Lecture : Bending (VII) — Statically indeterminate beams

Yubao Zhen

Nov , 

. . . . . .

() Lecture : Bending (VII) — Statically indeterminate beams Nov ,   / 
Review: Moment-area and superposition methods

moment area method

B M
▸ st theorem: θ B/A = ∫ dx
A EI
relative deflection angle
B M A M ′
▸ nd theorem: tA/B = x ∫ dx, tB/A = x′ ∫ dx
A EI B EI
deviation of tangent/deflection
▸ applicable cases: simple loads; specified points
▸ application procedure: reference tangent + geometric analysis

method of superposition: a principle and a process

tabulated results for various combinations of beams and loads

. . . . . .

() Lecture : Bending (VII) — Statically indeterminate beams Nov ,   / 
Outline

Statically indeterminate beams

types; redundant; compatibility equation

solutions:
. integration method
. moment-area method
. method of superposition


. . . . . .

() Lecture : Bending (VII) — Statically indeterminate beams Nov ,   / 
 . Overview of
statically indeterminate
beams

. . . . . .
Statically indeterminate beam problems

. redundant (冗余约束)
the extra supports that are not necessary to keep a structure in stable
equilibrium
. degree of indeterminacy (静不定次数) — the number of redundants.
. redundants identification, releasing, replacing
. primary beam (静定基梁)
the resulted statically determinate and stable beam
. ways of identification: non-unique
. compatibility conditions at the redundants
. application of load-displacement (to compatibility eqn.)
. solving for the redundant reactions
. further steps for deflection/angle of rotation


. . . . . .

() Lecture : Bending (VII) — Statically indeterminate beams Nov ,   / 
eleased structure when the moment
Released beam/primary beams (静定基梁)
tion at end A is selected as the
ndant
P P P

HA A B

MA (b)
RA
(c)
RB
(a)
propped cantilever beam (带支承
悬臂梁)
Copyright
degree of indeterminacy: 2004 Thomson Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
-=
May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated,
continuousin wholebeam (连续梁)
or in part.
redundant: either RA , RB or MA
degree of indeterminacy: -=
but NOT HA (why?)
redundant: any two of Ay , By , Cy or Dy
primary beams:

P P1 P2 P3
A D

A B B C

redundant: support B redundants: supports B,C

. . . . . .

() Lecture : Bending (VII) — Statically indeterminate beams Nov ,   / 
Redundants identification in a beam
q q
A

Ay q MA as redundant
MA (OK)

Ax
way 2 choose redundant(s) to
B make the rest structure
. statically
q
A
Bx determinate
. in stable


Ay as redundant equilibrium
(NO)
way 1
way 3
(OK)
Bx as redundant

non-unique (不唯一) choice on redundant selection . . . . . .

() Lecture : Bending (VII) — Statically indeterminate beams Nov ,   / 
 B
) released structure when the moment
action at end A is selected as the
Options for selection of primary beam/redundants
dundant
PAnother type of statically indeterminate
P beam, known asP a fixed-
end beam, is shown in Fig. 10-3a. This beam has fixed supports at both
HA A ends, resulting
B in a total of six unknown reactions (two forces and a
d-end beam: (a) beam with moment at each support). Because there are only three equations of
ions; (b)Mreleased
A
structure equilibrium, the beam is (b)
statically indeterminate to the third degree.
e reactions at end
RAB are (Other names for this type of beam are clamped beam (c) and built-in
redundants; and
beam.)RB
ructure when the two (a)
ons and the horizontal
d B are selected as the
propped cantilever beam (带支承悬臂梁)
Copyright 2004 Thomson Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
MayPnot be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole
P or in part. P
SECTION 10.3 Analysis by the Differential Equations of the Deflection Curve 711
HA A B HB
FIG. 10-5 Example of a continuous beam:
(a) beam with loads and reactions;
(b) released structure when the reaction
at M
support BRisA selected as the redundant;
MB (b)
A RB (c)
and (c) released structure when the
reaction at end C is selected
(a) as the
redundant fixed-end beam (固定端梁)
P1 P2 P1 P2 P1 P2
A Copyright
B 2004 Thomson C Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.
HA

RA (b) (c)
RB RC

(a)

continuous beam (连续梁) . . . . . .

() Lecture : Bending (VII) — Statically indeterminate beams Nov ,   / 
Solving statically indeterminate beam problems

the key step — compatibility eqns./redundant reactions

identification, taking unknowns in all operations
. integration method
carry the redundant reactions along with integration
. moment-area method
redundant reactions contribute as part of the M-diagram
. method of superposition


superpose contributions of true loads and redundant reactions to the

primary beam

. . . . . .

() Lecture : Bending (VII) — Statically indeterminate beams Nov ,   / 
. Integration method

. . . . . .
Integration method

unknowns to be solved
. integration constants


d v
e.g.: EI = M(x) requires Ns (Ns : number of segments)
dx
. Nr redundants


replacement forces appear in M(x) or V(x)

conditions available
. redundants released Ð→ primary beam
for statically determinate structures:
number of boundary/continuity conditions = number of integration
constants
. N additional compatibility conditions at the redundants
r

. . . . . .

() Lecture : Bending (VII) — Statically indeterminate beams Nov ,   / 
Example : example -, page 
712 CHAPTER 10 Statically Indeterminate Beams
Given: a propped cantilever beam, uniform load of intensity q. EI =const;
Determine: reactions, shear forces, bending moments, slopes, and deflections of
the beam. Example 10-1
y A propped c
q (Fig. 10-6).
of the deflec
x shear forces
A B
MA
Solution
Becaus
RA L conclude th
RB
beam has th
FIG. 10-6 Example 10-1. Propped equilibrium
cantilever beam with a uniform load beam is stat
. . . . . .
Since w
() Lecture : Bending (VII) — Statically indeterminate beams Nov ,   / 
712 CHAPTER
Example 10 Statically Indeterminate
: example - (cont.) Beams

Example 10-1
y Solution : cantilever beam AB of length L supports a uniform lo
A propped
q (Fig. 10-6). Analyze this beam by solving the second-order diff
. the
of static indeterminacy
deflection : -= equation). Determ
curve (the bending-moment
x shear forces, bending moments, slopes, and deflections of the be
A B
. support B as the redundant, released and
MA
Solution
replaced by RB
Because the load on this beam acts in the vertical directio
L . bending moment in terms of RBat the fixed suppo
RA RB conclude that there is no horizontal reaction
beamreactions
has three at A: reactions (MA, RA, and RB). Only t
unknown
FIG. 10-6 Example 10-1. Propped equilibrium are available for determining these reactions, a
cantilever beam with a uniform load beamRis = qL − indeterminate
A statically RB to the first degree.

Since we qLwill be analyzing this beam by solving the
MA we
equation, = must − RB L
 begin with a general expression for the mom
sion will be in terms of both the load and the selected redundan
Let=usRchoose
qx
A x − MA −
Redundant reaction.
equilibrium: M(x) the reaction RB at the s
the redundant. Then, by considering the equilibrium  of theenti
express the other two reactions in termsqL ofRB: qx
Ð→ M(x) = qLx − RB x − + RB2L −
RA ! qL " RB
M ! # qL
# " RB L

A
2
Bending moment. The bending moment M at distance x
support can be expressed. in terms
. of .the reactions
. . as follows:
.

() Lecture : Bending (VII) — Statically indeterminate beams Nov , 
2  / 
712 CHAPTER 10 Statically Indeterminate Beams

Example : example - (cont.)

