to Composting.
4 Land Limited. Already No rehabilitation involved. No leveling
industrial. necessary. No prime agricultural land. No
concave. Not used previously by public. Already
in possession long back.
5 Water Safe, reliable No encroachment on source of others. Not a
dependent source process stoppage risk. Own efforts of recharging
and reusing..
6 Groundwater Available. In fact by rain harvesting, recharging is made.
Wells are existing and in use historically. No
new tapping.
7 Air pollution No gas as raw Not likely to increase over routine. Satisfactory
material, Methane monitoring schedule.
is generated
during treatment
process and is
used as fuel for
boiler.
8 Wastewater Though of high Water use minimized. Wastewater minimum.
BOD, in Volume reduction, waste strength reduction.
Distillery, fully Solidified as Animal feed, much in local demand
taken care of from Distillery. No discharge to any surface
134
making zero water, nor any percolation to groundwater as
discharge MEE is planned..
9 Soil MSW, Haz Waste, Soil is not spoilt. Landscaping is done. Organic
bio-med waste solid waste is locally garden composted.
attended. Inorganic segregated. Saleable to fixed
authorized vendors. Remaining either for
sanitary or secured landfill. No hospital to create
bio-medical waste.
10 Aesthetics Noise No big machinery involved, no heavy
foundations, no vibrations. Greenery maintained.
In closed, covered sheds.
Odor Water use minimized. Wastewater minimum.
Volume reduction, waste strength reduction.
Volume no more unwieldy. Cooled by heat
exchanger, not by open to sky lagoons. No
anerobiosis. Solidified thermally as Animal feed.
Minimum lagoon capacity 5 day, usually dry.
11 Community Acceptability Existing surrounding other units already of agro-
based. This only an extension to it. Interviews
are satisfactory supporting. Beneficial to grain/
beet growers.
12 Track record Social work and Project proponents are keen on matters
Law-abiding environmental and have good past record. They
wish to continue the same.
Table No. 6.15 : Minimization Efforts
With the mitigation measures proposed above with subsequent efforts of implementation, the
potential impact (especially irreversible and irretrievable) should become very low /
insignificant / nominal or none..
135
6.6 Irreversible and irretrievable commitments of environmental components.
Assessment of environmental components is done.

