INTRODUCTOINS Internal drivers: they need to address current
Beyond the river: the benefits of cooperation on
international rivers
1- Benefit to the river (Environmental)
2- Benefit from the river (economic)
3- Reduce cost because of the river (political)
4- Increase benefit beyond the river
vary greatly between basins, reflecting a wide range
of political, geographic, economic and cultural
circumstances.
Megatrends in Shared Waters in 2030 and Beyond
Megatrends such as climate change, new
technologies, and information availability and
control will require us to reshape our vision of
shared waters in 2030 and beyond.
As a potential way to grow and bolster
institutional capacity to adapt to changes,
future management should acknowledge
several shifts in understanding shared waters:
1- expanding how we conceptualize
shared waters;
2- addressing inequities embedded within
shared waters management;
3- broadening the view of shared water
actors.
Types of benefit-sharing
- Compensation
- Direct financial benefit-sharing
- Tax-based benefit-sharing
- Trade in products or services (including
preferential)
- Sharing/joint ownership of water
infrastructure
- Development funds
Subramanian
What drives countries to enter into a deal?
demand and needs (securing water, food and
energy)
External drivers: regional and global influence
and geopolitics, Climate risks
Economic and political benefit and risks are very
important
Risk analysis and reducing risk are very
important for fostering cooperation.
Tipping point
If a country cannot control risk, it may not be
entering into cooperation and if the risk is
reduced, there is possibility for cooperation
Political opportunity for policy makers are also
very important.
Five categories of risks: capacity and
knowledge, voice and accountability,
sovereignty and autonomy, fairness and equity,
stability and support
Key messages:
1. Risks are less studied, but critical in decision
making
2. Countries are not unitary actors. Instead,
several stakeholders are likely involved.
3. Individual decision makers matter.
Champions are key.
4. Solutions must be devised for situations.
These solutions should match country
needs.
5. Risks will most likely require a diversity of
interventions.
6. Opportunities can outweigh residual risks.
7. Politics are difficult to predict, so
anticipation is critical.
8. National, regional, and global events affect
opportunity.
9. Long-term time commitment is needed.
10. Deals are dynamic.
Seven Categories of Risk Reductions
Knowledge and Skill Expansion
Training and studies to meet gaps in capacity and
knowledge, and support for developing new skills.
Institutional Design
Tailoring the institutional arrangement to be a “fit
for purpose” cooperative arrangement for dialogue
and action among riparians.
Agreement Design
Tailoring the agreement to the preferences of
political leaders involved in terms of its formality,
scope, goals, obligations, etc.
Program Design
Shaping the program to address country interests
and goals—sectoral linkages, long- vs. short-term
benefits, review and monitoring, etc.
Financing and/or Guarantee
Meeting financing needs and gaps identified by
countries, including third party guarantee of
financial obligations.
Facilitation (Third Party)
Unbiased, third party assistance in dialogues among
riparians, including clarifications and interpretations.
Decision Legitimacy
Use of consultation and discussion forums and other
avenues for ensuring widespread domestic and
regional support of decisions.
Basin Level Arrangements
A. SADC guideline for strengthening RB
Establishment and development
Shared water course institutions; RBO, RBC, Joint
water commission or joint technical committee, or
joint water authority
Guiding Principles:
Based on three customary law principles; equitable
and reasonable utilization, prevention of significant
harm and prior notification
Methods and conceptual framework:
1. Establishment process
2. Water course agreement
3. Organizational structure
1- Establishment process:
Conceptualization, negotiations, establishment and
operationalization
2- Water course agreement
Preamble, establishment, governance, obligations
and legal arrangement
3- Organizational Structure
River basin commission, Joint water commission or
joint technical committee, or joint water authority
B- Conceptualizing International River Basin
Organizations
Key constitutive elements of RBOs:
we identify nine constitutive elements under three
broad categories: internationalization,
institutionalization and governance. Accordingly, we
propose a definition of international RBOs as:
“institutionalized forms of cooperation that are
based on binding international agreements covering
the geographically defined area of international river
or lake basins characterized by principles, norms,
rules and governance mechanisms.”
A. Internationalization
1- Binding international agreement
(legally or politically)
2- internationally shared river or lake
basin and its water resources
B. Institutionalization
1- Permanence
2- RBO infrastructure (Organizational
structure)
3- Actor quality (ability to act
independently, legal personality and
capacity)
C. Governance
1- principles
2- norms
3- rules
4- water governance mechanisms.
DATA
Science–policy processes for transboundary water
governance
barriers to effective science–policy interaction
- power asymmetry, economic and military
pressure, accuracy,
five conditions as supportive for effective policy
science interactions:
1- recognizing that science is a crucial but
bounded aspect in water resource decision-
making processes
 2- establishing initial conditions and shared
commitment among actors;
3- understanding that social or group learning
processes linked to science–policy
interaction are enhanced through greater
collaboration;
4- accepting that the collaborative production
of knowledge about hydrological and
associated socioeconomic change and
institutional responses is essential to build
legitimate decision-making processes;
5- engaging boundary organizations and
supporting informal networks of scientists,
policy makers and civil society.

Greater exchange, greater ambiguity

Direct sharing mechanism

Indirect sharing mechanism
- prior notifications
- formalized communications

Stakeholder Analysis

This consists of methods for: i) identifying

stakeholders; ii) differentiating between and
categorizing stakeholders; and iii) investigating
relationships between stakeholders