Example 10-1
y A. propped cantilever beam AB of length L supports a uniform lo
q (Fig.bending-moment equation
10-6). Analyze this beam by solving the second-order diff
′′
of the deflection qL equation). qx
curve (the bending-moment Determ
x forces,=bending
shearEIv M = qLx − RBslopes,
moments, x − and + RB L −
 deflections ofthe be
A B
MA
Solution
integrate twice:
Because
′ the load on this beam acts in the vertical directio
RA L
RB conclude =
EIv that
 there is no horizontal
 reaction at the fixed suppo
beamqLxhas threeRunknown
Bx qL x (MA, RA, qx
reactions and RB). Only t
equilibrium
− − + R B Lx − + C
FIG. 10-6 Example 10-1. Propped
.
′  are available
 for
 determining these  reactions, a
B.C.s
cantilever beam with=a uniform
: v() , v ()load
= , beam is statically indeterminate to the first degree.
v(L) =  Since we will be analyzing
qLx Rwith  this beam by solving the
qL xexpression
B x a general

RB Lxfor the mom
apply Ð→ C = , C = , EIv =we must begin
equation, − − + −
sion will be in terms
 of both  the load and the selected
 redundan
qL qx
Redundant reaction. Let us choose the reaction RB at the s
and RB = + CThen,
the redundant. x + C byconsidering the equilibrium of the enti
 the other two reactions in terms of RB:
express
. reactions at A:
qL qL2
RA = qL − RB = RA ! qL " RB MA ! ## " RB L
2
 
qL qL Bending moment. The bending moment M at distance x
MA = − RB L = support can be expressed in terms of the reactions as follows:
 
.
qx. 2
M .! RA x. " MA. " ## .

() Lecture : Bending (VII) — Statically indeterminate beams Nov ,2  / 

 f and g), we find C1 ! 0, C2 ! 0, and 8
Thus, the redundant reaction 3qLB is now known.
RB ! #R#
Example
y : example - (cont.) Reactions. With the value
(10-1)
8 of the redundant established, we can find
q remaining
Thus, the redundantreactions
reaction RBfrom Eqs.
is now (a) and (b). The results are
known.
y
. again by equilibrium
Reactions. With the value of the redundant established, we can
5qL 2 find the
qL
q
xremaining reactions from Eqs. (a) and (b).
RA ! The#
results
# areMA ! ## (10-2a,b)
A B qL8 8
qL2 x V(x) = R − qx = 5qL
ARA ! #8# MA ! #8#
qL2
− qx(10-2a,b)
—
8qL2
A 5qL
—
B Knowing these reactions,  
we can find the shear forces and bending momen
— 8
5qL 3qL
—Knowing thethese
beam. qxforces andqLx
reactions, we can find the shear qL in qx
bending moments
8 —
8 3qL 8 the beam.M(x)
— Shear = R
forces
A x −
and M
bending
A − moments.= These −
quantities − be obtained
can
L 8 Shear forces techniques
the usual and bending involving
moments. These quantities
free-body  beand
can
diagrams  by of equilibr
obtained
equations
L the usual
Thetechniques qL free-body diagrams and equations of equilibrium.
results involving
are
max =
Vare
The results

—
5qL
5qL
— V ! R $ qxV!!#5qR#LA $ 5qL
qx ! ## $ (10-3)
$ qx qx (10-3)
VV 88 A
8 8
max. bending-moment
qx2 5qL x q x 2qL2 5qqLx x qL2 qx2
2
M ! RA x M
$ M $ ## ! ## $ ## $ ## $(10-4)
qL!A RA x2$ MA 8$ #2#qL
8!#8#2 # # $ ##
8 2
(10-4)
0
0
5L
M =
posbending-moment
Shear-force and M
, diagrams =−
neg for the beam can be drawn with the
—5L
8—
Shear-force
aid of these equationsand
(see bending-moment
Fig. 10-7). 
diagrams for the beam can be drawn with
8 3qL aid of these equations (see Fig. 10-7). shear force occurs at the
From the diagrams, we see that the maximum
$—
8 3qL fixed supportFrom the diagrams,
and is equal to we see that the maximum shear force occurs at
$—
8 fixed support and is equal to 5qL
9qL2 Vmax ! ## (10-5)
— 8 5qL
M L 128 Vmax ! ## (1
—
4 9qL2 Also, the maximum positive and negative bending moments
8 are
—
M 0 L 128 2 2
— 5L Also, the maximum 9qL qL
4 — Mpos ! positive
## and
Mnegnegative
! $## bending moments are
(10-6a,b)
8 128 8
0 9qL2 qL2
qL2 5L Finally, we note that the bending moment
Mpos !is#equal# to zeroMnegat !distance
$## x ! L /4 (10-6
$— — 128 8
8 8 from the fixed support.
Slopes and deflections of the beam. Returning to Eqs. (f) and (g) for the
2 x!
slopes Finally, we note we that
now the bending the moment is equal to. zero at. distance
. . . .
FIG. 10-7 qL
Shear-force and bending- and deflections, substitute values of the constants of inte-
$— () the propped Lecture from
gration: the
(CBending fixed
(VII) — support.
C2Statically
! 0) asindeterminate
well as the beams Nov ,R  / 
8
moment diagrams for 1 ! 0 and expression for the redundant B
 8 3qL the beam.
—
8 Shear forces and bending moments. These quantities can be obtained
Example : Lexample - (cont.) the usual techniques involving free-body diagrams and equations of equilibr
The results are
5qL
— . slope and deflection 5qL
V ! RA $ qx ! ## $ qx (10-3)
V 8 qx 8
′
v (x) = (−L + Lxqx 2 − x ) qL2 q x 2
5qL x
EI
M ! RA x $ MA $ ## ! ## $ ## $ ## (10-4)
0 qx 2 8 8 2

5L
v(x) = − (L 
− Lx + x 
)
Shear-force and bending-moment diagrams for the beam can be drawn with
—
8
EI (see Fig. 10-7).
aid of these equations
3qL . max.
Fromdeflection
the diagrams, we see that the maximum shear force occurs at
$—
8 fixed
′ support and is equal
 to
v =  Ð→ −L + Lx − x =  Ð→
5qL
9qL2
—
x = .L Vmax ! ##
8
(1
M L 128 qL qL
—
4 δ the =maximum
Also,
max −v(x positive
) = and negative=bending
 .
moments are
714 0 CHAPTER 10 Statically Indeterminate Beams .EI
9qL2 qL2 EI
5L Mpos ! ## Mneg ! $## (10-6
—
8 . point of inflection qx ( 拐点
2 128 ) 2 8
v! " ## ($6L % 15Lx $ 8x ) (10-7)
4 8 EI 
qL2 Finally, we note that the bending L moment is Lequal to zero qLat distance x !
$—
8 M(x)
from = vsupport.
the fixed Ð→q xx = , δ = −v( ) =(10-8)
2
" $##(3L $ 5Lx% 2 x )
2 2
48EI
Slopes and deflections  the beam. Returning
of  EI
to Eqs. (f) and (g) for
FIG.y 10-7 Shear-force and bending- slopes and
The deflected ′ deflections,
shape of the beam we now substitute
as qL
obtained from Eq.the values
(10-8) of theinconstants of i
is shown
moment diagrams for the propped . B =(C
θdetermine
gration
Fig. 10-8.
 (x
! 0=and
v1the L)C=2 ! 0) as ofwell as the expression for the redundan
d0 dmax uB
cantilever
A beam of Fig. 10-6 B
x
To(Eq. 10-1) and maximum EI the beam, we set the slope
obtain deflection
(Eq. 10-7) equal to zero and solve for the distance x to the point where this
1
deflection occurs:
cont
L
— v! " 0 or $6L2 % 15Lx $ 8 x2 " 0
4 x1 . . . . . .
from which
() Lecture : Bending (VII) — Statically indeterminate beams Nov ,   / 
Example 
Given: a propped cantilever beam with linearly distributed load, EI =const;
Determine: reaction at A
Solution:
. st degree statically indeterminate
. Support A as the redundant. Release.
Replace it with Ay .
. internal resultant moment:


 x
M(x) = Ay x − w
 L
. bending-moment eqn.


d v  x
EI 
= Ay x − w
dx  L 
dv   x
EI = Ay x − w + C

dx   L
  x
EIv = Ay x − 
w + C x + C
  L
. . . . . .