# Component Discussion on potential Impact Whether
irreversible/
irretrievable)
1 Land Area is small & Limited. It is already an industrial Not relevant
one (NA). Thus there is no change in land-use
pattern.
2 Water Though of high BOD, fully taken care of making Not relevant
zero discharge. Water use minimized. Wastewater
minimum. Volume reduction, waste strength
reduction. Solidified as animal feed, much in
local demand. No discharge to any surface water,
nor any percolation to groundwater.
Groundwater Available. In fact by rain harvesting, recharging is Not relevant. In
made. No new tapping. Surface water available. fact improved.
Ambient Air No gas as raw material, no gas generated in Not relevant
Quality process (except CO2). Closed Circuit. Exhaust
low pressure steam is reused and not let out.
Satisfactory monitoring schedule.
3 Soil MSW, Haz Waste, bio-med waste attended. Soil Not relevant. In
is not spoilt. Landscaping is done. Organic solid fact improved.
waste is garden-composted. Inorganic segregated.
Saleable to fixed authorized vendors. Remaining
either for sanitary or secured landfill. No hospital
to create bio-medical waste.
4 Aesthetics Noise. No big machinery involved, no heavy Not relevant.
foundations, no vibrations. Greenery maintained.
In closed & covered sheds.
Odor. Water use minimized. Wastewater Not relevant.
minimum. Volume reduction, waste strength
136
reduction. Volume no more unwieldy. Cooled by
heat exchanger, not by open to sky lagoons. No
anerobiosis. Solidified as Animal Feed by thermal
method. Minimum lagoon capacity of 5 days,
usually dry.
5 Community Acceptability. Existing surrounding Distillery Not relevant
units already of agro-based. This only an
extension to it. Interviews are satisfactory
supporting. Beneficial to Beet and grain growers.
Table No. 6.16 : Potential Impacts
It may thus be seen that the potential impact is neither Irreversible nor irretrievable to any
degree of significance. It may be adverse on some consideration and even beneficial in some
other. This is discussed in details later in this Chapter in ten levels of Hierarchy.
6.7 Assessment of significance of Impacts
For such assessment of significance of Impacts, Magnitude and Importance of 100 impact
potential considerations (Grouped in 11 categories A to K) are considered taking Guidance
from Leopold Interaction Matrix, (Source: Handbook of EIA, Scientific Publishers (India),
Jodhpur), and modified to suit the present purpose. The categories A to K are
A. Modification of Regime B. Land Transformation and
Construction
Treatment
I. Chemical Treatment J. Accidents, and
K. Others
137
The above eleven attributes are further subdivided for better analysis, totaling to 100
consideration aspects. For the scenario of this present proposal, this is worked out in details
and presented below.
Description Impact Explanation
Potential
Category A. Modification of Regime
a. Exotic fauna Nominal, but This is a small area and is already industrial
introduction beneficial use. This will generate employment prospects
for people around.
b. Biological Nil There is no discharge of untreated effluent or
controls of watery sludge from the premises
c. Modification of Nil This is already an industry-land. No release of
habitat liquid effluents, nor any excessive air
pollutants after ECE.
d. Alteration of Nominal, but Barren area is now being converted to
ground cover beneficial greenery. Previous rain run-off now collected
and used for Groundwater recharge.
e. Alteration of Nominal, but We do not draw any groundwater. Required
groundwater beneficial water is available from Government canal and
hydrology part recycled with treatment. (our effort of
Roof rainwater harvesting in fact may give
some recharging beneficial effect)
f. Alteration of Nil This is a plain level land. The built-up area
drainage requirement is very small. The natural drain
pattern is not disturbed.
g. River control Nil We do not release any wastewater into river.
and flow Hence no flow modification by us either.
modification
h. Canalisation Nil Neither the topography is disturbed for
bringing water, nor for sending wastewater,
nor for erecting buildings, nor for constructing
any new roads-culverts.
138
i. Irrigation Nil We do not release any raw wastewater on
irrigated land or canal. Hence no irrigation
effect by us either.
j. Weather Nominal, but The steam requirement is low. Whatever is
modification nearly nil. exhaust steam otherwise entering into
environment from Power Plant is only used
here in distillery. No new heating. In fact the
earlier heat is absorbed in our manufacturing
process by using. Our hot wastewater is not
released as such into environment, but is first
cooled by heat exchanger and then released at
ambient temperature. Condensate water is
reused.
k. Burning Nominal, but Explained as above, no additional requirement
nearly nil. of live steam. Methane and Bagasse
(occasionally) is used but emissions are
controlled.
l. Surface paving Nominal, but Within the already industrial area. The
beneficial footprint plinth is very limited. Paving is done
to arrest any possibility of groundwater
percolation/ pollution. Thus beneficial.
Category B. Land Transformation and Construction
a. Urbanization Nominal, but Already an industry existed here. This is
beneficial located in a village. The labor force is very
small. As such the village nature continues.
Colony is small and self-contained. The little
urbanization shall generate revenue
opportunities for people around.
139
b. Industrial sites Nil This is only agro-based industry. Already an
and buildings industry existed here. As such one shed with
few tanks and store will be needed. Other
infrastructure like office, guesthouse, time
office can be common. Hence not a substantial
impact. However by our presence, safety, law
& order, facilities and rise in land-prices will
increase for the villagers.
c. Airports Nil Once streamline with steady state production,
only local traffic by surface will be
undertaken. No air traffic, nor there is any
airport in vicinity
d. Highways & Nominal and The traffic will be increased (majority with
Bridges adverse about average 40 kilmeterage each). However
precautions taken for good wide roads,
guarded junctions, parking and illumination
e. Roads and trails Nominal and The traffic will be increased (majority with
adverse about average 40 kilmeterage each). However
f. Railroad Nil Neither the raw materials, nor finished
products, nor by-products, nor waste nor
passenger traffic related to this activity go by
rail.
g. Cables and lifts Nil Neither the raw material, nor finished
passenger traffic related to this activity go
cables or lift.
140
h. Transmission Nil Neither the raw materials, nor finished
lines, pipelines products, nor by-products, nor waste nor
and cowherds passenger traffic related to this activity go by
or disturb or overload the transmission lines,
pipelines or cowherds.
i. Barriers Nil Neither the raw materials, nor finished
fencing products, nor by-products, nor waste nor
or disturb or overload the barriers & fencing.
j. Channel Nil Neither the raw materials, nor finished
dredging & products, nor by-products, nor waste nor
straightening passenger traffic related to this activity use any
channel and hence neither dredging nor
straightening involved.
k. Channel Nil Neither the raw materials, nor finished
revertments products, nor by-products, nor waste nor
passenger traffic nor water supply related to
this activity use any channel and hence no
channel revertment is involved.
l. Canals Nil Neither the raw materials, nor finished
passenger traffic nor wastewater release related
to this activity use canal and hence not
involved.
m. Dams and Nominal but This is small activity with small area involved.
impoundments beneficial There are no undulations and rain is medium.
However it is decided to create some
impoundment for water harvesting. This will
recharge the groundwater hence beneficial.
n. Piers, seawalls, Nil This is located in landlocked area.
marinas & sea
terminal
141
o. Offshore Nil This is located in landlocked area.
structures
p. Recreational Nil This is located in landlocked area.
structures
q. Blasting & Nil This is located in landlocked area.
drilling
r. Cut & fill Nominal and This is small activity with small area involved.
beneficial on There are no undulations and site is plain. Care
2 counts is taken to orient the buildings such as to
balance the cutting and filling. No borrowing
of material from outside needed. Some surplus
cutting material of top soil will be used for
greening landscaping as good soil not to be
imported. Hence doubly beneficial.
s. Tunnels & Nil There is neither a tunnel nor any underground
underground structure involved
structures
Category C. Resource extraction
a. Blasting & Nil This is an agro-based industry and not engaged
Drilling in any activity like Blasting & Drilling
b. Surface Nil This is only agro-based industry. As such one
excavation shed with few tanks and store will be needed.
Other infrastructure like office, guesthouse,
time office can be common. Hence not a
substantial impact. Nominal excavation to
reach foundation will be made, but will be
internal not sending any impact outside the
premises. Hence nil.
c. Sub Surface Nil For foundation only surface excavation as
excavation & covered above. No any other . Sub Surface
retorting excavation & retorting
142
d. Well dredging Nil This is an agro-based industry and not engaged
& fluid removal in any activity like Well dredging & fluid
removal
e. Dredging Nil This is an agro-based industry and not engaged
in any activity like Dredging
f. Clear cutting Nil This is an agro-based industry and not engaged
and other in any activity like Clear cutting and other
lumbering lumbering. There is no much use of timber
except door frames. Any trees coming in
construction area will be replenished by
replanting.
g. Commercial Nil This is an agro-based industry and not engaged
fishing and in any activity like Commercial fishing and
hunting hunting
Category D. Processing
a. Farming Significant This is an agro-based industry and also
beneficial engaged in activity like demo-Farming.
However, seed farm will be maintained to
provide excellent seed for farmers growing
grain/ beet, which is our raw material.
b. Ranching & Nil This is an agro-based industry and not engaged
Grazing in any activity like ranching and grazing
c. Feedlots Nil This is an agro-based industry and not
engaged in any activity like feedlots
d. Dairying Significant This is an agro-based industry and not engaged
beneficial in any activity like feedlots. However, Animal
feed that will be made here, will be useful to
the farmers for raising cattles.
e. Energy Significant This is an alcohol industry. This is engaged in
generation beneficial producing energy from steam raised on waste
bagasse/ or coal. Thus significant beneficial
impact.
143
f. Mineral Nil This is an agro-based industry and not engaged
processing in any activity like mineral processing
g. Metallurgical Nil This is an agro-based industry and not engaged
industry in any activity like metallurgical industry
h. Chemical Significant This is an alcohol industry and utilizes coarse
industry beneficial grain and waste grain to serve as useful raw
impact material for downstream chemical industry.
Thus significant beneficial impact
i. Textile industry Nil This is an agro-based industry and not engaged
in any activity like textile industry
j. Auto and Nil This is an agro-based industry and not engaged
aircraft in any activity like auto and aircraft industry
k. Oil refinery Nil This is an alcohol industry and not engaged in
any activity like oil refinery
l. Food Nil This is an agro-based industry and not engaged
in any activity like
m. Lumbering Nil This is an agro-based industry and not engaged
in any activity like lumbering
n. Pulp and paper Nil This is an agro-based industry and not engaged
in any activity like pulping-papering.
o. Product storage Nominal This is an alcohol industry and product will be
nearly Nil stored for short time. Full precautions taken as
per factory Act. Hence no impact.
Category E. Land alteration
a. Erosion control Marginal but This is an agro-based industry and not engaged
& terracing beneficial in any activity that will create land erosion or
there will be any need demanding controlling
it. However for rainwater harvesting, we have
planned terracing contour bunding etc. which
will benefit halting any erosion.
144
b. Mine sealing Nil This is an agro-based industry and not engaged
and waste in any activity like mine or its waste
control
c. Strip mining Nil This is an agro-based industry and not engaged
rehabilitation in any activity like mine or its rehabilitation,
remediation
d. Landscaping Marginal but This is a small area under this unit and is
beneficial already in the possession of industry. Thus
there will be no change in land use pattern or
on landscape. However, we shall be growing
additional trees and lawns, and landscape will
br more aesthetically pleasant
e. Harbour Nil This is a land-locked industry and not engaged
dredging in any activity like Harbouring or dredging
f. Marshfill and Nil This is a land-locked industry in dry climate
drainange land with low to moderate rainfall. Thus
marshafiling and drainage not involved.
Category F. Resource renewal
a. Reforestation Marginally This is a small area, and is already an
beneficial industrial land. No forest is involved, nor even
cutting or disturbing any trees or greenery. In
fact we shall plant a large number of trees.
b. Wildlife Marginally This is a small area, and is already an
stocking & beneficial industrial land. No forest is involved, nor any
management fauna met here. However, birds will be
attracted to our greenery.
c. Groundwater Significant Special efforts are taken for rain harvesting,
recharge magnitude hence significant magnitude
145
d. Fertilization Nominal and This is based on outsourced grain, and not a
application beneficial direct crop. Thus any fertilization application
magnitude has no potential. However, it is worth noting
that the wastewater is converted here as
Animal Feed, and has excellent use as
beneficial impact. High and beneficial
magnitude
e. Waste recycling High and The raw material itself is a coarse grain/ waste
beneficial grain. The energy is used, which is otherwise a
magnitude waste-water. The waste generated is used to
produce Animal feed. Condensate water is
recovered for reuse.
Category G. Changes in Traffic
a. Railway Nil Neither the raw materials, nor finished
rail.
b. Automobile Nominal but The traffic will be increased (majority with
c. Trucking Nominal but The traffic will be increased (majority with
d. Shipping Nil Neither the raw materials, nor finished
shipping.
146
e. Aircraft Nil Once streamline with steady state production,
only local traffic by surface will be
undertaken. No air traffic, nor there is any
airport in vicinity
f. River, Canal Nil Neither the raw materials, nor finished
traffic products, nor by-products, nor waste nor
passenger traffic nor wastewater release related
to this activity use canal and hence not
involved.
g. Pleasure Nil This is located in landlocked area.
Boating
h. Traits Nil This is located in plain land area.
i. Cables and lifts Nil Neither the raw material, nor finished
passenger traffic related to this activity go
cables or lifts.
j. Communication Nominal The proposal is for agro-based industry with
nearly nil local base. Its infrastructure is small for
communication. Hence no new burden except
nominal. In fact, we shall extend our facilities
to the people as well.
k. Pipeline Nil Neither the raw materials, nor finished
or disturb or overload the transmission lines,
pipelines or cowherds.
Category H. Waste Replacement and Treatment
a. Ocean Dumping Nil This is a land-locked industry and not engaged
in any activity like Ocean Dumping
b. Landfill Nominal Landfill in a small way only, because Solid
nearly Nil Waste is nearly fully recycled.
147
c. Emplacement of Nil This is an agro-based industry and not engaged
tailings, spoils in any activity like Emplacement of tailings,
and overburden spoils and overburden
d. Underground Nil This is an agro-based industry and not engaged
storage in any activity like Underground storage
e. Junk disposal Nominal This is an agro-based industry and not much
nearly nil involved with ferrous/non-ferrous scrap. If it
occurs it is in small quantity only in
construction phase and handed over to
authorized waste handlers, reprocessors and
hence magnitude and importance hence impact
is nominal nearly nil.
f. Oil well Nil This is an agro-based industry and not engaged
flooding in any activity like Oil well flooding
g. Deep well Nil This is an agro-based industry and not engaged
emplacement in any activity like Deep well emplacement
h. Cooling water Nil This is an agro-based industry and though
discharge engaged in any activity like Cooling water
discharge
i. Municipal waste Nil This is an agro-based industry and not engaged
discharge in any activity like Municipal waste discharge
including spray including spray irrigation
irrigation
j. Liquid effluent Nil This is an agro-based industry. Distillery unit
discharge converts the liquid waste into animal feed.
Thus zero outside discharge and not engaged
in any activity like Liquid effluent discharge
148
k. Stabilization Nominal but There is no Stabilization and oxidation pond,
and oxidation nearly nil which involves biological reaction. What we
pond have is only a 5 day capacity lagoon which
normally a dry but provided for buffering any
repair of the machine. This lagoon is however
is fully protected by plastic lining, which
avoids any leakages. The sober effluent is
treated, but not in stabilization pond/ oxidation
pond on photosynthesis / symbiosis. It is
treated by PCT treatment in compact way and
is given fully. Hence the impact is nominal but
nearly nil.
l. Septic tank, Nominal but This is a mofussil industry and workers per
commercial and nearly nil shift are limited in number. This domestic
domestic sewage is collected to septic tank and disposal
is in local subsurface irrigation. Ample land is
available. There is no commercial septic tank.
Hence impact is nominal. If SPCB so desires
we shall go for Activated Sludge or joint
treatment.
m. Stack and Nominal but The plant has 2 moderate boilers. There is an
exhaust nearly nil exhaust steam sparable, the same instead of
emission letting out will be used in this process. This
also helps in reducing the released heat. The
fuel is derived from methane biodigester and
hence SPM is much reduced. Hence effect is
nominal but beneficial.
n. Spent lubricants Nominal but Spent lubricants will be collected. If the
nearly nil quantity is significant, it will be sent to
authorized Recycler. If the quantity is nominal,
it will be burnt in boiler along with bagasse
and Methane
149
Category I. Chemical Treatment
a. Fertilization Nil This is an industry not engaged in any activity
like using of Fertilizer
b. Chemical Nil This is an industry and not engaged in any
deicing of activity like using of Chemical deicing of
highways highways. In any case this is not relevant to
this part of the country.
c. Chemical Nil This is an industry and not engaged in any
stabilization of activity like using of Chemical stabilization of
soil soil
d. Weed control Nil This is an industry and not engaged in any
activity like using of Weed control. Greening
is only attendant activity.
e. Insect control Nil This is an alcohol industry and not engaged in
(Pesticides) any activity like using of Insect control
(Pesticides)
Category J. Accidents
a. Explosions Nominal but Alcohol is flammable and hence poses fire
adverse hazard. This is covered in Category K Others.
Precautions are taken.
b. Spills and leaks Nominal but Grain is brought in closed trucks and stored in
adverse closed silos. The spent mash is transferred to
the MEE and moderate effluent to the ETP &
Lands in closed conduits. Hence, no spills
expected. The lagoon of 5 days only and is
lined with plastic and is seldom kept full,
hence spills are not expected. However,
considered as though nominal adverse.
150
c. Operational Nil This is simple two step process namely In
failure Distillery = fermentation followed by
distillation. No operational failures are
foreseen as to create any accidents. If at all it
may give less production by lower efficiency.
Category K. Others
a. Fire Hazard Adverse Bagasse or coal can catch fire. But normally it
avoidable is moist. Alcohol is flammable liquid.
However, it is stored in isolated tanks and fire
fighting equipments are maintained as per
Factory Act. Hence, though potentially
hazardous it is controllable. At one time much
quantity is not stored to avoiding cascading
effect.
b. Public Significant From the surrounding grain fields raw material
acceptability and is generated and even spoilt waste is
beneficial acceptable. This is now utilized so that
economics of mill improves. From the alcohol
production spent-mash is generated as waste.
This is used to obtain Animal Feed and thereby
this improves economy of the farmers and this
unit. Animal feed is in much demand with
local farmers. Thus, people can expect good
value for grain and also direct indirect
employment. Thus industrialization is
acceptable to them and paying.
c. SPCB Significant The industry will be working with consent to
acceptability and operate and generally obeys all the conditions.
beneficial Hence, SPCB has accepted the application for
Distillery for favourable consideration.
151
d. Salability of Significant The product alcohol is an import substitute for
product and petrol and hence much in demand. This also
beneficial means that there will not be any need of
unnecessary undue long storage of these
products in this premises. Early dispatch
without storage is environmentally beneficial
and less risky. The products are useful to the
society.
Table No.6.17 : Impact Attributes
Having done above exercise for a matrix with 100 considerations, marks are allotted
depending on the hierarchy of impact potentiality. The hierarchy starts from “Totally
Adverse irreversible” impact with minimum marks as 1 and ranging upto maximum of 10 for
“High with beneficial magnitude and importance”, being –
Where the impact potential is this Allot marks

