Power Systems

DEPARTMENT
OF
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
III B.TECH II SEMESTER

REGULATION/LAB CODE: R16/EE604PC
LABORATORY MANUAL
POWER SYSTEMS
Power Systems Lab
DEPARTMENT
OF
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
VISION
To become a renowned department imparting both technical and non-technical
skills to the students by implementing new engineering pedagogy’s and research to
produce competent new age electrical engineers.
MISSION
 To transform the students into motivated and knowledgeable new age electrical
engineers.
 To advance the quality of education to produce world class technocrats with an

ability to adapt to the academically challenging environment.
 To provide a progressive environment for learning through organized teaching

methodologies, contemporary curriculum and research in the thrust areas of
electrical engineering.
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Power Systems Lab
Program Educational Objectives (PEO’s):

PEO 1: Apply knowledge and skills to provide solutions to Electrical and
Electronics Engineering problems in industry and governmental organizations or to
enhance student learning in educational institutions
PEO 2: Work as a team with a sense of ethics and professionalism, and

communicate effectively to manage cross-cultural and multidisciplinary teams
PEO 3: Update their knowledge continuously through lifelong learning that

contributes to personal, global and organizational growth

Power Systems Lab
Program Outcomes (PO’s):

A graduate of the Electrical and Electronics Engineering Program will
demonstrate:
PO 1: Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science,
engineering fundamentals and an engineering specialization to the solution of
complex engineering problems.
PO 2: Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and

analyze complex engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using
first principles of mathematics, natural science and engineering sciences.
PO 3: Design/development of solutions: design solutions for complex
engineering problems and design system components or processes that meet the
specified needs with appropriate consideration for the public health and safety,
and the cultural, societal and environmental considerations.
PO 4: Conduct investigations of complex problems: use research based
knowledge and research methods including design of experiments, analysis and
interpretation of data, and synthesis of the information to provide valid
conclusions.
PO 5: Modern tool usage: create, select and apply appropriate techniques,
resources and modern engineering and IT tools including prediction and
modelling to complex engineering activities with an understanding of the
limitations.
PO 6: The engineer and society: apply reasoning informed by the contextual
knowledge to assess societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the
consequent responsibilities relevant to the professional engineering practice.
PO 7: Environment sustainability: understand the impact of the professional
engineering solutions in the societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate
the knowledge of, and need for sustainable development.
PO 8: Ethics: apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and
responsibilities and norms of the engineering practice.

Power Systems Lab
PO 9: Individual and team work: function effectively as an individual and as a

member or leader in diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.
PO 10: Communication: communicate effectively on complex engineering
activities with the engineering community and with society at large, such as,
being able to comprehend and write effective reports and design documentation,
make effective presentations, and give and receive clear instructions.
PO 11: Project management and finance: demonstrate knowledge and
understanding of the engineering and management principles and apply these to
one’s own work, as a member and leader in a team, to manage projects and in
multidisciplinary environments.
PO 12: Lifelong learning: recognize the need for, and have the preparation and
ability to engage in independent and lifelong learning in the broader context of
technological change.

Power Systems Lab
Program Specific Outcomes (PSO’s):

PSO-1: Apply the engineering fundamental knowledge to identify, formulate,
design and investigate complex engineering problems of electric circuits, power
electronics, electrical machines and power systems and to succeed in competitive
exams like GATE, IES, GRE, OEFL, GMAT, etc.
PSO-2: Apply appropriate techniques and modern engineering hardware and
software tools in power systems and power electronics to engage in life-long
learning and to get an employment in the field of Electrical and Electronics
Engineering.
PSO-3: Understand the impact of engineering solutions in societal and
environmental context, commit to professional ethics and communicate effectively.

Power Systems Lab
Course Outcomes (CO’s):
Upon completion of this course, the student will be able to:
CO1: Perform load flow analysis using Gauss Seidal and Fast Decoupled methods.
CO2: Analyze different protection methods.
CO3: Find the sequence impedances of a 3 phase machines
CO4: Analyze the transmission line models.

Power Systems Lab
EE604PC: POWER SYSTEMS LAB
B.Tech. III Year II Sem. LTPC

0 0 3 2
Note:
 Minimum 12 experiments should be conducted.
 Experiments are to be simulated using Multisim or P-spice or Equivalent Simulation and
then testing to be done in hardware.
The following experiments are required to be conducted compulsory experiments:

PART -A
1. Characteristics of IDMT over current relay
2. Differential protection of single phase transformer
3. Characteristics of micro processor based over voltage/under voltage relay
4. Testing of CT,PT’s and insulator strings
5. Finding the sequence impedances of 3-phase synchronous machine
6. Finding the sequence impedances of 3-phase transformer
In addition to the above eight experiments, at least any two of the experiments from the
following list are required to be conducted.
PART-B
7. Formation of Y BUS.
8. Load Flow Analysis using Gauss Seidal (GS) Method.
9. Load Flow Analysis using Fast Decoupled (FD) Method.
10. Formation of Z BUS.
11. LG, LL and 3-Φ fault analysis of 3-Φ synchronous machine.
12. Power circle diagrams of a 3-Φ transmission line model.
13. ABCD constants and Regulation of a 3-Φ transmission line model.
14. Transient Stability Analysis for Single Machine connected to Infinite Bus by Point by Point method.