() Lecture : Bending (VII) — Statically indeterminate beams Nov ,   / 
Example  (cont.)

. compatibility condition: at x = , v =  Ð→ C = 


dv
and BCs.: at x = L,= v = ;
dx
   
Ay L − w L + C = , Ay L − w L + C L = 
   
 
Ð→ Ay = w L , C = − w L , C = 
 
. possible further calculations:


. deflection curve; . slope; . reactions at B

. . . . . .

() Lecture : Bending (VII) — Statically indeterminate beams Nov ,   / 
Example  (cont.) — rotational constraint at B as redundant
w0 Solution:
A
MB B . internal moment M(x)
x
a). moment balance at x
L x y
M + MB + ∫ (x − y)w ( − )dy = By x
point of view switched  L
w0 x
M = w (x − L) + By x − MB
L
MB b). By in terms of MB
 L
B ∑ M(A) =  Ð→ ( w L) ( ) + MB − By L = 
y M  
w  L MB
V Ð→ B y = +
By  L
x
x x w L x
then M(x) = −w ( − )+ x − MB ( − )
 L  L
note: internal force/moment as functions of redundant
. . . . . .

() Lecture : Bending (VII) — Statically indeterminate beams Nov ,   / 
Example  (cont.)
. bending-moment eqn.


d v x x w L x
EI 
= −w  ( − )+ x − MB ( − )
dx  L  L
dv x x w  L  MB
EI = −w ( − )+ x + (L − x) + C
dx  L  L
. compatibility: at x = , θ B =  Ð→ C = − MB L


x x w L  MB MB L
EIv = −w ( − )+ x − (L − x) − x + C
 L  L 
BCs.: v∣x= = v∣x=L = 
MB L
v∣x= =  Ð→ C =
 
L L w L MB L MB L
v∣x=L =  Ð→ w ( − )+ − + =
    
 w L MB 
Ð→ MB = w L , By = + = w L
  L 
. equil. of beam,
 
∑ Fy =  ∶ Ay + By − w L =  Ð→ Ay = w L
 
. . . . . .

() Lecture : Bending (VII) — Statically indeterminate beams Nov ,   / 
Example 

Given: a fixed-end beam; axis load neglected

Determine: reactions at the supports

. . . . . .

() Lecture : Bending (VII) — Statically indeterminate beams Nov ,   / 
Example  (cont.)

Solution:
. static indeterminacy analysis


for arbitrary D loading, degree of indeterminacy:  (Fx , V, M)

axial load Fx neglected
′
by symmetry: VA = VB , MA = MB = M (direction as indicated)
wL
a). ∑ Fy =  Ð→ VA = VB =
′

b). M can’t be determined solely from equilibrium
. conclusion: static indeterminacy —— 


. . . . . .

() Lecture : Bending (VII) — Statically indeterminate beams Nov ,   / 
Example  (cont.)

. MA = M′ as the redundant


wL w ′
Ð→ M(x) = x − x − M
 
. bending-moment eqn.


d v wL w ′
EI  = x − x − M
dx  
dv wL  w  ′
EI = x − x − M x + C
dx  
′
wL  w  M 
EIv = x − x − x + C x + C
  

. BC: v∣x= =  Ð→ C = ; compatibility: v′ (x = ) =  Ð→ C = 



′ L wL L w L ′L ′ wL
symmetry: v (x = ) =  Ð→ − − M =  Ð→ M =
      

. . . . . .

() Lecture : Bending (VII) — Statically indeterminate beams Nov ,   / 
Sub-summary of integration method

. redundant selection
compatibility equations setup
. derive M(x) or V(x) in terms of the redundant reactions
. carry out the integration process in the normal way
. solve all integration constants and redundant reactions
with B.C.s/continuity/symmetry conditions + compatibility equations
. back substitution (回代) and further calculations


. . . . . .

() Lecture : Bending (VII) — Statically indeterminate beams Nov ,   / 
. Moment-area method

. . . . . .
Moment-area method

Purpose:
extending the moment-area method to solve statically indeterminate problems.

Idea:
a). utilize its simplicity (简洁) and ease of use (易用性)
b). compatibility relations (in terms of rotations/deviations)

Recall:

st theorem: relative rotation of tangents

B M
θ B/A = ∫ dx
A EI
nd theorem: tangential deviation
B M A M ′ ′
tA/B = x ∫ dx, tB/A = x′ ∫ dx (x left-going)
A EI B EI

. . . . . .

() Lecture : Bending (VII) — Statically indeterminate beams Nov ,   / 
Moment diagrams containing unknown parameters
To simplify calculation resultant diagram
get component M/EI diagrams M
apply principle of superposition 1
EI
2

x̄ x
n

the underlying math:

dividing the M/EI diagram into pieces —— contributions from each load
B B ∑ M n
M i M
tA/B = ∫ x dx = ∫ x i dx = ∑ xi Si ( )
A EI A EI i= EI
where S — area
. . . . . .

() Lecture : Bending (VII) — Statically indeterminate beams Nov ,   / 
Moment diagram of basic loadings

. . . . . .

() Lecture : Bending (VII) — Statically indeterminate beams Nov ,   / 
Example : Example -, page  — by moment-area method
712 CHAPTER 10 Statically Indeterminate Beams
Given: a propped cantilever beam, uniform load of intensity q. EI =const;
Determine: reactions, shear forces, bending moments, slopes, and deflections of
the beam. Example 10-1
y A propped c
q (Fig. 10-6).
of the deflec
x shear forces
A B
MA
Solution
Becaus
RA L conclude th
RB
beam has th
FIG. 10-6 Example 10-1. Propped equilibrium
cantilever beam with a uniform load beam is stat
. . . . . .
Since w
() Lecture : Bending (VII) — Statically indeterminate beams Nov ,   / 
Example  (cont.)
Example 10-1
y Solution : cantilever beam AB of length L supports a uniform lo
A propped
q (Fig. 10-6). Analyze this beam by solving the second-order diff
. the
of deflectionBcurve
support as the
(theredundant
bending-moment equation). Determ
x shear forces, bending moments, slopes, and deflections of the be
. compatibility: t
A B B/A = 
MA
Solution
. bending moment in terms of R B
Because the load on this beam acts in the vertical directio
RA L
RB . = there is no horizontal reaction at the fixed suppo
tB/A that
conclude
beamhas three  unknown reactions
 (MA, RA,and RB). Only t
M10-6 Example 10-1. Propped
FIG. L × (areLavailable
equilibrium ⋅ RB L) − L × ( L ⋅ these
for determining )= a
qLreactions,
cantilever beam with a uniform load beamis statically
 indeterminate to the first
 degree.

RB L  be analyzing this beam by solving the
Ð→ R = qL
Since we will
equation, weBmustbegin with a general expression for the mom
sion
. will be in terms of both the load and the selected redundan
reactions at A: Let us choose the reaction R at the s
Redundant reaction.  B
L RA = qLThen,
the redundant. − RBby=considering
qL the equilibrium of the enti
x  in terms
express the othertwo reactions  of RB:
qL qL
MA = − RB L = qL2
 RA ! qL " RB MA ! ## " RB L
2 
qx
1 equilibrium:
Bending moment. The =
M(x) RA x −moment
bending MA −M at distance x
− qL2  follows:
support can be expressed in terms of the reactions as
2 (rest steps neglected.)
qx 2
two parts: by q and RB . M .! RA x. " MA. " ## . .