Totally Adverse irreversible 1
Totally Adverse reversible 2
Nominal but adverse 3
Nominal, nearly nil 4
Nil 5
Nominal, but Marginally beneficial 6
Nominal, and beneficial 7
Nominal, and beneficial on two counts 8
Significant beneficial impact 9
High beneficial in magnitude and 10
importance
Table No. 6.18 : Yardstick for Mark - Giving
152
The marks allotted to these 11 attributes for total 101 considerations are tabulated below -
# Attribute Æ A B C D E F G H I J K Total Marks
| Impact no.
V Per Total
No.
1 Adverse irreversible 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
2 Adverse reversible 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 2
3 Nominal but adverse 0 2 0 1 0 0 2 0 0 2 0 7 3 21
4 Nominal, nearly nil 2 0 0 1 0 0 1 6 0 0 0 10 4 40
5 Nil 6 14 7 9 4 0 8 8 5 1 0 62 5 310
6 Nominal, but marginally beneficial 0 0 0 0 2 2 0 1 0 0 0 5 6 30
7 Nominal but beneficial 4 2 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 8 7 56
8 Nominal, but beneficial on more counts 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 8 8
9 Significant beneficial impact 0 0 0 7 0 1 0 0 0 0 3 11 9 99
10 High beneficial magnitude & importance. 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 2 10 20
Items considered 12 19 8 18 6 5 11 16 5 3 4 107 586

Table No. 6.19 : Impact Matrix
Legend of attributes –
A. Modification of Regime B. Land Transformation and Construction C. Resource
extraction D. Processing E. Land alteration F. Resource renewal Changes in Traffic
H. Waste Replacement and Treatment I. Chemical Treatment J. Accidents K. Others
Thus, the marks obtained are 586. Acceptability of a Project or a decision of “No
Project” depends on the marks obtained as --
Score 750 to 1000 = Environmental Acceptability is Very High
Score 600 to 750 = Environmental Acceptability High
Score 450 to 600 = Environmental Acceptability Moderate
Score 300 to 450 = Environmental Acceptability Low
Score Below 300 = Environmental Acceptability Very Low
Table No. 6.20: Yard-Stick for Ranking
This yard stick is the same as is approved by MoEF in Delphi Technique made applicable for
Hazardous Waste site selection. With the methodical working of network matrix, considering
153
both magnitude and importance of one hundred attributes, the environmental impact at this
Site is expected to be in the middle bracket of “moderate”. Below 450 marks will have some
anxiety.
This Site selection is also based on another accredited practice. This is discussed below.
6.8 Integration:
Technique: For siting of an activity, “Delphi Technique” is advised by MoEF. The

Government of India, has recommended this technique in the book on Siting of Hazardous
Waste Disposal Areas, prepared by NEERI, Nagpur and published by the Ministry of
Environment and Forest (MoEF) in 1991. The same is proposed to be used with due
improvisation, mutatis mutandis, covering other media of environment.
1. (a) The Delphi Technique considers the following 34 attributes

and four weight-ages i.e.:
8 attributes, pollutant related
9 attributes, waste management related.
(b) The modified Technique used here considers 23 attributes
and four weight-ages i.e.:
5 attributes, water pollution & waste management related
4 attributes, air pollution and waste management related
2. Four types of marks for each attribute like 0 to 0.25, 0.25 to 0.5, 0.5 to 0.75
and 0.75 to 1.0 depending on facts of situations, chemical properties of pollutants
and quantification are considered. These marks are known as Sensitivity Index
(SI).
154
3. Combined consideration of (1) and (2) together gives attribute-wise weight-ages.
These are the negative marks out of 1000 and ranking of candidate sites is based on
comparison of these marks.
Finding the sensitivity index (SI) shall be first task and is done in the table below.
The attribute measurements or values or description are known as the team has
traversed the area. The sensitivity index is awarded based on attribute properties in
above table. The attribute wise score is arrived at by multiplying the sensitivity index
and the weight-age of each attribute and is given in Table No. 6.25.
Attribute Sensitivity Index

0.0 - 0.25 0.25 - 0.5 0.5 - 0.75 0.75 - 1.0
Receptor Related
Population 0 to 100 100 to 250 250 to 1000 > 1000
within 500
meters
Distance to > 5000 m 2500 to 5000 m 1000 to 2500 < 1000 m
nearest drinking m
water well
Use of site by No used Occasional Moderate Regular
nearby residents
nearest off site m
building
Presence of Airport Internal road Highway Rail
major
transportation
routes
Land use/ Completely Agricultural Commercial Residential
155
Zoning remote or industrial
(Zoning not
applicable)
Critical Not a Pristine natural Wetlands, Major
environments critical areas flood plains, habitat or
environment & preserved endangered
al element areas or
threatened
species
Pathway Related
nearest surface m
water
Ground water > 30 m 15 to 30 m 5 to 15 m <5m
depth
Type of No Soil Biota Air, Water
contamination Contaminati Contamination contaminatio or
on only n food
contaminati
on
Precipitation Semi arid Semi humid Humid Wet
effectiveness
index
Susceptibility to 0 - 0.25 0.25 - 0.50 0.50 - 0.75 0.75 - 1
erosion & run- not Potential Moderate Severe
off problem susceptible
Waste Related
Water
BOD generation < 250 mg/l 250- 500 mg/l 500- 1000 Above 1000
level mg/l mg/l
Treatability < 2.5 2.5 – 3.5 3.5 - 5 Above 5
156
COD-BOD
Treatment Tertiary Secondary Primary No
Disposal Land Land seasonal Stream up to Riparian
assured 5km
& crop
perennial
pH 6-8 5- 6 or 8 - 9 3 - 5 or 9- 11 <3 or >11
Air
Industrial mix Electricity Oil Bagasse Coal
Fuel
Control All Bag filter Cyclone, Fly None
equipment including ash arrestor though
ESP or wet required
scrubber
Stacks heights As per Act 30 < 30 None
though
required
Noise at upto 55 55 to 70 dB(A) 70 to 85 Above 85
boundary dB(A) dB(A) dB(A)
Solid Waste
Industrial mix None Non-hazardous Hazardous & Hazardous
(waste type) Non-
hazardous
Treatment - Recycle/sale Secured Low landfill None
• Non hazardous landfill though
required
• Hazardous Recycle/ Secured Sanitary None
Incinerator landfill landfill though
required
Table No. 6.21: Integration Consideration
And now ranking:
157
Attribute Attribute Sensitivi Weigh Attribut
Measurement ty t-age e
Index Score
Receptor Related
Population within 500 >1000 1.0 80 80
meters
Distance to nearest drinking 0.5 km 1.0 80 80
water well, m
Use of site by nearby No Zero 50 0
residents
Distance to nearest off site 0.2 km 0.9 40 36
building
Land use/ Zoning Agriculture 0.25 30 7.5
Presence of transportation 0.25 30 7.5
routes
Critical environments No Zero 30 0
Sub total 340 211
Pathway Related
Distance to nearest surface 1 km 0.67 55 36.85
water
Depth of ground water 5m 0.75 45 33.75
Type of contamination Soil contamination 0.25 45 11.25
Precipitation effectiveness Semi Arid/ Arid 0.12 25 3
index
Susceptibility to erosion and Not susceptible 0.12 25 3
runoff problems
Sub total 195 87.85
Waste related
BOD, mg/l 10000 0.9 40 36
PH 3-5 0.5 20 10
Treatability (COD:BOD) 3.25 0.55 40 11
158
Treatment Digester, Volume 0.1 50 5
Reduction &
conversion./
Thermal
Disposals Secured 0.05 50 2.5
Air
Industrial mix (Fuel) Methane / bagasse 0.63 70 44.1
Control equipment Multicyclone 0.5 50 25
Stacks As per Consent 0.05 50 2.5
Noise at boundary 55-70 0.05 30 1.5
Solid Waste
Mix Non-Hazardous 0.25 45 11.25
Facilities Animal Feed & Sale 0.10 40 4
Sub total 485 147.35
Total 446.20
From the above considerations we have to place our present Project site at appropriate
level as per following slabs.
Score 750 to 1000 = Pollution Potential Very High