Power Systems Lab
Instructions to the students:

A. Do’s
1. Attend the laboratory always in time
2. Attend in formal dress
3. Submit the laboratory record and observation in every lab session
4. Use the laboratory systems properly and carefully
5. Attend the lab with procedure for the experiment
6. Switch off the systems immediately after the completion of the experiment
7. Place the bags outside
8. Leave the footwear outside
B. Don’ts
1. Don’t make noise in the laboratory
2. Don’t miss handle lab system
3. Don’t use cell phone in the lab

Power Systems Lab
INTRODUCTION TO LAB:
An electric power system is a network of electrical components deployed to supply,
transfer, and use electric power. An example of an electric power system is the grid that provides
power to an extended area. An electrical grid power system can be broadly divided into
the generators that supply the power, the transmission system that carries the power from the
generating centres to the load centres, and the distribution system that feeds the power to nearby
homes and industries. Smaller power systems are also found in industry, hospitals, commercial
buildings and homes. The majority of these systems rely upon three-phase AC power—the
standard for large-scale power transmission and distribution across the modern world. Specialised
power systems that do not always rely upon three-phase AC power are found in aircraft, electric
rail systems, ocean liners and automobiles.

Power Systems Lab
INDEX
S.No Name of the Experiment Page No
1 Characteristics of IDMT Over Current Relay.
Differential protection of 1-Φ transformer.

2
Characteristics of Micro Processor based Over Voltage/Under

3
Voltage relay.
Testing of CT, PT’s and Insulator strings.
4
Finding the sequence impedances of 3-Φ synchronous machine.

5
Finding the sequence impedances of 3-Φ Transformer.

6
Formation of YBUS.
7
Load Flow Analysis using Gauss Seidal (GS) Method.

8
Load Flow Analysis using Fast Decoupled (FD) Method.

9
Formation of ZBUS.
10
11 LG, LL and 3-Φ fault analysis of 3-Φ synchronous machine

12 Power circle diagrams of a 3-Φ transmission line model
13 ABCD constants and Regulation of a 3-Φ transmission line
model
Transient Stability Analysis for Single Machine connected to
14 Infinite Bus by Point by Point method.

Power Systems Lab
EXPERIMENT -1
IDMT Characteristics of Over Current Relay
AIM: To study the Operation of an Non- Directional electromechanical type over current (I D M
T relay) and plot the inverse time current characteristics.
APPARATUS:
Non-Directional Over current relay --1 no
Time Totalizer --1 no
Fault creation Panel --1 no
Digital Ammeter --1 no
THEORY:
IDMT relay is inverse definite minimum time relay. It is one in which Time of operation is
inversely proportional to magnitude of fault current near pickup value and becomes substantially
constant slightly above the pickup value of the Relay. This is achieved by using a core of the
Electro Magnet which gets saturated for currents slightly greater than the pickup current. Fault
current and measure relay operation time is used to conduct the experiment. Values recorded for
various TSMs and PSMs. Characteristics studied with the help of a graph and correlated with
theory.
This relay consists of Induction disc unit with an operation indicator and in some cases an
instantaneous high set unit all assembled are in standard frame. Type disc shaft carried silver rod
moving contacts which complete the auxiliary unit circuit through the fixed contract. Permanent
magnet is used to control the disc speed. The setting is adjusted by the movement of the back stop
which is controlled by the rotating a KNUR LED molded disc at the base of graduated time
multiplier.
Procedure:-
1. Switch ON the MCB.
2. Initially rotor switch should be in OFF position.
3. Now set the described fault current by using the current source. For that switch ON the rotor
switch and move the current till the described fault current is indicated in the ammeter.
4. Now move the rotor switch is OFF position and press the green button. Note down the time in
seconds after relay operated.
5. Repeat the same procedure for various T.S.M and P.S.M
6. Plot the graph between time take for relay to operate Vs P.S.M for various T.S.M.

Power Systems Lab
Circuit Diagram:
Precautions:-
 Disc must be stationary before applying fault current.
 TSM setting must be changed with due care.
Readings and Tabular forms:-
PSM = TSM =
SNO. Fault Current Time of
operation
Expected graphs:
Result:

Power Systems Lab
EXPERIMENT -2
Differential Protection on Single Phase Transformer