() Lecture : Bending (VII) — Statically indeterminate beams

2
Nov ,   / 
Example 
Given: a propped cantilever beam; concentrated load at the end
Determine: reactions at the supports A and B

Solution:
. degree of static indeterminacy: 
 reactions at A, B;  independent equilibrium equations
. choose support B as redundant, replaced with By
. draw component M/EI diagrams for By and P, respectively


. . . . . .

() Lecture : Bending (VII) — Statically indeterminate beams Nov ,   / 
Example  (cont.)

. compatibility: t
B/A =  (∵ vB = vA = , θ A = )


. application of the nd moment-area theorem:

  By L L PL L  PL
tB/A = ( L) L + ( [− L] + [ (− )L]) =  Ð→ By = .P
  EI  EI   EI
. reactions at A: Ax = , Ay = .P, MA = .PL
. . . . . .

() Lecture : Bending (VII) — Statically indeterminate beams Nov ,   / 
Example 
Given: moment applied at C;
Determine: reaction at B

Solution:
. indeterminacy: 


 reactions at A, B and C;
 equilibrium eqns.
. choose support B as redundant,


replaced with By
. draw component M/EI diagrams


for By and M separately

. . . . . .

() Lecture : Bending (VII) — Statically indeterminate beams Nov ,   / 
Example  (cont.) —— method 

. compatibility (geometric analysis): t 

B/C = tA/C


. application of the nd moment-area theorem


L  By L L M L L M L
tB/C = L + (− )L + (− )= (By L − M )
  EI  EI   EI EI

 By L   M L
tA/C = L (L) + ( (L)) ( (− ) (L)) = (By L − M )
 EI   EI EI
 M
tB/C = tA/C Ð→ By =
 L
. . . . . .

() Lecture : Bending (VII) — Statically indeterminate beams Nov ,   / 
Example  (cont.) —— method 

. an alternative way: t 
B/A = tC/A

 
L L By L M L
tB/A = ( [ − ]) = (By L − M )
  EI EI EI
L L M L By L L
tC/A = ( (− )) + ( )L = (−M + By L)
  EI  EI EI
 M
tB/A = tC/A Ð→ By =
 L
. reactions at A (equil. eqn.): Ax = , Cy = M , Ay = M
L L
. . . . . .

() Lecture : Bending (VII) — Statically indeterminate beams Nov ,   / 
Comparison: integration and moment-area

commons:
. identification (识别) of redundants (note: non-unique);
. moment diagram with unknown redundant reactions

differences:
a). Integration method
. M(x) as an explicit function (显式函数) with unknowns

. straightforward but lengthy (直接但冗长)

. works for arbitrary loads

b). Moment-area method
. separate M/EI sub-diagrams (graphical)

. concise and efficient (简洁高效)

. works best for concentrated loadings

. . . . . .

() Lecture : Bending (VII) — Statically indeterminate beams Nov ,   / 
. Method of superposition

. . . . . .
Essentials of method of superposition

. principle of superposition


on the primary beam (静定基梁):

true loads + Nr redundant reactions Ð→ original deformation

. Nr compatibility conditions


apply at where each redundant acts

Remarks:

also known as force method (力法)

(forces are used as the basic parameters).
choice for redundant: non-unique

. . . . . .

() Lecture : Bending (VII) — Statically indeterminate beams Nov ,   / 
 in te
Example : example - by superposition, page  3.8)
Propped cantilever beam, with uniform distributed load. Determine the deflection
of the beam. and
q dant
unkn

A B upon
MA struc
RA RB the r
L
in th
(a)
the p
valu
. . . . .
tion
.

() Lecture : Bending (VII) — Statically indeterminate beams Nov ,  relea
 / 
 in tension and compression (b) (Section 2.4) and determine
shafts initstors
de
3.8). In this section, we will apply the method Theto relationship
beams.
Example  (cont.) — option  (support B as redundant)
We begin the analysis by noting the degree structure are cal
of static in
and selecting the redundant reactions. Then,are substituted
having identifiei
q dants, we can write qequations of equilibrium in which thattherelat
red
unknown reactions to the redundants and thesolve loads.those equa
Next, we assume that both the original loads dants andknown, we
the red
A B upon the released structure. Then we (dBfind
)1 theequilibrium.
deflections Fur in
MA structure by superposing the separate deflections bendingdue momento th
RA RB the redundants. The sum (c) of these deflections must Thematch stepsthed
L
in the original beam. However, the deflections can be made
in the cle
origin
the points where restraints were removed) are cantilever
either zero beam
or
(a)
values. Therefore, we can write equations two analyses, th
of compatibilit
tions of superposition) expressing the factdant that andthe thedeflecse
released structure (at the points where (This were
(dB)2restraints sameremo bea
same as the deflections in the original beam solving (at thosethe diffe
same p
A B Since the released structure is statically determinate, w
(b) determine its deflections by using the RBtechniques described i
The relationships between (d) the loads and theAnalysis deflections withof R
primary beam structure are called force-displacement relations. When the
10-12 Analysis In this first illus
are FIG.
substituted of aequations
into the propped of compatibility, we obta
. cantilever (Fig. 10-12a) as
 take support B as
q the redundantin which thebeam by the method
redundants are theofunknown quantities. Theref
superposition with thefor
reaction RB express the othe
solve those equations the redundant reactions. Then, wit
.
 compatibility equation at B: δBdants =selected
 known, as the redundant lows:
we can determine all other reactions from the
. (dB)1 equilibrium. Furthermore, we can also determine the shea
 superposition of q and RB bending moments from equilibrium.
δB = (δB ) − (δ(c)B ) =  The steps described in general Copyright 2004
terms in theThomson
preceding
May not be copied, scanned, o
Lea
can be made clearer by considering a particular case, namel
cantilever beam supporting. .
a uniform
.
load
.
(Fig.
.
10-12a).
.
W
() Lecture : Bending (VII) — Statically indeterminate beams Nov ,   / 
 (b) determine its deflections by using the techniques described in Chapter 9.
The relationships between the loads and the deflections of the released
Example , option  (cont.) structure are called force-displacement relations. When these relations
are substituted into the equations of compatibility, we obtain equations
q in which the redundants are the unknown quantities. Therefore, we can
.
solveapply the force-displacement
those equations relations
for the redundant reactions. Then, with the redun-
dants known, weqL can determine all other reactions from the equations of
(δB ) Furthermore,
(dB)1 equilibrium. = we can also determine (table G-, forces
the shear entryand
)
bending momentsEI from equilibrium.
RB L in general terms in the preceding paragraphs
(c) (δBsteps
The
can be made
) clearer
=described (table G-, entry )
EIby considering a particular case, namely, a propped
cantilever beam supporting a uniform load (Fig. qL 10-12a). We will make
δB = (δthe
two analyses, B )first
− (δ B )the
with  =force
Ð→ RB =RB selected as the redun-
reaction
dant and the second with the moment reaction M A as the redundant.
714 CHAPTER 10 Statically Indeterminate(This
Beamssame beam was analyzed in Example 10-1 of Section 10.3 by
qL
(dB)2 .
 balance
solving equations:
the differential equation
qx
RAof=theqL − RB =curve.)
deflection
 v! " # # ($6L2 % 15Lx $ 8x 2)