Score 600 to 750 = Pollution Potential High
Score 450 to 600 = Pollution Potential Moderate
Score 300 to 450 = Pollution Potential Low
Score Below 300 = Pollution Potential Very Low
Table No. 6.22: Yard-Stick for Ranking
Since with the methodical working of sensitivity index and weight-ages, the total scope of
pollution potential has come to 446.50, the site fits into “LOW” Pollution Potential.
6.9 Chapter Conclusion
159
On the background of known Environmental Status of the area, and having known the
pollutional potential of the manufacturing process, efforts are now made to minimize the
pollution to such an extent that the impact on environment will be most minimum. This is
done methodically with accredited methods and found a satisfactory situation in this
particular case.
160
CHAPTER 7 - ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT PLAN (EMP)
7.1 Need:
Environmental management is a crucial segment of Industrial Management, in view of

the global concept of sustainable development. Apart from the social obligation, the
industries are liable to suffer a series of drastic actions by statutory authorities, if the
former ignore the above said aspect. At its worst, the running factories may be brought to
a grinding halt by the pollution control authorities that possess the requisite powers.
Therefore, preparation of Environmental Management Plan is a must to fulfill bifocal

aspect of the statutory compliance as well as that of social concern.
Water needs of SBSSKL may be small or reasonably low, but generally this resource is
dwindling. Thus, on one hand one should use it less and on the other the source should
not be left polluted for others. Air environment needs to be continuously managed,
because man needs inhalation every moment, so also is Flora and Fauna dependent on it.
The biological aspects, soil and ground water are all interdependent. Thus a need of
proper environmental management and a conscious plan for it.
To draw a rigid EMP is especially important for us because India has to support 16.1% of
the world’s population only on 2.3 % of the global area with 0.4% only of energy reserve.
This point of Low Energy Reserve is especially taken note by the PP Project Proponents.
In this respect here efforts are oriented towards:
• Waste bagasse is used for energy as carbon source
• Waste pressmud is used as filler material to make compost which is carbon source
for crop
• Effluent is used as Carbon source and generated methane is used in boilers.
• Effluent remaining after getting methane is further used to derive carbon source in
compost, useful for crops energy.
162
• The product itself serves as additive in petrol for energy.
• Effluent of grain source is used as Carbon source and generated mass is used as
Animal Feed.
7.2 Objectives:
a) To define the components of environmental management..

b) To prepare an environmental hierarchy.
c) To prepare a checklist for statutory compliance.
d) To prepare environmental organization.
e) To prepare a schedule for monitoring and compliance.
f) To establish a watchdog committee voluntarily with an ultimate aim to get ISO
14000 certification.
7.3 Environment Components:
7.3.1 Air Environment:
a) Monitor the consented parameters at ambient stations.

b) Monitor additionally CO2, CH4
c) Monitor the work zone at various stations to satisfy the corporate requirements for
health and environment.
d) Maintain a record of running of DG (diesel generating) sets
e) Monitor the stacks or vents fitted to sections of raw material, manufacture,
thermal and DG power plants.
163
7.3.2 Water Environment:
a) Keep record of input water every day for quantity and periodically of quality..
b) Measures are taken to segregate the sub-streams of effluent as per their
characterization.
c) Water conservation is accorded high priority in every section of the factory.
d) Keep record of wastewater returned back to process, to spray pond and to
gardening, both the quantity and quality details.
e) Keep record of wastewater converted into useful methane, useful compost and
useful Animal Feed.
7.3.3 Aesthetic (Noise & Odour) Environment:
a) Monitor the ambient noise level and work zone noise level to conform the
stipulated norms.
b) Creation of awareness for noise attenuation and mitigation program.
c) Monitor the ambient Odour level and work zone Odour level by sensing.
d) Creation of awareness for Odour attenuation and mitigation program
7.3.4 Biological Environment:
a) Special attention is planned to maintain green belt in and around the factory
premises.
b) Adequate provisions are made to facilitate daily watering of all plants and lawns.
Special attention provided during summer to ensure that the green belt does not
suffer from water shortage.
c) Development & maintenance of green belt to be considered as a priority issue.
d) No outside soil is brought for any building developments.
164
7.3.5 Work-zone Comfort Environment:
a) Monitor the work zone temperature levels.

b) Monitor the work zone humidity.
c) Examine the health of workers and keep record.
d) Keep Record where nutritional assistance is given to workers case wise.
7.3.6 Socio- Economic Environment:
a) The operators and workers are trained in various aspects of ESH (Environment,
Safety and Health).
b) The managers and officers involved in Environment Management Cell shall
undergo refresher workshop and upgradation of information on various
environmental issues.
c) The industry shall help in promoting the activities related to environmental
awareness in nearby villages.
d) The industry shall help in promoting local people for livelihood commensurate
with their will, skill and abilities.
7.4 Environment Management Hierarchy:
SBSL is aware that environmental management is not a job, which can be handled
without a careful planning. The success lies if three components are simultaneously
present viz. (1) management support, (2) efficiency of the environment management cell
and (3) acceptability of resulting environmental quality, both by SPCB and by public. A
structure of this plan and hierarchy of process flow for environmental management is
prepared and enclosed as logics, which is self-explanatory. SBSL will adopt this structure
and hierarchy, which is akin to principles and practice.
165
Draft SBSSKL Policy on
Environment
Expectation of Legal requirements

of SPCB, MoEF
nearby people
Final Policy and
Design
Schedule of Schedule of Funds

Technological input Input
Preparation of
Implementation
Schedule
Implementation
Part A Part B
Fully Difficulties
Implemented
Additional
Inputs of
1 Monitoring
Funds/
Technology /
Unsatisfactory Satisfactory
Results Results
Review Policy Continue
Figure No.7.1: EMP structure
166
Prevention,
Abatement
In-plant Top Management
Control
Waste minimization
Internal Lab.
Operation
Treatment SPCB
Environment
Documentation
Management
Plan
Operation
Disposal Public
Monitoring III- Party Lab.
Awareness
Attenuation Training
Feedback
Figure No.7.2: Structures
7.5 Checklist of Statutory Obligations:
There are a number of environmental statutes required to be attended to by the industries.

SBSSSKL has prepared a checklist of these obligations, which facilitates the obedience
of the laws of land. SBSSKL shall obey the provisions of following Acts, Rules,
Notifications and Orders :
1. Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1974.

2. Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act 1977.
3. Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1981.
4. Environment (Protection) Act 1986.
5. Environment (Protection) Rules 1986.
6. Hazardous Waste (Management and Handling) Rules 2003.
7. MSIHC Rules 2000
8. All the conditions laid at consent under Water Act 1974.
167
9. All the conditions laid at consent under Air Act 1981.
10. All the conditions laid at environment clearance by MoEF. board officer.
7.6 Environmental Organization:
Environmental organization will have an environmental cell responsible for pollution

control and also for self-examination through monitoring.
7.6.1 Environment Management Cell:
In any industry, production group is developed over the years but not so in case of the
environmental group. Special efforts, therefore, are required to be undertaken to select
good officers and deploy them in a well-designed environment organization cell. In SSL
following is decided as a policy.
Managing Director
Factory Manager Env. Department Medical Surveillance
Env. Audit Engineer Assistant Laboratory
Technicians Lab. Attendants
Figure No.7.3: Environment Management Cell
Managing Director heads the Cell.
168
7.6.2 Environmental Monitoring Schedule:
A judgment can become truncated if it is not scientifically supported. This work is done
by an appropriate monitoring which is a technique of drawing a sample and
# Media Water Waste Storm Air Noise Solids

Aesthetics
water Water
1 Stations/ Incomin Raw, Run- DG Ambie Hazard Odour,
frequency/ g, M/2 M/2 off, vent, nt, M/ ous Q/1 WDC, Q/1
Numbers M/3 M/3 1x3
M=monthly Purified, Post- Stack, House-
, Q= M/4 Digester, M/1 keeping,
quarterly, M/2 WDC, Q/1
WDC= Compost, Ambie Trees,
watch dog M/4 nt, M/ WDC, Q/1
committee. 1 x3
2 Parameters Ph, All pH, SPM, dB(A) Schedu Qualitativ
Turbidity Consente BOD, TPM, le 2 of e. (Severe,
, d, TDS, COD, SO2, Rules Tolerable,
Hardness Colour Oil, NOx, 2000 Average,
, TDS, pesticid CO2, Excellent.
MPN es CH3,
Wind
Speed,
Directi
on
TABLE NO.7.1: MONITORING
A judgment can become truncated if it is not scientifically supported. This work is done
by an appropriate monitoring which is a technique of drawing a sample and
169
understanding from it the universe. The sampling station, the parameters and frequency is
of extreme importance as also the careful analysis, reporting and interpretation. The
schedule decided for a small activity like that of SBSSKL is as follows:
7.7 Schedules:
There will be three facets to design and follow the schedules viz.: (A) for compliance of
responsibilities, (B) for day-to-day operation and management of ETP and ECE, and (C)
for routine environmental monitoring, to assess the impact and take timely warning. The
schedule :
7.7.1 Daily Compliance:

1. Take the meter readings - initial and final, for checking the water consumption.
2. Maintain the electricity consumption record for pollution control.
3. Monitor ambient air as per the Notification of April 1996.
7.7.2 Monthly Compliance:

1. Monitor the emission sources through the competent authority and submit the
analysis reports to the board.
2. Monitor ambient/work zone noise levels & ensure conformance to standards.
7.7.3 Quarterly Compliance:

1. Monitor the ambient air quality at upwind and downwind locations of the factory.
2. Review the Water Reuse performance.
7.7.4 Yearly Compliance:
1. Carryout “Environmental Audit Statement” of various environmental aspects,
review the environmental policies with the help of experts and make the
upgradation /changes accordingly.
2. Submit the “Environmental Statement” to the State Pollution Control Board in
Form V under Rule 14 of the Environment (Protection) Second Amendment
Rules 1992 of the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986.
170
3. Renew the Consent to Operate under the Water and Air Acts.
4. File the Cess returns to the State PCB under the Water (Prevention and Control of
Pollution) Cess Act, 1977.
5. Renew the Hazardous Waste Authorization under sub-rule 3 of the Hazardous
Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 1989.
7.7.5 Consent Compliance
SBSSKL undertakes to comply the conditions prescribed by the Consent.. In this

direction, the following discipline will be followed:
S.# Condition Regarding Mode of Compliance
1 Validity Period Keeping a watch, Application for renewal will

be submitted in advance
2 Production Quantity Not to exceed the permitted quantity. Feed will
be adjusted to recovery
3 Quantity of Effluent To be measured daily and in-plant control. Not
to exceed any time
4 Quantity of Sewage To be measured periodically. Not to exceed
5 Total water input To be measured daily. Repair meters. Not to
exceed. Make break-up as per usages. Fill
monthly Cess returns. Pay as per assessment
6 Quality of Effluents By running ETP in correct fashion. Monitor.
Report
7 Disposal of treated Not over application. No percolation, no
effluent spillages. Monitor.
8 Quality of Compost By running turning machine fully, using suto-
spray for spentwash and using correct viable
culture.
9 Disposal of Compost Not over application. No percolation, no
washing out. Monitor, Record.
10 Fuel Quantity Not to exceed permitted quantity
11 Emission System Control Boiler dampers, ID/FD fans, CO2 %,
Monitor
12 Ambient Keep monitoring.
13 Noise levels Check foundation for vibrations, Tree
plantation
14 Solid Waste Quantity to be measured & record kept.
Bagasse to be baled. Molasses not in open pits.
PressMud to be carted out every day
15 Environ. Audit To be complied every year before 30th sept.
171
16 Inspections Inspection Book to be opened. Instructions
given by SPCB visiting officer to be complied
and reported.
Table No.7.2: Consent Compliance
Legend:
Managing Director, Chief Chemist, Chief Engineer, Civil engineer, Agricultural
Officer, Environment Committee, Chief Accounts Officer will help fulfill this obligation.
7.8 Watch-dog Committee:
A high power watch dog committee will be set up which will have a power of sudden
spot inspections, checking of documents and listening to complaints if any. This
committee will supervise over the monitoring and environmental management cell as
may be necessary, generally over the following facets of works:
1. Permit management
2. Construction management
3. Treatment and emission management
4. Transport management
5. Disposal management
6. Monitoring
7. Documentation
8. Law enforcement
7.9 Construction Phase Management:
7.9.1 Site Preparation:
The clearance of site may involve the movement of soil. No major leveling operations are
envisaged. During dry weather conditions it is necessary to control dust nuisance created
by excavation and transportation activities. However, because the proposed built-up area
172
is of considerable low requirement, this problem should not be unsurmountable, or else
some water sprinkling will be resorted to.
7.9.2 Sanitation:
The construction site shall be provided with sufficient and suitable toilet facilities for
construction workers to allow proper standards of personal hygiene. These facilities shall
be connected to a septic tank and maintained to ensure minimum or no environmental
impact.
7.9.3 Noise:
Though the noise effect on the nearest inhabitants due to construction activity will be
negligible (being away) it is advisable that on site workers using high noise equipment
adopt noise protection devices like earmuffs.
7.9.4 Construction Equipment and Waste:
It shall be ensured that both gasoline and diesel powered construction vehicles are
properly maintained to minimize smoke in the exhaust emissions. The vehicle
maintenance area shall be located in such a manner to avoid sources by accidental
spillage of oil. Unauthorised dumping of waste oil should be prohibited. Wastes shall be
disposed off at an approved site.
7.9.5 Storage of Hazardous Material:
The following hazardous materials if used for site preparation and construction activity,
shall be stored as per international standards.
1. Explosives for rock blasting (This will not be permitted)

2. Petrol and diesel
173
3. LPG
4. Painting materials
5. Asbestos products
7.9.6 Site Security:
Construction site is a potential hazardous environment. To ensure that the local

inhabitants and stray cattle are not exposed to these hazards, the site shall be secured by
fencing and manned entry points. It will be fully illuminated.
7.9.7 Land Environment:
An inventory shall be prepared of standing trees and bushes of significance. To prevent

unauthorised felling of trees by construction workers for their fuel needs it will be
ensured that the contractor provides fuel to them.
The immediate earlier Chapter had indicated as to what steps are designed in the working
of new project. This, however, is required to be manned properly. Unless an EMP is
prepared in advance, as like production campaign the environmental protection will not
automatically happen. For such EMP, fixing of objectives is the first step and ensures its
implementation is the last step. This is designed in this Chapter and we have a
commitment from the higher management to strict to this design. This will meet the
objectives of fulfilling the legal requirements and not causing any hardships to people,
whether it is only formulation extension or a technical grade manufacture.
174
CHAPTER 8 - EPILOGUE
About war, it was said that planning is that by which harm is avoided and advantage
gained. So is true for environment. Prediction of impact through EIA is a good tool for
such planning. SBSSKL has prepared this report to serve as a vehicle to provide the
decision makers with complete information about the proposal. SBSSKL after full
analysis finds that for the society the future with this project is better than the future
without it.
Proponents of SBSSKL have an excellent track record in the past, not only for production
but also for pollution control. SBSSKL premises are open for officials at any time with
transparency. The policy and practice synchronize here.
India has been transformed tremendously over the past few years with the advent of open
market and competitive economy.
To SBSSSKL, that competition is the driving force for improvement; entailing

sustainable technologies followed the world over, adoption of the best global practices
and to further inculcate the same into the large number of small farmers who will start a
new era of food production and self-reliance.
175
Executive Summary
1. Introduction
M/s. The Sangamner Bhag S. S. K Ltd. Amrutnagar, Tal. Sangamner Dist. Ahmednagar,
(Maharashtra) was registered as Co–operative Society vide registration number A.N.R/P.R.G (A).3
Date 6 September 1966. The Karkhana is having 40 KLPD Distillery unit established in the year
1984. The management of the factory has decided to expand the capacity to 80 KLPD .
M/s. The Sangamner Bhag S. S. K. Ltd., Amrutnagar, Tal. Sangamner is one of the efficient sugar
mill of Maharashtra. This sugar factory has earned best technical efficiency awards and cane
development awards. In addition to industrial growth in the area, the sugar mill is also involved in
several developmental activities to help farmers and workers.
To exploit more benefits from the industrial complex, the management of the factory has decided to
expand its 40 KLPD distillery unit to 80 KLPD based on latest continuous fermentation and multi
pressure distillation technology to produce alcohol from cane molasses.
It is stated that the Distillery unit will come under category A. with Screening it is necessary for
Sanamner Bhag S.S.K Ltd to approach Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF), New Delhi for
Environmental Clearance for this Distillery unit. This Pre-feasibility Report is prepared for forming
a framework for EIA study, Scoping and finalizing the Terms of Reference.
Form I, as is prescribed by the said Notification is duly filled up and submitted. This Pre-feasibility
Report is an accompaniment to the same.
The Form I submitted by us generally has covered Justification, Nearby Land Use, Resources,
Process, Pollution Control, Aesthetics, Risk Involved, Consequent Developments and Environmental
Sensitive Issues.
1
2. Justification
Molasses based distillation was the route in India historically .This is an expansion project where
alcohol is produced from cane molasses by continuous fermentation and multi pressure distillation
technology. The latest technology is adopted with a Justification for better productivity and quality
of alcohol.
The molasses based distilleries are linked with sugar factory and sugar producing farmers will be
benefit by it. The sugar mill is also involved in several developmental activities to help farmers and
workers. To support farmer is also at the mind of Proponents which indeed is a Justification, on the
background of farmer’s suicides in Vidharbha area.
In the industry, effluent produced is only water .Therefore, problems of pollution hazard are nil.
Consent from Environmental Department and Pollution Control Board can be easily obtained as a
mater of routine.
Cane growing needs a longer time to get the crop. The management of sugar factory is implementing
lift irrigation schemes for sugar cane growers under the cane development program. They has
decided to implement dip irrigation scheme to irrigate more land in minimum water quantity. Thus a
large water is conserved is a Justification.
During over production of Sugar Cane and low prices for Sugar in the market shall make viable to
manufacture Alcohol directly from the Sugar Cane Juice Syrup. This will assure returns to the
farmers. This will help to maintain socio economy in the region is also a Justification.
Various Government Departments have examined Justification and propriety of this venture and
permissions are granted by them to establish this unit as
2
# From Regarding
1 Registrar of Companies Certificate of Incorporation
2 Gram Panchayat Office No Objection Certificate
3 Commissioner, Excise Department Grant of Letter of Intent
4 State Electricity Distribution Board Availability of required power
5 Govt of India, Commerce & Industry IEM Industrial Entrepreneurs
Ministry Memorandum
6 State Irrigation Department Availability of water
3. Location
The proposed location is in Village Amrutnagar, Tehsil Sangamner, Dist. Ahmednagar, and
Maharashtra. This candidate site is in vicinity of potential sugarcane-growing area, so that there is
less transportation of Sugarcane/ Bagasse, less spillage, less accidental risk, less pollution, less
consumption of fuel and less loss of fermentable sugar.
This is not Prime Agricultural Land. This is flat land whereby Cutting-filling will be balanced and
there will be No/Low Borrowing from Nature. This is procured by mutual agreement with golden
hand-shake.
Within 10 km Influence Zone, there is no Tropical Forest, Biosphere Reserve, National Park, Wild
Life sanctuary and Coral Formation Reserve. The River Pravara, City Ahmednagar, Town
Sangamner, Railway line, National Highway are sufficiently at a distance. The Clearance is obtained
from Gram Panchayat and hence will have public acceptability.
3
4
4. Resources
Sangamner Bhag S. S. K Ltd., Amrutnagar proposes to expand a 40 KLPD Distillery unit to 80
KLPD Distillery, which requires following resources
Location
1. Already existing plant.
2. Own raw material
3. Availability of utilities such as steam, electricity and water
4. Adequate land for Distillery and Effluent Treatment Plant
5. Avoiding likely odor nuisance to the residential colony and the public in general
6. Availability of technical assistance in case of necessity.
7. Well connected road network with ease of cane transport.
8. Leveled ground and load bearing soil.
Raw Materials Input
The capacity of the proposed distillery shall be 40 KLPD. For this the main and sole raw material is
molasses. The yeast and enzymes bring about the change. Some chemicals in small quantity are used
for supporting propagation of the yeast and help to fermentation. Thus,
# Raw Material Quantity/day