AIM: To study the differential protection scheme for a single phase transformer with unequal
turn’s ratio
APPARATUS:
Single phase transformer, Current transformer, Single phase variac, Suitable ammeters and over
current relay.
THEORY:
A Differential relay responds to vector difference between two or more similar electrical
quantities. From this definition the Differential relay has at least two actuating quantities say 1-1
and 2-1. The two or more actuating quantities should be same.
The Relay responds to vector difference between 1-1 &2-1which includes

magnitude and /or phase angle difference. Differential protection is generally unit protection.
The protection zone is exactly determined by location of CTs. The vector difference is
actuated by suitable connection of CTs or PTs secondary’s. Most differential relays are
current differential relays in which vector difference between current entering the winding &
current leaving the winding is used for relay operation. Differential protection is used for
protection of Generators, Transformers etc. Internal fault is created using switch and relay
operation observed for various TSMs. Relay operations for external faults can also be studied.
Procedure:
1. Make the connections as shown in fig
2. Select the transformation ratio 2:1 and the C.T. ratios of 2:1 and 4:1 Set PSM of the relay
equal to 0.5.
3. Apply rated voltage 230V to primary by varying the variac.
4. Without applying fault, note down different meter readings.
5. By applying load observe whether the relay is operating of not.
6. Now close the switch so as to create an internal fault.
7. Note the various ammeter readings when relay operates.
8. Create internal fault at different loads and note the various meter readings.
9. Now create an external fault and observe whether the relay operates or not, note the
various meter readings.

Power Systems Lab
Circuit Diagram:
Readings and Tabular form:
For Internal Fault:

S.No I I I I Relay
Primary Secondary relay fault operates/doesn’t
operate

Power Systems Lab
For External Fault:

S.No I I I I Relay
Primary Secondary relay fault operates/doesn’t
operate
Result:

Power Systems Lab
EXPERIMENT-3
Characteristics of Static Relay UV/OV 7052B/7053B

AIM: To study the operation of Microprocessor Based type under voltage relay and hence to
obtain inverse time/voltage characteristics.
APPARATUS:
Microprocessor Based Under voltage relay ----- 1No
Auto Transformer ----- 1No
Voltmeter (0-600V)MI ----- 1No
Timer ----- 1No
Connecting Wire
THEORY:
Over Voltage/Under Voltage Relay is an electronic microcontroller based single-phase
voltage relay. It is suitable for over voltage/under voltage protection schemes in LV, MV and HV
power distribution systems. It is also suitable for over voltage protection of AC circuits,
capacitors, machines such as generators, synchronous motor and under voltage protection of AC
circuits, Induction motors, automatic change over schemes etc.
The microcontroller-based design offers a wide range of Trip-Time characteristics, under

voltage or over voltage mode and PT rating (110V, 240V, 415V), which can all be selected in the
field at the time of commissioning. It accepts very wide auxiliary supply range.
Relay is designed for flush mounting. It is very compact in size, which results in saving of
panel space. Its draw-out construction makes installation and maintenance very easy.
Circuit Diagram:

Power Systems Lab
Procedure:
1. Switch on the MCB
2. Initially Rotary switch should be in OFF position
3. Now to set the desired fault voltage we will be using voltage source. For that switch
ON the Rotary switch marked as voltage set and move the voltage source till the
desired fault voltage is indicated on the voltmeter, it is quit possible that while
adjusting the fault voltage the Relay might trip for that you have to RESET the
RELAY by pressing the red button provided on the relay denoted by (RELAY
RESET) for resetting the relay the Rotary switch must be brought in OFF position.
4. Now the desire Fault voltage is SET and Relay RESET. Now move the Toggle Switch
on OFF position and press the green push button and timer counting will start and
counting will STOP once the relay is operated. Note down the time in seconds.
5. Now for various T.M.S (Time Multiplier Setting) and Voltage setting the time taken
by the relay to operate at various fault voltage may be note down
Tabular Column
Si. No. T.M.S Voltage Applied Operating

Setting Voltage Time
Graph
Plot the graph operating time Vs applied voltage.
Setting of Fault voltage Level:
Vs = 1-(0.05+∑a) Vn,
Where,
Vs = Pick up setting in volts
Vn = PT rating 110V
a = weight of the switch in ON position

Power Systems Lab
Note: In Under voltage mode, continuing with above example, the pick up setting becomes
Vs=(1-0.30) =70% of Vn. For 110 volts Vn, the pick up voltage becomes 77 volts. If Vn=415,
then pick up voltage becomes 290.5 volts. Where voltages below this set value, relay picks up and
trips according to selected trip time characteristics.
The trip time will depend upon:
a) Trip time characteristic selected and magnitude of fault in case of Inverse Trip Time
Characteristics.
b) Define Time in case of Definite Time Characteristics.
Time Multiplier Settling:
This feature offers various operations of Trip Time for a selected Trip Time
Characteristic. The Time Multiplication Factor can be set from 0.1 to 1.6 in steps of 0.1 using
the last block of four DIP switches shown in Diagram. This means in case of Inverse Trip
Time Characteristics. Relay offers 16 parallel curves corresponding to each Time Multiplier
Setting as shown in Figure and in case of Definite Trip Time mode, the trip time can be set
100msec to 160 secs.
The method of setting this switch is similar to one explained in previous pages.
Trip time T is given by formula
T = K (0.1+∑t) where
T = Trip time in seconds.
K = Constant depending on Trip Time Characteristic selected
Normal Inverse (3.5 secs) in OV mode when fault is 2Vs

Normal Inverse (5.7 secs) in UV mode when fault is 0.5Vs.
1.0 Definite Time (1.0 sec)
10.0 Definite Time (10 sec)
100.0 Definite Time (100 sec)
t=weight of the switches in ON position
RESULT:-