 (10-7)
qL 48EI qL
RB
= R as
MA with
Analysis − R$# = 2 $ 5Lx % 2 x 2)
B Lq x#(3L 2
(d)  B v "Redundant  48EI
(10-8)
In. this firstRillustration
with obtained, we select
using the reaction
table G-,REq.Bentries
at the simple support
G. 10-12
y Analysis of a propped The deflected B
shape of the beam as obtained from (10-8) is,
shown in
(Fig. 
10-12a) as the redundant. Then the equations of equilibrium that
antilever beam by the method of Fig. 10-8. qx
uperpositiondwith
0 dmax uBR
the reaction B
express v =the
q: other
bydetermine
To the − maximum
unknown (L
reactions − Lx
deflection + xbeam,
of the ) we set the slope
 in terms ofthe redundant are as fol-
(Eq. 10-7) equal to zeroEI
A B x
elected as the redundant lows: and solve for the distance x1 to the point where this

deflection occurs: RB x
L by RB : vv! " = 0 or $6L (L 2 − x)
% 15Lx $ 8 x2 " 0
—
4 x1 EI
from v
May not be copied, = v +orvduplicated,
which
scanned,  = −qxin (Lwhole or−inLx
Copyright 2004 Thomson Learning, Inc. AllRightsReserved.
part. + x )/(EI)


FIG. 10-8 Deflection curve for the 15 $ !33

"
x1 " ##L " 0.5785L (10-9)
proppeddeflection curve . . . . . .
cantilever beam of Fig. 10-6 16
() Lecture : Bending (VII) — Statically indeterminate beams Nov ,   / 
 RA ! ## $ ## RB ! ## " ## (g,h)
2 L 2 L
q
Example  (cont.) — option  (MA as redundant)
A q B primary beam
MA
A B
A RA L
B RB
MA
A B
(a) (b)
RA L RB

(a) q (b)
(uA)2
q
a propped
(uA)2
method of MA
(uA)1
moment reaction
undant (c) (d)
MA
(uA)1
eaction
(c) (d)

. take moment
Copyright reaction
2004 Thomson MAInc.asAllredundant
Learning, Rights Reserved.
May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.
. compatibility equation at A: θ A = 
Copyright 2004 Thomson Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
. be
May not of q andin M
copied, scanned, or duplicated,
superposition whole or in part.
A
θ A = (θ A ) − (θ A ) = 
. . . . . .

() Lecture : Bending (VII) — Statically indeterminate beams Nov ,   / 
 (a) (b)
Example : option  (cont.)
q
. apply the force-displacement relations

(uA)2
A B qL
(θ A ) = (table G-, entry )
EI
MA MA L
(uA)1 (b)
(θ A ) = (table G-, entry )
(c)
EI
(d)
qL
(uA)2 θ A = (θ A ) − (θ A ) = Ð→ MA =
714 CHAPTER 10 Statically Indeterminate Beams 
.
qL M A qL
balance equations: qx RA 2= + = (10-7)
v! " ## ($6L % 15Lx $ 8x 2)
MA
004 Thomson Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 48EI  L 
qL MA q xqL
opied, scanned, or duplicated, RB =
in whole or in part. − v " $# = #(3L2 $ 5Lx % 2 x 2)
2
(d) (10-8)
 L 48EI 
y . deflected
The with RBshape obtained,
of the beamusing tablefrom
as obtained G-,Eq.entries
(10-8) is,
shown in
Fig. 10-8. qx
A
d0 dmax uB
B x
q: v =the− maximum(Ldeflection
bydetermine
To 
− Lxof + 
) we set the slope
thexbeam,
(Eq. 10-7) equal to zeroEI
and solve for the distance x1 to the point where this
eserved.
r in part.
deflection occurs: MA x
L by MA : vv!"=0 or $6L (L2

− Lx
% 15Lx $ 8 x2+
"x 0 )

—
4 x1 LEI
from v = v + v = −qx (L − Lx + x )/(EI)
which

FIG. 10-8 Deflection curve for the 15 $ !33

"
x1 " ##L " 0.5785L (10-9)
proppeddeflection
cantilever beamcurve
of Fig. 10-6 16 . . . . . .

() Lecture : Bending (VII) — Statically indeterminate beams Nov ,   / 
YBNQMF
ExampleĚ 
(JWFO: a $BOUJMFWFSFE
Given CFBN
propped cantilever XJUI
beam 1 P;
with %FUFSNJOF  SFBDUJPOT
Determine: reactions , B"
at ABU
4PMVUJPO
Solution : 
. choose support B as redundant, replaced with
ĕ DIPPTF TVQQPSU # BT SFEVOEBOU SFQMBDFE X


By ; loadings separated
#Z  MPBEJOHT TFQBSBUFE
. compatibility: −vB + v′ = 
−W# + WAppendix
# =ƈ

B ′
Ė DPNQBUJCJMJUZ
. apply tabulated results (with G, table
ė BQQMZ
G-,  and ) SFTVMUT XJUI "QQFOEJY $ Q
entriesUBCVMBUFE
PL By L
vB =ĜĔĕ FOUSZ
′
, v/P = Ɗ BOE /P Ɖ

EIƍ1-Ƌ B EI #Z -Ƌ
= =
′
. W# W
(回代
′
# ) vB and v into
′
ƌƐ&*
back substitution
 Ƌ&* B
−vB + vB =  Ð→ By = P ′
Ę CBDL TVCTUJUVUJPO 回代
W# BOE W# JOUP
ƍ
−W# + W#Ð→= ƈA!→ Z y== 1P, MA =  PL
.
′ 
equilibrium x = #,A
(negative sense)
ƉƎ
 FRVJMJCSJVN !→ "Y = ƈ "Z = ƉƉ 1 ." = Ƌ
ę

()
.

Lecture : Bending (VII) — Statically indeterminate beams

. . .
ƉƎ .

Nov , 

.
ƉƎ
 / 
Example  (cont.) —— alternative solution
Solution:
. rotational constraint at A as redundant,
replaced with MA
. separate loadings and contributions

. compatibility: θ A + θ ′ = 
A
. apply tabulated results (with Appendix G, table
G-, entries  and )
PL ′ MA L
θA = , θA =
EI EI
. substitute θ A and θ ′ into θ A + θ ′ = 
A A

Ð→ MA = − PL


. . . . . .

() Lecture : Bending (VII) — Statically indeterminate beams Nov ,   / 
Strategy for continuous beams — an illustration
continuous beam (连续梁):
. degree of indeterminacy: 

. redundants selection: supports at B, C, replaced

with By and Cy , respectively.
. primary beam, separate loadings and
contributions
. compatibility conditions at B and C:
′ ′′ ′ ′′
 = vB + vB + vB  = vC + vC + vC
. evaluate all the contributions (with Appendix G,
table G-, entry )
. solve for By and Cy .

. . . . . .

() Lecture : Bending (VII) — Statically indeterminate beams Nov ,   / 
Example 
Given: B settles down  mm; E =  GPa ,
I = ( ) mm
Determine: reactions at A and B
Solution:
. indeterminacy: . Select By as the redundant
′
. compatibility equation: . m = vB − v B
. force-displacement relations
(with Appendix G, table G-, entries  and )
wL 
vB = = kN ⋅ m (downward)
EI EI
′ PL .
vB = = By ⋅ m (upward)
EI EI
. pay attention to the units!
.EI =  − .By Ð→ By =  kN
. by equilibrium Ð→ Ay =  kN, Cy =  kN

. . . . . .

() Lecture : Bending (VII) — Statically indeterminate beams Nov ,   / 
Example : example -, page 
724 CHAPTER 10 Statically Indeterminate Beams
A fixed-end beam AB is loaded by a force P acting at an intermediate point D. Find
the reactive forces and moments at the ends of the beam using the method of
superposition. Also,Example
determine10-4
the deflection at point D where the load is applied.

P A fixed-end b
mediate point
A D B using the me
where the loa
MA
MB
RA a b RB
Solution
L This bea
(a) port), but o
Therefore, th
P example, we
. static indeterminacy: -=

Equation
. select the reactive moments MA , MB as the redundants can be expres
. . . . . .