For Molasses Based Process
1. Molasses 170 MT
3. Turkey Red Oil (TRO) 260 Kg
5
For Grain Based Process
1. Grain (Pre-cleaned) 135 MT
2. Sulphuric acid 40 kg
4 Turkey Red Oil (TRO) 40 Kg
5 Enzymes 80 kg
For Sugar Cane Juice Syrup

1 Sugar Cane Juice Syrup 215 MT
In addition to the raw material, utilities are also required. These are:
• Power: During the crushing season factory will supply electricity and steam
from sugar factory and for off season factory has proposed to run one 1.5 MW T.G Set and
20MT/hr Boiler of Sugar factory.
The cost of electricity from the existing turbo alternator to the distillery and ETP has been
assumed as Rs 3.60 /unit.
Power for idle days around 200 KWH per day will have to be purchased from State
Electricity Board at the rate of Rs 5.0/unit
• Man Power: Staff, skilled and unskilled totally 50 persons will be required, and will be
available.
• Water Requirernment: For the proposed Continuous Fermentation based 40 KLPD
distillery having Rectified Spirit and Fuel Ethanol as finished products the maximum water
requirement will be up to about 7Lac liters /day .Water storage reservoir facility is available
with the factory .Sufficient quantity of water can be made available to the distillery from the
existing factory reservoir .
• Steam Requirement: The steam requirement of the proposed distillery depending on the
final products to be produced will require around 4.5-5.0 MT/HR .The sugar factory is
having seven boilers –Three boilers are having steam generation capacity of 20 Mt/hr and
two boilers are having steam generation capacity of 25 Mt/hr .One boiler is having steam
6
generation capacity of 40 Mt/hr and another one is having steam generation capacity 8
MT/hr.
• Building materials: This is not a heavy construction, and majority is in fabrication from
Mild steel structural. The orientation is so kept as to balance nearly the cutting and filling.
The small requirement is available systematically. The construction erection time will be
small and will be done in day time. Labour camp is not necessary.
• Total Cost for project will be Rs 3287.46 Lac.
Thus all the resources are available and will be used economically and judiciously.
5. PROCESS
Sangamner Bhag S.S.K Ltd Amrutnagar proposes to expand a 40 KLPD Distillery unit to 80 KLPD
Distillery. The peculiarities of manufacturing process are as follows
Manufacturing Process for Molasses Based Distillery:
• Molasses or Sugar Cane Juice Syrup is the raw material used for the production of the of the
alcohol .Molasses contains about 50% total sugars, of which 30 to 33 % are cane sugar and
the rest are reducing sugar .During the fermentation, yeast strains to the species
Saccharomyces cerevisieae , a living microorganism belonging to class fungi converts
sugar present in the molasses such as sucrose or glucose into alcohol.
Chemically the transformation for sucrose to alcohol can be approximated by equation:
1) C12H22O11 + H2 O 2C6H12O6
Cane sugar Glucose + Fructose
2) C6H12O6 2C2H5OH + 2CO2
2X46 + 2X44
Glucose/Fructose Ethyl Alcohol Carbon Dioxide
7
For bringing out above biochemical reaction, there should be a proper and careful handling
of yeast, optimum temperature and pH control and substrate concentration, which results into
effective conversion of sugars to alcohol.
• Yeast can be manufactured under strict controlled conditions or readymade under strict
controlled conditions or readymade compressed yeast may be used directly in the pre
fermenter .Good quality of yeast is available for use in distillery. The yeast is useful to obtain
a good yield of alcohol by fermentation of molasses .The stages of yeast propagation as
described above for producing yeast from laboratory scale to pre fermenter stage may be total
eliminated .The fermentation of molasses in fermenters take about 24 to 36 hrs for
completely exhausting the sugars in molasses.
• All the sugars are not converted to alcohol during the process or fermentation because
chemicals like Glycerine, succinic acid ,etc. are also produced by yeast during their
metabolic process .Therefore it is not possible to have 100% efficiency of conversion of
sugars to alcohol. The average yield of alcohol from molasses is about 230 liters from 1 MT
of molasses.
• The different technologies like High brix fermentation, Multistage Continuous fermentation ,
Immobilized enzyme fermentation, Continuous fermentation without yeast separators are
using in the field of fermentation to get a high yield of 280 to 300 liters per MT of molasses
• After fermentation the next stage in the manufacture of alcohol is to separate alcohol from
fermented wash and to concentrate it to 95%alcohol called as rectified spirit .For this
purpose, method of distillation is employed.
• The fermented wash first enters the beer heater, which is a condenser for condensing
alcoholic vapors by using wash a cooling medium .The objective of this beer heater is to
recover the heat from the hot vapors of alcohol .Fermented wash from the beer heater goes to
degasifying column, degasifying column bottom goes to the top plate of the wash column.
This column consists of 18 plates .The steam is admitted through the steam sparger situated
at the bottom of the column .As the steam rise up, the wash descending from the top to the
bottom of the column gets heated and by the time it reaches to bottom plate, it consist
8
practically no alcohol .The wash going out is called spent wash, which is discharged to the
drainpipe.
• The vapors coming from wash column now consists approximately 50%alchol and 50%
water with impurities such as higher alcohols, aldehydes ,acids ,sulphur dioxide etc .Part of
these vapors are led to Pre-rectifier column. Other portion of the vapors ,which is major
quantity ,is led to rectifying column .This column consist of 44 plates ,which helps the
removal of based smelling fusel oil ,which is a mixture of higher alcohol .As the vapors
coming from wash column rise to the top of the rectifying column ,the concentration of
alcohol goes on increasing and finally it aches to he concentration of 95.5%alcohol.
• Actual product of rectified spirit is drawn from the 3 plate from the top and cooled in alcohol
cooler and taken out as a product. The fusel oil which is a mixture of higher alcohol is drawn
from the 6 to 10 plate from bottom of rectifying column as a stream of vapors ,it is
condensed and cooled and led into a decanter where it is mixed with water .Fusel oil is
recovered at the rate of 0.2% of alcohol produced.
• The alcohol both pure and impure is first led into separate receivers. The quantity of alcohol
produced is assessed daily in the receivers and it is finally transferred to storage vas in the
warehouse .The spirit from storage vats could be issued for denaturation, or for own
consumption, or directly to the tankers of the customer depending upon the type of
requisition. All these precautions are taken.
Manufacturing process for Anhydrous Alcohol:
Alcohol as manufactured by Indian distilleries is rectified spirit ,which is 94.68%alcohol,and rest is