Power Systems Lab
EXPERIMENT -4
STUDY OF CURRENT TRANSFORMER AND POTENTIAL

TRANSFORMER
AIM: To study the performance of current and potential Transformers.
APPARATUS:
Sl.No Apparatus Range Quantity

1. Ammeters 0 – 20A 2
2. Voltmeters 0 – 500V 2
3. Connecting Wires - -
4.
THEORY:
Current transformers reduce high voltage currents to a much lower value and provide a
convenient way of safely monitoring the actual electrical current flowing in an AC transmission line using
a standard ammeter. The principal of operation of a basic current transformer is slightly different from that
of an ordinary voltage transformer. Current transformers can reduce or “step-down” current levels from
thousands of amperes down to a standard output of a known ratio to either 5 Amps or 1 Amp for normal
operation. Thus, small and accurate instruments and control devices can be used with CT’s because they
are insulated away from any high-voltage power lines. There are a variety of metering applications and
uses for current transformers such as with Wattmeter’s, power factor meters, watt-hour meters, protective
relays, or as trip coils in magnetic circuit breakers, or MCB’s.
Potential transformer or voltage transformer gets used in electrical power system for stepping
down the system voltage to a safe value which can be fed to low ratings meters and relays. Commercially
available relays and meters used for protection and metering, are designed for low voltage. This is a
simplest form of potential transformer definition. Potential transformer theory is just like a theory of
general purpose step down transformer. Primary of this transformer is connected across the phase and
ground. Just like the transformer used for stepping down purpose, potential transformer i.e. PT has lower
turns winding at its secondary.
The system voltage is applied across the terminals of primary winding of that transformer, and then
proportionate secondary voltage appears across the secondary terminals of the PT.
The secondary voltage of the PT is generally 110 V. In an ideal potential transformer or voltage
transformer, when rated burden gets connected across the secondary; the ratio of primary and secondary
voltages of transformer is equal to the turns ratio and furthermore, the two terminal voltages are in precise
phase opposite to each other. But in actual transformer, there must be an error in the voltage ratio as well as
in the phase angle between primary and secondary voltages.

Power Systems Lab
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
PROCEDURE:
1. Give connections as per the circuit diagram.
2. Apply rated current to primary side of CT.
3. Note down ammeter readings.
4. Connect ammeter in secondary side of CT.
5. Note down the secondary ammeter readings.
6. Observe CT performance by doing above procedure.
TABULAR FORM:
Applied Current CT Primary

S.No CT Secondary (A)
(A) (A)

Power Systems Lab
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
PROCEDURE:
1. Give connections as per the circuit diagram.
2. Apply rated voltage to primary side of PT.
3. Note down voltmeter readings.
4. Connect voltmeter in secondary side of PT.
5. Note down the secondary voltmeter readings.
6. Observe PT performance by doing above procedure.
TABULAR FORM:
Applied Voltage PT Primary
S.No PT Secondary (V)
(V) (V)
RESULT:

Power Systems Lab
EXPERIMENT-5
Determination of sequence impedances of a cylindrical rotor

Synchronous Machine
AIM: To determine the Positive, Negative and Zero sequence of impedances or sequence
impedances of the given three phase alternator..
APPARATUS:
Three phase alternator DC motor set
Ammeter (0 –2.5 A) -----MC
(0—10 A) -----MI
Wattmeter ( 10 A 75/150/600V)
Auto-Transformer ( 0—230V)
THEORY:
The positive, Negative and Zero sequence impedances of rotating machines are
generally different. The +ve sequence impedance of Synchronous generator is equal to the
Synchronous impedance of the machine. Experimental set up to conduct OCC and SCC is made
available. With the help of observations Synchronous impedance can be calculated. The –ve
sequence impedance is much less than +ve Sequence impedance. The zero sequence impedance is
a variable item and if its value is not given, it may be assumed to be equal to the +ve sequence
impedance. For Zero sequence impedance a separate model is used to conduct of experiment.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
(A) POSITIVE SEQUENCE IMPEDANCE

Power Systems Lab
(B) NEGATIVE SEQUENCE IMPEDANCE:
(C) ZERO-SEQUENCE IMPEDANCE:

Power Systems Lab
Procedure:-
I. POSITIVE SEQUENCE IMPEDANCE
1. Obtain the O.C.C of the Alternator by connecting the Alternator as in fig .1.
2. Obtain the S.C.C of the Alternator by connecting the Alternator as in fig .2.
3. Determine the stator resistance / phase by connecting as shown
in fig.3.
Zs = O.C voltage / S.C current (at a same value of field current)
II NEGATIVE SEQUENCE IMPEDANCE

1. Connect the Circuit as shown in the fig.4.
2. Run the machine at rated speed with low excitation to the field of the Alternator.
3. The lines B and C shorted and the meters are connected as Shown
Cos Ø = W/ (VI)
Z 2 = V/ ( √(3 I)
III ZERO SEQUENCY IMPEDANCE
1. Connect the circuit as shown in the fig. 5.
2. Three phase winding are connected in series.
3.Apply low voltage to the Armature, so that rated full load current flow in the series field
winding.
Z 0 = V ao / Iao = 3E/I
Readings and Tabular forms:
Si .No. E I P Zo Xo
Result:

Power Systems Lab
EXPERIMENT-6
Determination of Positive, Negative and zero sequence reactance of

3 ph Transformers
AIM: To determine the Positive, Negative and Zero sequence (sequence impedance) of the given
three phase transformer
APPARATUS:
Ammeter -------- 0 – 5 A MI ----- 01
Voltmeter -------- 0 – 60 MI ----- 01
THEORY:
Since Transformers have the same impedance with reversed phase rotation, their +ve and –
ve sequence impedances are equal. This value being equal to the impedance of the Transformer.
However, Zero sequence impedance depends upon the Earth connection. If there is a through
Circuit for the earth current, zero sequence impedance will be equal to the +ve sequence
impedance otherwise it will be infinite. Lab experiment is planned to find out sequence
impedances by creation of faults at secondary suitably and measure impedances. Proper care is
taken to ensure readings would not damage the equipment.
Circuit Diagram:

Power Systems Lab
Procedure: -
1. Connect the given three phase transformer as shown in the circuit
Diagram 1
2. After short-circuiting the low voltage side adjusts the voltage on high
voltage side with the help of the autotransformer such that the rated
current flows in the windings.
3. Note down the voltage and current.
4. From these readings determine the transformer positive sequence
Impedance which is also equal to negative sequence impedance.
5. Determine the zero sequence impedance of the transformer by
making connections as shown in the 4. Circuit Diagram 2.
6. Note down the voltage and current.
V
Z1 
3I
Z 2  Z1
V
Z0 
3I
Readings and Tabular form:
Result:

Power Systems Lab
EXPERIMENT-7
DEVELOP MATLAB PROGRAM FOR FORMATION OF Y-BUS MATRIX
AIM: Formation of Y-bus using MATLAB
APPARATUS:
1. MATLAB
PROCEDURE:-
1. Open MATLAB
2. Open new script
3. Type the program
4. Save in current directory
5. Compile and Run the program
6. For the output see command window\ Figure window
PROGRAM:-
%EX1 - Formation of Y Bus Matrix
clc
clear all
disp('');
b = input('Enter no. of buses: ');
s = input('Enter no. of impedences: ');
for i=1:s
sb(i) = input('Enter starting bus no. ');
rb(i) = input('Enter receiving bus no. ');
imp(i) = input('Enter impedance of bus: ');
lc(i) = input('Enter line charging admittance: ');
ybus = diag(0,b-1);
end
for i=1:s
k1 = sb(i);
k2 = rb(i);
adm(i) = 1/imp(i);
ybus(k1,k1) = ybus(k1,k1) + adm(i) + lc(i);
ybus(k2,k2) = ybus(k2,k2) + adm(i) + lc(i);

Power Systems Lab
ybus(k1,k2) = -adm(i);
ybus(k2,k1) = ybus(k1,k2);
end
ybus
OUTPUT:-
RESULT:-

Power Systems Lab
EXPERIMENT-8
DEVELOP MATLAB PROGRAM FOR LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS BY GAUSS-SEIDAL
METHOD
AIM: To perform load flow analysis using gauss seidal (GS) method.
.
APPARATUS:
1. MATLAB.
PROCEDURE:-
1. Open MATLAB
2. Open new script
3. Type the program
PROGRAM:
%Gauss Seidal Method
clc
clear all
y12 = 2-6j;
y13 = 1-3j;
y23 = 0.666-2j;
y24 = 1-3j;
y34 = 2-6j;
p2 = 0.5;
p3 = -1.0;
p4 = 0.3;
q3 = 0.5;
q4 = -0.1;
disp('STEP1: Formulate Y-Bus Matrix')
Y11 = y12+y13;
Y12 = -y12;
Y13 = -y13;

Power Systems Lab
Y14 = 0;
Y21 = -y12;
Y22 = y12+y23+y24;
Y23 = -y23;
Y24 = -y24;
Y31 = -y13;
Y32 = -y23;
Y33 = y13+y23+y34;
Y34 = -y34;
Y41 = 0;
Y42 = -y24;
Y43 = -y34;
Y44 = y24+y34;
yBus = [Y11 Y12 Y13 Y14; Y21 Y22 Y23 Y24; Y31 Y32 Y33 Y34; Y41 Y42 Y43
Y44]
disp('STEP2: Initialize bus voltages')
v1 = 1.04;
v2 = 1.04;
v3 =1.0;
v4 = 1.0;
disp('STEP3: Calculate Q2 value for PV Bus')
Q2 = v2*[(Y21*v1)+(Y22*v2)+(Y23*v3)+(Y24*v4)]
Q2cal = -imag(Q2)
disp('STEP4: Calculate V2 value')
V2 = (1/Y22)*[((p2-(Q2cal*j))/v2)-(Y21*v1)-(Y23*v3)-(Y24*v4)]
delta2 = angle(V2)
V2new = v2*(cos(delta2)+j*sin(delta2))
V3 = (1/Y33)*[((p3-(q3*j))/v3)-(Y31*v1)-(Y32*V2new)-(Y34*v4)]
V4 = (1/Y44)*[((p4-(q4*j))/v4)-(Y41*v1)-(Y42*V2new)-(Y43*V3)]
OUTPUT:-
RESULT:-