() Lecture : Bending (VII) — Statically indeterminate beams

equations
Nov , 
of
 / 
MA
MB
RA a b RB
Example L: example -
Solution
(cont.)
This beam has four unknown reactions (a force and a moment at each sup-
(a) port), but only two independent equations of equilibrium are available.
Therefore, the beam is statically indeterminate to the second degree. In this
P Solution:
example, we will select the reactive moments MA and MB as the redundants.
Equations of equilibrium. The two unknown force reactions (RA and RB)
. compatibility equations at the redundants
 expressed in terms of the redundants (MA and MB) with the aid of two
can be
equations of equilibrium. The first equation is for moments about point B, and
(uA)1 (uB)1 θ A = (θ A ) − (θ A ) − (θ A ) = 
the second is for moments about point A. The resulting expressions are
M M M M
θ BR=!(θ
"" #)"" − (θ
L B ) − (θ
R ! "" $ ")" #=
Pb A Pa B A B
L B L  L
(b) $" " "" (n,o)
L B 
A B
L
. force-displacement relations:
Equations of compatibility. When both redundants are released by remov-
ing the rotational restraints at the ends of the beam, we are left with a simple
beam as the released structure (Figs. 10-15b, c, and d). The angles of rotation at
appendix G, table G-, entry 
the ends of the released structure due to the concentrated load P are denoted
MA
(uA)2 (uB)2 Pab(L + b) Pab(L + a)
(uA)1 and (uB)1, as shown in Fig. 10-15b. In a similar manner, the angles at the
(c) (θ ) =
ends due to theAredundant
 , (θ ) =
MA are denoted (uA)2 and (uBB)2, and
 the angles due to
LEI
the redundant MB are denoted (uA)3 and (uB)3. LEI
Since the angles of rotation at the supports of the original beam are equal to
appendix G, table G-, entry 
zero, the two equations of compatibility are
M!A
L ) $ (u ) ! 0MA L
(θ A ) =u A (u ) ,$ (u(θ
A 1
B ) =
A 2 A 3 (p)

(uA)3 (uB)3 MB u ! (u ) $ (u ) $ (u ) ! 0 EI

BEI B 1 B 2 B 3 (q)
(d) in which the signs of theM B L terms are determinedMbyBinspection
L
figures. (θ A ) = , (θ B ) =
various from the
FIG. 10-15 Example 10-4. Fixed-end
beam with a concentrated load
EI The angles at the ends
Force-displacement relations. EIof the beam due to
.
the load P (Fig. 10-15b) are obtained from Case 5 of Table G-2:
a  by  linear system is resulted.
Pab(L # b) Pab(L # a)
6Pab 6Pa
LEI b
(u ) ! "
A 1 " (u ) ! "B 1 "
Ð→ = =
LEI
M A , M B
Lfrom the supports to point
in which a and b are the distances
applied.
LD where the load is
Also, the angles at the ends due to the redundant moment MA are (see
. . . . . .
Case 7 of Table G-2):
() Lecture : Bending (VII) — Statically indeterminate beams Nov ,   / 
724
724 CHAPTER
CHAPTER10
10 Statically
StaticallyIndeterminate
IndeterminateBeams
Beams

Example
Example 10-4 : example - (cont.)
Example 10-4
PP A
A fixed-end
fixed-end beam
beam AB AB (Fig.
(Fig. 10-15a)
10-15a) isis loaded
loaded by
by aa force
force PP acting
acting at
at an
an inter-
inter-
.
mediate
mediate point
point D.
D. Find
reactions Find the reactive
(by
the forces
forces and
and moments
superposition):
reactive moments at at the
the ends
ends of
of the
the beam
beam
AA D BB using
D using the method of superposition. Also, determine the deflection at point D
the method of superposition. Also, determine the deflection at point D
where
where the
the load
Pb M
load isis applied. A M B
M
MAA M
MBB
RA = +
applied.
− (upward)
RRA aa bb RRB L L L
A B Solution
Solution Pa MA MB
B =has four− +
LL
ThisRbeam
This beam has four unknown
unknown reactions (a(upward)
reactions (a force
force and
and aa moment
moment at at each
each sup-
sup-
(a)
(a) port),
port), but
but only
only twoL independent
two L equations
independent L ofof equilibrium
equations equilibrium are

are available.
available.
Therefore,
Therefore, the
the beam
beam isis statically indeterminate to the second degree. In this
Pb moments M and M as Pa
statically indeterminate to the second degree. In this
PP example,Ð→
example, we
we will
Rselect
will =the
select
A (L moments
the reactive
reactive + a) M, and BM=reactions
Rforce A
A as the (L +
the redundants.
redundants.
B
B b)
Equations of equilibrium.  The two unknown 
L The two unknown force reactions
Equations of equilibrium.
can be expressed in terms of the redundants (M and M ) with the aid of two
L (R and R ))
(R and R A
A
B
B
can .be expressed in terms of the redundants and MBB) with the aid of two
(MAA

equations
equationsdeflection
of
of equilibrium. (by
equilibrium. The superposition)
The first
first equation
equation isis for
for moments
moments about
about point
point B,
B, and
and
the
the second
second isis for
for moments
moments about
about point
point A.
A.The
The resulting
resulting expressions
expressions are
((uuA))1
A 1
((uuB))1
B 1
δD = (δPbD )M− (δ
M D ) − (δ ) MA(downward)
PaaD  MB
are

(b) RRA ! b # "M"

"P""
A M"
A$ "
B
B RRB ! "P"" $ "M"A # "M"B (n,o)
(b) . checkA!" LL # "LL" $ "LL" B!"
table G-, entries  and  LL $ "LL" # "LL" (n,o)

Equations Pa b
Equations of of compatibility.
compatibility. When M ab
When both both redundants
redundantsAare are released
released byby remov-
remov-
ing
ing the (δ ) =
the rotational
rotational
D  restraints (δ ) =
restraints at the, ends
at the ends of(L + b)
of the beam,
D thec,  beam,
we
we are are left
left with ,
with aa simple
simple
beam
the ends of
LEI
the
structure
released
(Figs.
structure
LEI
beam as the released structure (Figs. 10-15b, c, and d). The angles of rotation at
as the released 10-15b,
due to the
and d).
concentrated
The angles
load P
of rotation
are denoted
at
the ends of the released structure due to the concentrated load P are denoted
M
MAA ((uuA))2 ((uuB))2 (u ) and (u M ab
) , as shown B
in Fig. 10-15b. In a similar manner, the angles at the
A 2
(c)
B 2
A
ends
1

ends due
(δ ) =
due to
B
D
to the
1
 (L + a)
(uA)1 and (uB)1, as shown in Fig. 10-15b. In a similar manner, the angles at the
the redundant
redundant MMAA are
are denoted
denoted (u (uAA))22 and
and (u(uBB))22,, and
and the
the angles
angles due
due toto
(c) the
the redundant
redundant M
LEI
MBB are
are denoted
denoted (u (uAA))33 and
and (u(uBB))33..
with
Since
Since M M
the
the angles
anglesAof , rotation
of rotation at Ð→
B substituted
at the
the supports
supports of of the
the original
original beam beam are
are equal
equal toto
zero,
zero, the
the two equationsof
two equations
compatibility are
of compatibility
Pa b are
δD = uu !!(u(u )) $$(u(u )) $$(u(u )) !!00
A A 1 A 2 A 3 (p)
(p)
M
L uEI! (u ) $ (u ) $ (u ) ! 0
A A 1 A 2 A 3