water .It is not possible to remove remaining water from rectified spirit by straight distillation as
ethyl alcohol forms a constant boiling mixture with water at this concentration and is known as
azeotrrpe. Therefore, special process for removal of water is required for manufacture of anhydrous
alcohol.
In order to extract water from it is necessary to use some dehydrant or entrainer, which is capable of
separating, water from alcohol.
9
Simple dehydrant is unslacked lime , Industrial alcohol is taken in a reactor and quick lime ,is added
to that and the mixture is left over night for complete reaction .It is then distilled in fractionating
column to get anhydrous alcohol .Water is retained by quick lime .This process is used for small –
scale production of anhydrous alcohol by batch process. The various process used for dehydration of
alcohol are Azeotropic distillation, Molecular sieve, Pervaporation /Vapor permeation system
Manufacturing Process Grain –based:
• This is grain based unit. It was possible to procure the raw material either in the form of Corn
or in the form of loose Grain. The later is preferred. If Corn is brought, then grains are
required to be separated first. This creates removal of unwanted mass of agricultural residue
in the factory, creating a problem of fugitive emissions and Solid Waste (albeit non-
hazardous). On the other hand if separation is done in the original field, the trash can be used
then and there. Thus grain is received here in gunny bags in clean fashion.
• The grain is available in the vicinity and hence big storage is not necessary. A JIT (Just in
Time) principle for lowering the inventory is possible. Only 10 days stock is kept at a time.
This improves the logistic support and avoids any night time rush transport. Two storage
silos are provided to prevent any deterioration awaiting use.
• Stored corn in conveyed to grain-cleaning equipment where trash such as soil particles, metal
and rock is removed. The timely removal of grit and coarse matter increases the life span of
• The clean dry grain is to be biodegraded. The fist preparatory step will be to make separation
of degradable inner material from the outer skin, rind or wall of grain. This is done in
hammer mills (two operating mills, plus one standby). Hammering is done by mechanical
means. This is helped by making the dry grain suitably moist. The grain is now labeled as
corn meal because it is ready to serve like it. The hammering action is well designed and well
controlled to save energy and to effectively separate out the husk. The impact is taken by the
grain and not by the Mild Steel wall of vessel. This makes the fines and absorbs the noise.
Vibration is controlled by foundation.
• The Corn Meal is now to be converted into “mash”. This is first step of microbial action
called “Liquefaction”. To have good performance efficiency an optimum time of two hours
10
and optimum temperature of 880C is provided in this tank. Proper environment is provided to
the Yeast by way of selected culture, pH range, nutrients, moisture and specialized alpha-
amylase enzymes. Thermostatic control is provided to maintain the temperature desired.
Incoming material feed is metered in small but continuous dose. Recycled hot evaporator
condensate provides the desired temperature that serves both the purposes. This liquefaction
is not just a physical dilution, but a first step of microbial conversion. Thus ‘mash’ is now
ready.
• “Mash” is now to be converted into “Final mash”. In a Post- liquefaction tank meant for this
purpose, backset (recycled thin spillage from the centrifuge) is added, amounting to 15% by
volume of the final mash. Then the mash is heated to 110oC, for period of 20 minutes, and
cooled to 60oC.
• The “Final mash” is to be now made “scarified Mash”. This is done in a reactor. The
contents are stirred for enhancing the biochemical reaction where saccharification takes
place. To accelerate this, specialized glucoamylase is introduced keeping optimum pH (4.4)
and optimum Hydraulic Residence Time (6 hours).
• The saccharified mash is cooled to 33oC and fed to Fermentation tanks. Similar precautions
are taken as are taken for saccharification namely mechanical arrangement of cascading,
inoculating special yeast culture, optimum Hydraulic Residence Time of 46 hours, optimum
Temperature not exceeding 33oC and enhancing the biochemical reaction by stirring. Stirring
is done by recirculation the off-gas through a compressor mixesthe airlift fermenters.
This serves two purposes, stirring as well as scrubbing of CO2 and alcohol, which would
have otherwise escaped out (creating hydrocarbon air pollutants). The post-fermenter liquor
(now labeled as “Whole beer”) has concentration of E.N.A. as 9% by weight or says 12% by
volume.
• The Alcohol is to be separated from the “whole beer”. This is Distillation section, comprising
of units like Beer Column, Rectifier, Stripper, Molecular Sieve beds etc. Beer is heated, and
fed to the beer column. Steam and cooling water for heating and cooling of the mash, whole
beer, and whole stillage are conserved by the use of heat recovery exchangers. The whole
stillage leaves the bottom of the beer column. The overhead vapors pass to the bottom of the
rectifier, where the concentration of E.N.A. is increased from 45% to 91% by weight. The
11
bottoms from the rectifier are pumped to the top of the stripper. The bottoms from the
stripper are recycled to the liquefaction tank along with evaporator condensate. (This serves
two purposes namely increasing the temperature and conserving the escaping alcohol). The
concentrated vapor from the rectifier is superheated and passes through one of two
dehydrating molecular sieve beds; one is used while the other is regenerated. Vapors from
the regenerated bed are condensed and recycled to the rectifier. The superheated vapor
passing through the molecular sieve bed contains more than 99% by weight E.N.A. The
product is condensed, cooled and stored.
oligomers. In saccharification, the gluco-amylase attacks the non-reducing end of maltose
and higher oligomers, splitting off glucose. In addition to the alpha 1-4 linkages, there are
alpha 1-6 branch points. These are attacked by pullylanase. This enzyme is probably found as
a minor constituent of commercial enzymes, which are not pure enzyme preparations, but
complex mixtures. The latest development in dry-mill E.N.A. enzymes is alpha amylase
containing some protease and pullylanase that makes some of the corn protein available for
yeast nutrition.
12
6. POLLUTION CONTROL
Sangamner Bhag S.S.K Ltd Amrutnagar proposes to establish a grain-based 40 KLPD Distillery;
the details regarding pollution control of water, air and solid wastes are as follows
A) Water Regime:
Water Budget:
a) Source –
The water input for the Sangamner Bhag S.S.K Ltd Amrutnagar plant is drawn from . The water is
satisfactory as drinking water source for the purpose. It will be treated purified fully by us including
RSF (rapid sand filtration) and disinfection. The source is dependable all the year round and quality
is acceptable. Proper water softening and demineralization gadget will be provided for certain
portion required as dematerialized water for boiler or soft water for process.
b) Water budget- water is required for various purposes like Boiler, Cooling, Process Floor
washing, Vassal washing, Vacuum pump, Domestic use. The summery being –
Water Budget (Molasses / Sugar Cane Juice Syrup Based)

Tower
Plant

13
i) Fresh 469
Water
ii) CO2 10
Scrubbing
iii) Spent 106
less
Fermentation
vessel
washing
12 CO2 10 - 0 Sent to 10
Total 1933 294 498 1141
Net Input 792


Saccharificatio 116
n
14
ii) Milling n
iii)Raw Material 08
iv) Steam 27
24
i) Liquefaction 218
ii) Steam 116
i) From 334
Saccharification
ii) Fresh Water 80
iii)CO2
Scrubbing 10
iv) Spent less 93
Fermentation
washing
fermentation
Total 2421 354 447 1620
Net Input 801
All figures in cum/day.
15
Characteristics
The Characteristics of this effluent (Molasses Based) stream are expected to be:
Sr. Parameter Raw spent mash from continuous fermentation
process
No.
1 PH 4.0 – 4.3
2 Temperature 850C
2 Color Dark brown
3 Chlorides 6000-7500
4 Solids- 4000-6000
Total 1,30,000-1,60,000
Total Volatile 60,000-75,000
Inorganic dissolved 35,000-45,000
5 BOD 55,000-65,000
6 COD 1,10,000-1,30,000
7 Sulphates 4,500-8,500

Table: Characteristics of Effluents
Treatment:
Stream (A)
The domestic effluent is of weak nature with biochemical demand BOD as 90-120 mg/lit and
suspended solids SS as 80-140 mg/lit. There is no toxicity involved and is fully biodegradable.
This is treatable in a well designed septic tank of hydraulic retention time of more than 24 hours.
This is compartmentalized by baffles.
16
The Domestic Waste Water (sewage effluent) is required to be treated to bring it to the quality of
100/100 (BOD/SS) standards, suitable for use on gardening, irrigation. This is best done
traditionally by providing a septic tank. Sangamner Bhag S.S.K Ltd Amrutnagar has so provided.
disinfection and safety for sewage farm workers shall be provided. This arrangement is found to
be satisfactory.
Stream (B)
This shall be used again for various purposes such as for (1) Boiler feed, (2) Liquefaction and (3)
Saccharified mash dilution, before or at fermentation.
Stream (C)
The Sober wastewater stream comes from boiler blow down and cooling purging water. Except
temperature, it has no other objectionable characteristic. This is cooled and used on garden
locally. The quantity is small.
Stream (D)
floor- vessel washings. This needs treatment and Biological Oxidation is possible. The quantity,
however, is so small that independent ETP is untenable. Thus with small collection tank, it is
allowed to mix with polluted stream (D) and treated-disposed with it. This too serves as diluents
in case of molasses based before its effluent goes into Bio-Digester or in case of grain based
before its effluent goes into ETP.
Stream (E)
However, it is neither poisonous, nor toxic, nor hazardous. It is highly Biodegradable, and after
treatment, acceptable to the crops. It is proposed to treat the effluent in two stages, by Anaerobic
Methane Bio-Digestion and by Aerobic Bio-composting Treatment.
17
I) Anaerobic Methane bio-digester will have following units
# Unit Purpose Environmental significance
1 Plate type heat Bringing down the Open lagoons for cooling avoided.
exchanger temperature suitable to Heat is recovered. Congenial to
microbes Microbes
2 Collection sump Efficient mixing of all Adjusts, equalizes BOD, pH, flow for
effluent sub streams easier loading ahead
and return stream
3 Digestion tank Biological activity High HRT (15 days) given, contact
opportunity by mixing 25 HP for
higher efficiency
4 Clarifier Settling the active Reusing the skilled worker increases
biomass for returning the efficiency, resulting in more
Methane and less outgoing BOD
5 Gas holder To adjust the demand In no-demand period, no need of
letting out the methane
6 Other attendant To suit Brings in the flexibility of operation
units
Table: Anaerobic Methane bio-digester unit
(II) Post-digester effluent will be subjected bio composting. The press mud and other raw material
shall be used by the factory to convert the waste water into valuable compost.
The effluent from Gain Based process shall be treated by means of conventional process comprising
of following units.
Sr. Unit Purpose

No.
18
settable B.O.D.
3 Trickling Filter For freshening and conditioning effluent for Aerobic
Stage using attached growth principle
growth principle
performance
Table: ETP Units
There will also be attendant units like Pump House, Electrical Panel Room and Sludge Drying Beds.
A # Parameter After treatment

1 pH 5.5 to9.0
Laboratory and Documentation shall support all the systems above.
Disposal:
19
Stream (A)
Stream (B)

SOLID WASTE
The industrial activity at Sangamner Bhag S.S.K Ltd Amrutnagar uses only one main raw
material and it is in solid form.
• Minimization at all levels will be attempted for discarded products, empty containers
(which are rare), packing surpluses, incoming raw material unloading spillages (which is
rare) and fugitives. The factory has very little scrap materials. All these, however, be
carefully stored on raised platform with dwarf toe walls all around, and a roof over-head.
The contents shall not be held in the premises for more than a fortnight.
20
• These measures can easily be taken by Sanamner Bhag S.S.K Ltd Amrutnagar because
(1) they have no discards or off-specification products, and (2) the waste is fully recycled
both in green stage and in dry stage.
# Waste Treatment Disposal Remark