Power Systems Lab
EXPERIMENT-9
DEVELOP MATLAB PROGRAM FOR FAST DECOUPLED POWER FLOW MODEL
USING MATLAB
AIM: To Perform load flow analysis using fast decoupled method.
APPARATUS:
1. MATLAB.
PROCEDURE:-
1. Open MATLAB
2. Open new script
3. Type the program
PROGRAM:
%Fast decoupled power flow method
clc
clear all
y11 = 0.0839+0.5183j;
hlc = 0.0636*j;
disp('STEP 1: Form Y-Bus matrix')
Y11 = (1/y11)+hlc;
Y12 = -(1/y11);
Y21 = -(1/y11);
Y22 = (1/y11)+hlc;
ybus= [Y11 Y12;
Y21 Y22]
Y11m = abs(Y11);
Y12m = abs(Y12);
Y21m = abs(Y21);
Y22m = abs(Y22);
Y11a = angle(Y11);
Y12a = angle(Y12);

Power Systems Lab
Y21a = angle(Y21);
Y22a = angle(Y22);
disp('STEP 2: Initialize bus voltages')
v1 = 1.05
v2 = 1.02
d1 = 0
d2 = 0
disp('STEP 3: Check for Q-limit violation')
Q2cal = -((v2*v1*Y21m*sin(Y21a- d2+d1))+(v2*v2*Y22m*sin(Y22a)))
Q2min = 10/100
Q2spec= 0.1;
disp('Q2cal < Q2min, therefore Q2cal is with in the limit') disp('Bus 2 act as pv bus')
v2 = 1;
disp('STEP 4: Calculate dP2 and dQ2')
P2cal = ((v2*v1*Y21m*cos(Y21a-d2+d1))+(v2*v2*Y22m*cos(Y22a)))
P2spec= 60/100
dP2 = P2spec-P2cal
dQ2 = Q2spec-Q2cal
disp('STEP 5: Bus susceptance matrix')
B1 = [-1.817]
B1_inv = inv(B1)
B2 = [-1.817]
B2_inv = inv(B1)
disp('STEP 6: calculate d2new and V2new')
del = -B1_inv*(dP2/v2);
d2new = d2+del
dV2 = -B2_inv*(dQ2/v2);
V2new = v2+dV2
OUTPUT:-
RESULT:-

Power Systems Lab
EXPERIMENT-10
FORMATION OF Z-BUS MATRIX
AIM: To perform the formation of Z-bus
APPARATUS:
1. MATLAB.
PROCEDURE:-
1. Open MATLAB
2. Open new script
3. Type the program
PROGRAM:
%Formation of Z-Bus matrix using bus building algorithm
clc
clear all
z12 = 0.2j;
z13 = 0.4j;
z23 = 0.2j;
disp('STEP1: Add an element between reference node and node(1)') zBus1 = [z12]
disp('STEP2: Add an element between existing node(1) and new node(3)')
zBus2 = [zBus1(1,1) zBus1(1,1);
zBus1(1,1) zBus1(1,1)+z13]
disp('STEP3: Add an element between existing node(3) and reference node')
zBus3 = [zBus2(1,1) zBus2(1,2) zBus2(1,2);
zBus2(2,1) zBus2(2,2) zBus2(2,2);
zBus2(2,1) zBus2(2,2) zBus2(2,2)+z23]
disp('Using Krons reduction method')
zz11 = zBus3(1,1) - ((zBus3(1,3) * zBus3(3,1)) / zBus3(3,3));
zz12 = zBus3(1,2)- ((zBus3(1,3) * zBus3(3,2)) / zBus3(3,3));

Power Systems Lab
zz21 = zz12;
zz22 = zBus3(2,2)- ((zBus3(2,3) * zBus3(3,2)) / zBus3(3,3));
disp('RESULT:')
zBus = [zz11 zz12;
zz21 zz22]
OUTPUT:-
RESULT:-

Power Systems Lab
EXPERIMENT-11
Fault Analysis of a 3 phase Alternator, (LG, LL, LLG, LLLG

faults)
AIM: determine the fault currents on an unloaded synchronous generator for
(a) Line to ground fault (L-G Fault)
(b) Line to Line fault (L-L fault)
(c) Double Line to ground fault (LL-G Fault)
APPARATUS:
Ammeter (0-10A) MI -- 1 No
Ammeter (0-2A) MC -- 1 No
Voltmeter (0-500V) -- 1 No
Procedure:
(a) L-G Fault:
1) Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram for a line to ground fault on phase A .
2) Calculate the determinate value of the fault current from impedances
(+,-, Zero sequences).
3) Run the generator rated speed.

4) Increase the field current of excitation so that terminal voltage is constant value.
5) Close the switch to create the L-G fault on Phase A.
6) Note the current and voltage in the ammeter and voltmeter.
7) Open the switch and remove the L-G fault on phase A.
8) Reduce the excitation and open the field circuit switch and switch of the prime mover.
(b) L-L fault:
(1) Repeat the steps 1 to 6 for L-L and L-G faults.