(q)
((uuA))3 ((uuB))3 MBB uBB ! (uBB)11 $ (uBB)22 $ (uBB)33 ! 0 (q)
A 3 B 3
. . . . . .
(d)
(d) in which the signs of the various terms are determined by inspection from the
()
in which
Lecture
the signs of the various terms are determined
: Bending (VII) — Statically indeterminate beams
by inspection from the
Nov ,   / 
figures.
 dC ! " " (10-29)
192EI
Example : example - (cont.)
n is only one-fourth of the deflection at the midpoint of a simple
e same load, which shows the stiffening effect of clamping the APPENDIX G Deflections and Slopes of Beams 909
am. table G-, entry  (simple beam, concentrated load)
eding results for the reactions at the ends and the deflection at the
0-28 and 10-29) agreePwith those found in ExamplePx 10-2 by solv-
v !Eqs.
ntial4equation of the deflection curve (see #(3L 2 10-14,
"#10-13,
48EI
P
" 4x 2) and v$ ! "##(L 2 " 4x 2)
16EI
L
0 % x % ##
2 ! "
3 2
PL PL
L L dC ! dmax ! # # uA ! uB ! ##
— — 48E I 16E I
2 2

PP Pbx 2 Pb L
6LEIa = b =
v ! "##(L b 2 " x 2)
a"special v$ !with
"##(L 2
" b " 3x ) 2 2
(0 % x % a)
6LEfor case
5
I

A C B Pab(L & b) L &a)
Pab( Pa b PL
uA ! ##
(δ ) uB ! ##
6 LEI D fixed =
6 LEI
 =
MA a b MB L EI EI Pa(3L2 " 4a2)
Pb(3L2 " 4b2) 
L L
RA — — RIfB a ' b, dC ! ## PL If a % b, dC ! # #
2 2 (δD )simp =
48E I 48EI
L2 " b2 EI
If a ' b, x1 ! ## $ 3 $
Pb(L2 " b2)3/2
#  and dmax ! ##
(δD )fixed = (δD )simp

PL
A !="# B = " a 2 " x 2)
Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
d, orstiffening
6duplicated, in effect orP: in
due
part.to the reactive " 3a 2 " x2) Mv$
"##(3aLmoments MP#(aL
P Px
whole v! (0 % x % a)
6 EI 2EI 
Pa Pa
v ! "##(3Lx " 3x 2 " a 2) v$ ! "##(L " 2x) (a % x % L " a)
6EI 2. EI . . . . .
a ()
a Lecture : Bending (VII) — Statically indeterminate beamsPa(L Nov ,   / 
" a)
 Example : example A fixed-end
-, page beamAB supports a uniform load of in
the span (Fig. 10-17a). Determine the reactions of
A fixed-end beam AB supports a uniform load of intensity q acting over part of the
fixed-end moments and fixed-end forces).
span. Determine the reactions of this beam (that is, find the fixed-end moments
and fixed-end forces).

A B
(a) Fixed-end MA MB A
d over part of RA a RB dMA
ns produced by L dRA
niform load
(a)

. static indeterminacy: -=

. many different ways for solving reactions
()
Solution .

Lecture : Bending (VII) — Statically indeterminate beams

. . . .

Nov , 

.

 / 
 A fixed-end beam AB supports a uniform load of intensity q acting over part of
the span (Fig. 10-17a). Determine the reactions of this beam (that is, find the
Example : example - (cont.)
fixed-end moments and fixed-end forces).

q . recall: distributed
q dx load as a collection of
ECTION 10.4 Method of Superposition 727
differential concentrated load
.
A B
d MA MB apply results obtained in the previous example
A B
uniform load of intensity
RA a q acting over part of
RB the dMA Pabdx dMB Pa b
dRA MA x= dRBMB =
e the reactions of this beam (that is, find
y L ,
forces).
L L
(a) Pb(b) Pa
RA =  (L + a), RB =  (L + b)
q dx L L
applied here P = qdx, a = x, b = L − x
Solution qx(L − x) dx
Procedure. We can find the reactions of this dM beam=by using the principle of
A B A
B
dMAsuperposition together with the L example
dMBresults obtained in the preceding
(Examplex 10-4). Indxthat exampledR we found the reactionsqxof (L − x)dxbeam
a fixed-end
dRA
dMB =a from the left-hand
B
subjected to a concentrated load P acting at distance end
(see Fig. 10-15a(b)and Eqs. 10-25 and 10-26). L 
In order to apply those results to the uniform load q(L of Fig.−10-17a,
x) (Lwe+will
x)dx
dRA = load of magnitude
treat an element of the uniform load as a concentrated
 q dx
acting at distance x from the left-hand end (Fig. 10-17b). Then, using the L formu-
las derived in Example 10-4, we can obtain the reactionsqx (L
caused −
 by this element
x)dx
eactions ofof load.
this beam by using
Finally, the principleover
by integrating dRaBof=the uniform load,
of the length
 we can
results obtain
obtainedthe in the preceding
reactions example
due to the entire uniform load. L
we found the reactions of a fixed-end beam
Fixed-end moments. Let us begin with the moment reactions, for which we
P acting at distance a from the left-hand end
use Eqs. (10-25a and b) of Example 10-4. To obtain the moments caused . by the .
nd 10-26).
. . . .

element q dx ()of the uniform load Lecture

(compare Fig. 10-17b
: Bending with indeterminate
(VII) — Statically Fig. 10-15a), we
beams Nov ,   / 
 Example
A fixed-end : example
beam AB -load(cont.)
supports a uniform of intensity q acting over part of
the span (Fig. 10-17a). Determine the reactions of this beam (that is, find the
fixed-end moments and fixed-end forces).

q . superposition
 q dxof all differential loads
ECTION 10.4 Method of Superposition 727
a qa
MA = ∫ dMA = (L − aL + a )
A B L
d MA MB A B qa
a
uniform load of intensity
RA
e the reactions
a q acting over part of
RB the
of this beam (that is, find
dMA MB = ∫ dM B = dMB
(L − a)
y L dRA x dx dRB 
L
forces). qa
a
(a) dRA =  (L − a L + a )
RA = ∫ (b)
L
q dx a qa
RB = ∫ dRB =  (L − a)
Solution
L
Procedure. We can find the reactions of this beam by using the principle of
B A B
dMAsuperposition together with the dMBresults obtained in the preceding example
(Examplex 10-4). Indxthat exampledRB we found the reactions of a fixed-end beam
dRA
subjected to a concentrated load P acting at distance a from the left-hand end
(see Fig. 10-15a(b)and Eqs. 10-25 and 10-26).
In order to apply those results to the uniform load of Fig. 10-17a, we will
treat an element of the uniform load as a concentrated load of magnitude q dx
acting at distance x from the left-hand end (Fig. 10-17b). Then, using the formu-
las derived in Example 10-4, we can obtain the reactions caused by this element
eactions of
of load.
this beam by using
Finally, the principleover
by integrating of the length a of the uniform load, we can
results obtain
obtainedthe in the preceding
reactions example
due to the entire uniform load. . . . . . .
we found the reactions of a fixed-end beam
() moments. Lecturewith
: Bending (VII) — Statically indeterminate beams Nov ,   / 
Fixed-end Let us begin the moment reactions, for which we
 A B
x partdCof! #v(L/2) ! deflection at midpoint C of
A fixed-end beam AB supports a uniform load of intensity q acting over
1 ! distance from support A to point of max
the span (Fig. 10-17a). Determine the reactions of this beam (that is, find xthe
Example : example - (cont.)
fixed-end moments and fixed-end forces). dmax ! #vmax ! maximum deflection (posit
uA ! #v"(0) ! angle of rotation at left-hand
L
uB ! v"(L) ! angle of rotation at right-hand
! constant
table G-, EI
entry  (simple beam, uniform load) (positive counterclockwise)
728 q Statically Indeterminate Beams
CHAPTER 10 q dx
q qx
1 v ! #$$(L3 # 2Lx2 % x 3)
24 EI
Fixed-end forces. Proceeding in a similar manner as for the fixed-end
A B moments, but using Eqs. (10-26a and b), weqobtain the following expressions
d MA MB A v" ! #$$(L 3 # 6Lx 2 # 4x 3)
B element
for the fixed-end forces due to the q 24
dxEIof load:
a dM A dM B
RA RB
y q(L #dxx)2(L $ 2x)dx 5qL qx4 2(3L # 2x)dx qL 3
L dRA dRxA ! """ dRdB ! d dR! $
C max B ! " $ "
uA ! uB ! $$
384E I L3 24E I
(a) (b)
Integration gives
!
q qx 3
2 v ! #$$(9L  # 24Lx2 % 16x 3)  0 &
qL 4EI 2MA L qL
q
(δA C )fixed
R ! dR A ! =
"!
q a
" (L
L3 0 C 
# !x) (L $ 2x)dx ! "
q
(δ ) −(δC ) =2L3 q − $ a3) (10-31a)
2 a
"(2L
38 3
# 2a L =
Solution v" !EI
#$$(9L EI 3 2
# 72Lx % 64x EI
3
) ! 0
L qLL q a 2
! !
384EI
q a 3
AProcedure. We can findB the reactions of this beam RB2 !bydRusing
— — the principle of ! ""(2L # a) (10-31b)
MA MB
superposition together with the results (δCobtained
)simp =in the precedingB2! ""
L 03 x (3L # 2x)dx
example qL2L 3

EI v ! #$$(8x 3 # 24Lx 2 % 17L 2 x # L 3)

R(Example 10-4).
L In that example
RB we found thereactions
reactions of a fixed-end beam 384EI forces) have been found.
A Thus, all from the left-hand end
(fixed-end moments and fixed-end
(δCatUniform
subjected to a concentrated load P acting )fixed
distance= a acting
load (δC over)simp the entire length ofqLthe beam. When the load acts L
(see Fig.
FIG. 10-18 10-15abeam
Fixed-end
a special
and Eqs.
with 10-25
case a and 10-26).
over the entire span  (Fig. 10-18), we can v" !obtain
#$$(24x
384EI
2
the reactions 17L 2)
# 48Lxby%substituting ! $$
2
In order to apply those results
uniform load  to reactive
the
a !uniform
L into the load of Fig.equations,
preceding 10-17a, we will
yielding
treat an element of the uniform
moments provide
qLload as a concentrated load of magnitude2 qd dx! $ stiffening 5qL 4 effect 3qL 3
7qL
a =acting
L Ð→ MA =x from
at distance MB the= left-hand end (Fig. 10-17b). Then, MA ! using
MB !
qLformu-
the" "
C
RA7!
$
68E RIB ! ""
qLuA ! $$ uB ! $$
128E I (10-32a,b) 384
las derived in Example 10-4, we can obtain the reactions caused by this 1element
2 2
qL qx
obtain the
= RB =due to the entire
of load. Finally, by integrating
RA reactions over the3 length
uniform
a of qthe at
The deflection
load.
uniform load, we
the midpoint of avcan
uniformly
! #$$(a
24 LEI
loaded4
# 4a beam
3
L %is4aalso
2 2of inter-
L % 2a 2x 2 #
 est. The
Fixed-end moments. Let us begin superposition.
simplest
with the moment
procedure for obtaining this deflection is to use the method of
The reactions,
first step isfortowhich
removewethe moment q restraints at the supports
4 3 2 2 2 2
use Eqs. (10-25a and b) of Example 10-4. and To obtain
obtain the moments
a released structure caused . byv"
in the ! . #$
the
form $(a
of24aLEI
simple
. #beam.
.4a L %. 4a L %
The downward . 6a x #

element q dx ()of the uniform load Lecture

(compare Fig.at10-17b
deflection
: Bending (VII) with indeterminate
thea—midpoint
Statically Fig.
of a 10-15a),
simplebeams we due to a uniformNov
beam load (from Case
,  1,
 / 
0-6
Example : example -, page 
A beam ABC (Fig. 10-19a) rests on simple su
A beam ABC rests on simple supports at points A and B and is supported by a
supported by a cable at point C. The beam ha
cable at point C. The beam has total length L and supports a uniform load of
uniform load of intensity q. Prior to the applica
intensity q. Prior to the application of the uniform load, there is no force in the cable
no force in the cable nor is there any slack in th
nor is there any slack (松弛) in the cable.
When the uniform load is applied, the bea
When the uniform load is applied, the beam deflects downward at point C and a
and a tensile force T develops in the cable. Find
tensile force T develops in the cable. Find the magnitude of this force.

Cable D

h
q

A C A
B

ample 10-6. L L
ith one end . . . . . .

() Lecture : Bending (VII) — Statically indeterminate beams Nov ,   / 
 uniform load of intensity q. Prior to the application of the uniform load, there is
no force in the cable nor is there any slack in the cable.
When the uniform load is applied, the beam deflects downward at point C
Example  (cont.)
and a tensile force T develops in the cable. Find the magnitude of this force.

Solution:
Cable D D
. static indeterminacy: -=
SECTION 10.4 Method of Superposition 729
h T
q . tensile qforce T in cable as the redundant. release
restsAon simple supports at points A and BC and is A hinge at C C C
nt C. The beam has total lengthB 2L and supports a B
Prior to the application of the uniform load, there is . compatibility equation: T
here any slack in Lthe cable. L
is applied, the beam deflects downward at point C (δC )beam,q − (δC )beam,T = (δC )cable,T
s in the cable. Find the magnitude of this force.
(a) . force-displacement

(b)
relations
qL
Solution
D
(δC )beam,q = (by example -)
Redundant force. The structure ABCD, consisting of theE b Iband cable,
beam
T
hasq three vertical reactions (at points A, B, and D). However, only two equations
TL
Therefore, the structure
(δC )beam,T
isC statically indeterminate
=
of equilibrium are available from a free-body diagram of the entire structure.
to the first degree, and we
A
must select
B
C
one redundant quantity for purposes of analysis.
Eb Ib
The tensile force T in Tthe cable is a suitable choice for the Thredundant. We
(δC )cable,T
can release this force by removing the connection at point =
C, thereby cutting the
E
structure into two parts (Fig. 10-19b). The released structurecconsists A c of the
(b) ABC and the cable CD as separate elements, with the redundant force T
beam . substitute to compatibility eqn.
acting upward on the beam and downward on the cable.

Question:10-19b) can we release at qL E A
Equation of compatibility. The deflection at point C of beam ABC c (Fig.
c
structure ABCD, consisting ofconsists
the beamofand Ð→ T =
parts, a downward deflection (dC)1 due to the uniform
twocable,
load D and
at points A, B, and D). However, ? only two equations C 2
an upward deflection (d ) due to the L E A + hE I
force T. At the
c csame time, theb b
lower end
from a free-body diagram of C
theofentire CD displaces downward by an amount (dC)3, equal
cablestructure. . to the
. . . . .
statically indeterminate to() the first
elongation degree,
of the cable anddue
we to the:
Lecture force T. Therefore,
Bending the indeterminate
(VII) — Statically equation of beams
compati- Nov ,   / 
Summary

statically indeterminate problems in beams

). primary beam (静定基梁)
). redundant selection
). compatibility equations
integration method:
key: M(x) in terms of redundant reactions;
moment-area method:
key: M/EI diagram with redundant reactions in component form;
method of superposition:
key: superposition of true loads and redundant reactions on the primary
beam

. . . . . .

() Lecture : Bending (VII) — Statically indeterminate beams Nov ,   / 
Homework 

Chap.  — 

(solve it three times by three methods:

integration, moment-area, and superposition)

Due: .. (Wed.)

. . . . . .

() Lecture : Bending (VII) — Statically indeterminate beams Nov ,   / 