Quantity/day

Development
4 Grain skins 1500 kg Segregation Sale as animal Useful
feed
5 Yeast 30 kg Compost Own garden Organic
sludge
already Non-
Hazardous
Packing Hazardous
trash .
Table: Solid Waste per Day
Colony is very small (only nominal) and so is the labor strength attending the shifts. The municipal
waste from the colony and canteen is thus controllable. This will be composted and used in due
course on own land as manure. Plastic use is discouraged. . Yeast is recycled as the viable
21
community helps in more yield and conversion. Only some part is wasted. This is organic nature and
is suitable for getting composted. This is so done. ETP sludge is organic and digested. Thus after
dewatering can be used on land for conditioning. Office and packing trash is kept minimum and
disposed by sales or reuse
(b) Air Pollution:

The High Pressure Boiler will be provided with cyclone and scrubber. As the fuel is methane gas,
fear of SPM is non-existent and still a cyclone is provided. Any other combustion gases will be
absorbed in scrubber. Tall stack is provided as per norms. The exhaust steam of low pressure is put
to second use in the unit. The hdrocyclones, carbon dioxide scrubber to recover alcohol, efficient
plate heat exchangers for cooling recycled stillage and for cooling fermented wash is provided .The
CO2 which is liberated ,is scrubbed in water, with the of CO2 Scrubber. This CO2 contains ethanol,
which is recovered by collecting CO2 scrubber water into sludge decantation.
The air pollution sources are known and accordingly measures of prevention, abatement, control and
mitigation will be taken. This can be summarized as –

1 Boiler SPM , Feed methane more, Dampers, ID Fan, CO2 meter, Fly-ash
CO rather than bagasse. arrestor. Light ash through very tall stack.
2 Fermentation CO2 Tank covered Scrubbed in water
3 Distillation HC Closed circuit
4 Spent-mash HC, Heat Heat Exchanger (Not open to sky cooling)
5 ETP HC -- Fully Aerobic turning
With these precautions air and odor pollution will be under check.
22
7. Background Study:
This is important part of study.
(A) Natural Environment : We have undertaken to do the sampling as –
• Surface Water: 2 Locations, 11 Parameters.

• Ground Water: 9 Locations, 9 Parameters. Includes 1 up gradient and 2
down gradient of effluent land irrigation yard source.
• Air Quality: 3 Months, For SPM, RSPM, SO2 and NOx. 9 Locations Includes 1
upwind and 2 downwind of stack source.
• Noise: 9 Locations.
• Soil: 9 Locations, 2 locations in Actual land irrigation yard.
The stations will be selected in all the eight directions from the factory and in 10 km radius.
(B) Manmade environment
This includes existing land-use, demography, employment, socio-economic aspects and

community development needed and proposed. This will be for entire area both rural and
urban in this study zone.
• Socio-Economic Status in Influence Zone will include the study of Non-Workers

percentage whether high, from the percentage employed population on Agricultural,
how far is the scope for other avenues of livelihood like Live Stock, Forestry,
Fishing, Hunting, Orchards, Mining, Trade Commerce.
• Further out of Total Land what percentage is already under Cultivation and Out of
Total Land what percentage is already under Irrigation?
• If the land is not likely to support more people, then whether Industrialization is
necessary to improve the situation. All this will be studied as cost benefit ratio.
23
8. Safety
Safety and Occupational Health will be dealt carefully. A disciplined approach is natural to
this industry. Safety policy will be in place. The unit will be registered under Factory Act and
are bound by State Factory Rules. Thus, First aid trained and Fire-fighting trained person will
be available in every shift. Safety Officer will be appointed, as also the competent person
retained. Where necessary, provisions of other Acts, where required like Petroleum act,
Explosive Act, etc. will be obeyed. Fire fighting system is kept as per norms of Insurance
Company and CIF.
DMP (Disaster Management Plan) and off-site emergency plan will be in place.
Accordingly, Personal protection equipment will be given and use will be insisted.
Consulting Physician is retained to attain the factory.
9. BENEFITS
This industry will provide ENA alcohol as useful material for India, which will earn foreign
exchange in the potable alcohol cadre. This will not disturb the present land use because our
area occupied will be only small % of Influence zone 10 km. Compatible Architecture will be
adopted and No Prime Agriculture Land will be put to this industrial use. Trees will be
maintained and not raised down. No Rehabilitation is involved. The problematic waste
materials like solid waste (skins of grain) will be used as cattle feed, Wastewater will be
reused to grow the raw material, wastewater will be used to get non conventional, renewable
energy, and greenery will be increased. People will get some jobs here and the grain of
farmers will get proper price and lifting at right time. Some incidental small employment like
eatery, canteen, tyre repairs, and garage too will become available to genuine people. This
will be beneficial to the society. Due to this project, farmer will get more prices for grain
using less water than sugar cane.
24
10. EIA Study Report
This will be finally prepared and submitted as per guidelines given by MoEF as --
Chapters Contents
I Proponents, TOR, Purpose
II Project explained. Why this, Why needed, Why here, What
priorities, What options
III Environment Setting Natural & Man-made
Material, Method, Approach Delphi technique
IV High Significant Impact Æ Low Insignificant Impact & Shield
Proper Site Æ Prevention Æ Abatement Æ Treatment Æ
Mitigation Æ Smooth Disposal
V Alternate Analysis
Selection of Raw Materials, Site, Process, Machinery-
Hardware, Collaborators, Staff & Team
VI Monitoring = Stations, Parameters, Frequency, Statistics,
Rectify
VII Extra Innings Risk = To Environment, To
Health, To Bankers
Public Consultation Community = Ousters
Reporting Rehabilitation.
Others- Assistance
VIII Benefits = Physical, Social, Employment, Other Tangible.
Sustainable??
IX Cost-Benefit. If Project Done? If No-Project??
X EMP = Plan, Cell, Schedule, Watch-dog, Monitoring,
Documentation, Reporting
XI Summary, Conclusion, Justification, Mitigation.
XII EIA Team = Proponent, Consultant, Associates, Future
25
11. Scoping
• Against the study area of 31400 ha, the land under distillery is merely less than 0.025 %.
Thus, there will not be change in landuse pattern. The present land is already non-
agricultural and under industrial use.
• Raw material requirement, water requirement, water balance, process details,
technology, product storage, etc.
from Stack.
etc.
submitted.
26
12. Conclusion
• This project is very necessary in view of converting grain and waste grain into useful foreign
exchange saver product.
• The local people desire that this industry will be welcome in their area.
• The candidate site is suitable from general MoEF expectations.
• Water, power, raw material, Filler Material and Market is assured and found available with
ease.
• Full precautions will be taken for Pollution Control, Resource Conservation and
Environmental Protection.
• This is cost effective and Sustainable Development.
--00--
27

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FORM 1

(I) Basic Information

Name of the Project : M/s Sangamnar Bhag .S.S.K Ltd

Size of the Project : 40 KLPD Distillery

Expected cost of the project : Rs. 3287.46 Lac

Contact Information : Phone-02425-255457, 25370,225499,225399

• Capacity corresponding to sectoral activity (such as production capacity for

1. Construction, operation or decommissioning of the Project involving actions,

SR. Details thereof (with approximate quantities

1 .5 Construction works? Yes Distillery building, spent wash storage tank,

1.6 Demolition works? No There is no demolition works.

1.7 Temporary sites used for construction No Only day working

1.9 Underground works including mining or No

1.10 Reclamation works? No

1.12 Off shore structures? No -

1.15 Facilities for treatment or disposal of Yes Solid waste

1.21 Impoundment, damming, culver ting, No

1.24 Changes in water bodies or the land No

1.29 Introduction of alien species? No

1.30 Loss of native species or genetic No ----

2. Use of Natural resources for construction or operation of the Project (such as

2.3 Minerals (MT) No

2.4 Construction material - stone, Limited Limited construction work. More of

SR. Yes/No Details thereof (with approximate

3.1 Use of substances or materials, which No Nothing above threshold level

3.4 Vulnerable groups of people who could No

SR. Information/Checklist confirmation Yes/No Details thereof (with approximate

4.1 Spoil, overburden or mine wastes No

4.8 Redundant machinery or equipment No

4.10 Agricultural wastes No

5. Release of pollutants or any hazardous, toxic or noxious substances to air (Kg/hr)

5.2 No CO2 from fermenters (scrubbed for

5.6 Emissions from incineration of waste No No incineration of waste therefore no

6. Generation of Noise and Vibration, and Emissions of Light and Heat:

6.3 From construction or demolition Low No demolition involved. Civil and

7.2 From discharge of sewage or other No Sewage low quantity, effluent

7.3 By deposition of pollutants emitted to No

7.4 From any other sources No

7.5 Is there a risk of long term build up of No

SR. Yes/No Details thereof (with approximate

8.3 Could the project be affected by natural No Site is selected carefully

9. Factors which should be considered (such as consequential development) which

(III) Environmental Sensitivity

(IV). Proposed Terms of Reference for EIA studies

• The present land is already non-agricultural and under industrial use.

Signature of Authorized person with seal

10. EIA Structure

Raw Materials Input

# Raw Material Quantity/day

3. Turkey Red Oil (TRO) 260 Kg

4 Turkey Red Oil (TRO) 40 Kg

For Sugar Cane Juice Syrup

Manufacturing Process for Molasses Based Distillery:

Chemically the transformation for sucrose to alcohol can be approximated by equation:

Cane sugar Glucose + Fructose

2) C6H12O6 2C2H5OH + 2CO2

Glucose/Fructose Ethyl Alcohol Carbon Dioxide

Manufacturing process for Anhydrous Alcohol:

Alcohol as manufactured by Indian distilleries is rectified spirit ,which is 94.68%alcohol,and rest is

All these precautions are taken.

Water Budget (Molasses / Sugar Cane Juice Syrup Based)

# Stations Input Loss Loss as Effluent Sent to Quantity