(2) Connect the respective circuit in step 1.
(3) Generator is excited its a certain voltage as mention in step 2 of the procedure.
Note: This voltage must be such that it does not cause the rated current of the machine to be
exceeded.

Power Systems Lab
Circuit diagram for L-G fault:
S.No. I in Amps Ef in Volts
Ia=3Ef/Z1+Z2+Z0 ------------------------------ (1)

Where Ia is fault current
Ef is the voltage to which the machine is excited
Z1+Z2+Z0 are the positive, negative and zero sequence impedances of the machine.
Verify the theoretical value calculated by using equation 1 with the actual value noted by the
ammeter.

Power Systems Lab
(b) Circuit diagram for Line to line fault (L-L fault):
Ia1 = Ef/Z1+Z2
Ib = a2Ia1+aIa2; Ia2 = -Ia1 Where a2 = (-0.5-j0.866)
a= (-0.5+j0.866)
Fault current calculated which must be verified with the actual value.

Power Systems Lab
(C) Circuit Diagram for Double line to ground fault (LL-G fault):
Calculations:
Va1 = Va2=Va0=Ef-Ia1Z1
Ia1 = Ef/Z1+(Z2xZ0/Z2+Z0)
Ia2 = -Va2/Z2 ; Ia0= -Va0/Z0
Ib = a2Ia1+a Ia2+Ia0
Where a2 =(-0.5+j0.866) ; a=(-0.5+l0.866)
In = 3 Ia0 = Ib+IC
Ic = - Ib=aIa1-a2Ia1
RESULT:-

Power Systems Lab
EXPERIMENT-12
Performance and Testing of Transmission line Model

AIM:
 To determine Efficiency and Regulation of 3 phase Transmission model With Resistive
load.
 To observe Ferranti effect.
 Open conductor operation and measurement of Voltages and Currents.
APPARATUS:
Voltmeter (o - 600v) MI -------2 Nos
Ammeter (0 – 10 A ) MI -------2 Nos
Watt meter (UPF, 5A, 600V) -------4 Nos
THEORY:
The transmission line constants are uniformly distributed over the entire length for a short
line and these constants are called lumped constants. If the length of the transmission line is more
than 200 km serious errors are introduced in the performance calculations. Hence a equivalent T
or pie network is determined to represent the line accurately by assuming suitable values of
lumped constants.
Circuit Diagram:

Power Systems Lab
Procedure: -
1. Make the connection as per the 4. Circuit Diagram
2. Switch ON supply and adjust rated voltage, note down voltage, Current and power at
sending end and receiving end at no load.
3. Repeat step 2 at different loads of (A) Resistive load (B) inductive load
Readings and Tabular forms :
FOR RESISTIVE LOAD
Vs IsW s Vr Ir Wr Regulation Efficiency

S NO
Sample calculations:
% Efficiency = W receiving * 100

W sending
% Regulation = V No –VL * 100
V NO
Where V N O = Voltage at receiving end at no load.
V L = Voltage at receiving end at particular load.
RESULT:-

Power Systems Lab
EXPERIMENT-13
DETERMINATION A, B, C, D CONSTANTS OF MEDIUM LINE AND

CIRCLE DIAGRAM
AIM: To determine ABCD constants of 3 phase transmission line with

a) Distributed Connection
b) Nominal – T connection
APPARATUS:
a) For Open Circuit Test:
i) p.f. meter – 10A, 150/300/600V (0.5-1-0.5)
ii) Voltmeter - (0-300V) MI
iii) Ammeter - (0-1A) MI
b) For Short Circuit Test

i) Wattmeter - 10A, 75V, UPF
ii) Voltmeter - (0-30V) MI
iii) Ammeter - (0-10A) MI
THEORY
If a transmission line is erected, the constants are measured by conducting the OC & SC tests at
the two ends of the line.
Using equations
Vs = AVr + BIr
Is = CVr + DIr
Impedance measurement on the SE side: SE impedance with RE open circuit is

Vs A
Zso = — = — (Ir=0)
Is C
SE impedance with RE short circuited,
Vs B
Zss = — = — (Vr=0)
Is D

Power Systems Lab
Measurement of impedance on RE side

Using equations
Vr = DVs — BIs
Ir = — CVs + AIs
While performing test, the current leaves the Network
Is -= — Is , Ir = — Ir
Vr = DVs — BIs
— Ir = — CVs — AIs
Ir = CVs + AIs
RE impedance with SE open circuited, Zro
Vr D
Zro = — = — (Is=0)
Ir C
RE impedance with SE short circuited, Zrs
Vr B
Zrs = — = — (Vs=0)
Ir A
D B 1
Zro — Zrs = — − — = —
C A AC
Zso
----------- = A2
Zro - Zrs
Zso
A = √ ----------------
(Zro — Zrs)

Power Systems Lab
B
Zrs = ----- B = Zrs . A
A
Zso
B = Zrs √ ------------
(Zro – Zrs)
A A 1 Zso
Zso = ----- C = ----- = --- √ -----------
C Zso Zso (Zro – Zrs)
D
Zro = ----
C
D = C.Zro
Zro Zso
= ----- √ ---------- (Zro = Zso)
Zso (Zro – Zrs)
D = A;
Circuit Diagram:
10A, 150/300/600v (0-1A) MI
Is p.f A
A B
1Φ-variac
Supply Vr,(Ir=0)
V (0-300V) MI
C D
Fig-1 (OC test on SE side)

Power Systems Lab
10A, 75v. UPF (0-10A) MI

A
A B
M L
1Φ-variac C V
Supply Vr=0
V (0-30v) MI
C D
Fig-2 (SC test on SE)
(0-1A) MI V (0-300v) MI
A B A pf
V
Is
(0
-
3
0
1Φvariac V (0-300v) MI Supply
0
C D v)
Fig-3 (OC test on RE side) M
DDD
(0-10A) MI 10A, 75v. UPF I
V
A L M (0
A B -
3
0
0
v)
M
V C I 1Φ-variac
Vs=0 V (0-30v) MISupply
C D

Power Systems Lab
Procedure:-
O.C. & S.C. tests on SE side:
1. Connect the circuit as per fig.(1) for O.C. test on SE.
2. Set 230V on Voltmeter using variac and note Vs, Is and p.f. meter reading.
3. Connect the circuit as per fig (2) for S.C. test on SE.
4. Set 8A on Ammeter and note Vs, Is and wattmeter readings.
O.C. & SC tests of RE side

1. Connect the circuit as per fig (3) for O.C test on RE.
2. Set 230V in Voltmeter & note Vr, Ir & p.f meter reading.
3. Connect the circuit as per fig (4) for SC test on RE.
4. Set 8A in Ammeter & note Vr, Ir & Wattmeter reading.
Readings and Tabular forms
O.C. & S.C. tests on SE side:
Test Vs Is p.f / Wattmeter
reading
O.C (Ir=0) 230
S.C (Vr=0) 8A
O.C. & SC tests of RE side
Test Vr Ir p.f / Wattmeter reading
O.C (Is=0) 230
S.C (Vs=0) 8A

Power Systems Lab
Calculations:
Vs
Zso = -------- (Ir = 0)
Is
Vs
Zss = --- (Vr = 0)
Is
Vr
Zro = --- (Is= 0)
Ir
Vr
Zrs = --- (Vs= 0)
Ir
Zso
A = √ ----------
(Zro – Zrs)
Zso
B = Zrs √ ----------
(Zro – Zrs)
1 Zso
C = --- √ ----------
Zso (Zro – Zrs)
D=A
Note: Same 5. Procedure is repeated for Nominal – T Connection.

RESULT:-

Power Systems

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DEPARTMENT

ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

III B.TECH II SEMESTER

ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

 To advance the quality of education to produce world class technocrats with an

 To provide a progressive environment for learning through organized teaching

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Program Educational Objectives (PEO’s):

PEO 2: Work as a team with a sense of ethics and professionalism, and

PEO 3: Update their knowledge continuously through lifelong learning that

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Program Outcomes (PO’s):

PO 2: Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

PO 9: Individual and team work: function effectively as an individual and as a

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Program Specific Outcomes (PSO’s):

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Course Outcomes (CO’s):

Upon completion of this course, the student will be able to:

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

EE604PC: POWER SYSTEMS LAB

B.Tech. III Year II Sem. LTPC

The following experiments are required to be conducted compulsory experiments:

2. Differential protection of single phase transformer

3. Characteristics of micro processor based over voltage/under voltage relay

4. Testing of CT,PT’s and insulator strings

5. Finding the sequence impedances of 3-phase synchronous machine

6. Finding the sequence impedances of 3-phase transformer

8. Load Flow Analysis using Gauss Seidal (GS) Method.

9. Load Flow Analysis using Fast Decoupled (FD) Method.

10. Formation of Z BUS.

11. LG, LL and 3-Φ fault analysis of 3-Φ synchronous machine.

12. Power circle diagrams of a 3-Φ transmission line model.

13. ABCD constants and Regulation of a 3-Φ transmission line model.

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Instructions to the students:

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

1 Characteristics of IDMT Over Current Relay.

Differential protection of 1-Φ transformer.

Characteristics of Micro Processor based Over Voltage/Under

Finding the sequence impedances of 3-Φ synchronous machine.

Finding the sequence impedances of 3-Φ Transformer.

Load Flow Analysis using Gauss Seidal (GS) Method.

Load Flow Analysis using Fast Decoupled (FD) Method.

11 LG, LL and 3-Φ fault analysis of 3-Φ synchronous machine

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

IDMT Characteristics of Over Current Relay

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Differential Protection on Single Phase Transformer

The Relay responds to vector difference between 1-1 &2-1which includes

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Readings and Tabular form:

For Internal Fault:

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

For External Fault:

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Characteristics of Static Relay UV/OV 7052B/7053B

The microcontroller-based design offers a wide range of Trip-Time characteristics, under

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Si. No. T.M.S Voltage Applied Operating

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering