Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
NDE
(PT,
MT)
of
spacer
welde
d for
●CORR Cyclic Interacti Ultrasonic Sample tube
OSION thermal on of test inspection for SH, RH
FATIGUE stress corrosion Sample tube and water wall
under and inspection Check of Burner
corrosive fatigue Nozzle and Wind Box
environme Damper
nt
**Inspection item
• Design information
– material type or grade
– Nominal outside diameter
– Designing pressure
– Design life
– Deign temperature
– Original nominal thickness
• Operating information
– Maximum tube metal
Thickness measurements
temperature of water wall tubes
– Normal operating pressure furnace
– Original measured minimum
thickness
– Metal thinning rate
Minimum required thickness for SA178-C
SA- 178 A ERW Low car b on steel - C=0.18 m ax. Bo iler tubes, e con o m izer s, low te m p. s u p er h eater s
SA- 178 C ERW Me dium c ar bon s teel - C=0.35 max. Boiler tubes, e con o m iz er s, low te m p. s u p er h ea ter s
SA- 178 D ERW C ar b on- manganese steel - C=0.27 m ax Not in com mon use
SA- 192 Smls. Low car b on steel - C=0.18 m ax W a ter wa lls , eco n o m izer s, low temp. su p er he a ter s
SA- 210 A1 Smls. Me dium c ar bon s teel - C=0.27 max. W a ter wa lls , eco n o m izer s, s up er he ater s
SA- 210 C Smls. Me dium c ar bon s teel - C=0.35 max. W a ter wa lls , eco n o m izer s, s up er he ater s
SA- 209 T1 Smls. Low alloy steel - low car b on, 1 /2% moly Superhea ters
SA- 209 T1a Smls . Low alloy steel - medium car b on, 1 /2% moly Superhea ters
SA- 209 T1 b Smls. Low alloy steel - low car b on, 1 /2% moly Superheaters
SA- 213 T2 Smls. I n ter media te alloy - 1/2% chr ome, 1 /2% moly W ater walls, s up er h e ater s, not in common use
SA- 213 T1 1 Smls. I n ter media te alloy - 1 1/4% chrome, 1/2% moly W a ter wa lls, sup er h e ater s
SA- 213 T2 2 Smls. I n ter media te alloy - 2 1/4% chrome, 1% moly W ater walls, s up er h e ater s
SA- 213 T5 Smls. I n ter media te alloy - 5% chr ome, 1/2% moly H igh te m per a ture superheaters, not in common use
SA- 213 T9 Smls. I n ter media te alloy - 9% chr ome, 1% m o ly Hig h te m per ature superheaters, no lo n g er in co m mon use
SA- 213 T9 1 Smls. I n ter media te alloy - 9% chr ome, 1% m o ly , 1/4% vana dium High te m per a ture superheaters - the late st and gr eatest
SA- 213 Tp- 304 Smls. Stain less s teel - 18% chrome, 8% nic kel Superhea ters
SA- 213 Tp- 304H Smls. Stain less s teel for high te m p er a tur e s er vice H igh te m per a ture superheaters
SA- 213 Tp- 316 Smls. Stain less s teel - 16% chrome, 11% nic kel Superhea ters
SA- 213 Tp- 316H Smls. Stain less s teel for high te m p er a tur e s er vice H igh te m per a ture superheaters
SA- 213 Tp- 321 Smls. Stain less s teel - 17% chrome, 9% ni cke l, 0.60% titanium Sup erheaters
SA- 213 Tp- 321H Smls. Stain less s teel for high te m p er a tur e s er vice H igh te m per a ture superheaters
SA- 213 Tp- 347 Smls. Stain less s teel - 17% chrome, 9% ni cke l, co lumbium + tan talum=1 .00% max. Sup erheaters
– Life diagnoses based on check of metal structure, thickness, inner scale, etc
– Sample tube takes according to the result of hardness measurement
• Investigation Items
– Visual inspection
– Non destructive test
– Chemical analysis
– Measurement of the tube dimension
– Hardness measurement
– Cross sectional microstructure observation
– Steam oxidation observation
– Creep rupture test
– Measurement of the inner scale thickness
• Information
– Material of Sample tube
– tube dimension
sample tubes
220
a
. .- .
-o ..,_
...
c -
.................
.....
140
17% 0 Q
44%
120L-._._-- -L-L
0 20 40 60 BO 100
Creep life consumption rate(%)
Water box
Non-destructive Testing:
Technology for assessing the soundness of a component
Non-destructive Inspection:
Technology for inspecting material to known standards
Non-destructive Evaluation:
Art of developing NDT techniques arriving at acceptance standards
for components
Activities Come under NDT &E
Question to be asked:
To find:
•If the object is acceptable after each fabrication step (in-process)
•If the object is acceptable for final use (final NDE)
•If the object/component in use can continue (in-service NDE)
Non-destructive Testing & Evaluation Methods
ACTIVE DETECTOR
RADIOGRAPHY
NDT&E ULTRASONICS OUTPUT
EDDY CURRENT INTERROGATING SIGNAL
MPI/ LPT MEDIUM
PASSIVE DETECTOR
ACOUSTIC EMISSION
DETECTOR
THERMOGAPHY DETECTOR
VIBRATION MONITORING
DETECTOR
Common NDT Methods
•Visual Inspection
•Liquid Penetrant Testing
•Magnetic Particle Testing
•Ultrasonic Testing
•Eddy current Testing
•Radiography
•Thermography
•Acoustic Emission
Liquid Penetrant Testing
Phenomenon used
l
1
C. Oovclopot powdot appiod to <!raw o. AccontuatOd intk<ltion o4 ClliCI< as
pMetranr oiJt of aac:k. peneuant spreads around the
opontnc.
.
Reflection
Refraction
Difraction
Attenuation
Reflection, Refraction
Snell’s law
Reflection, Refraction
Snell's law - -
Diffraction
BACKSCATTERED SIGNAL
Types of waves
Excitation
E(1- ν)
vL
Wave Velocity: ρ1 ν 1 2ν
Transverse Waves
Also called, Shear Waves, Secondary Waves
Excitation
E
v
Wave Velocity: T 2ρ1 ν
Acoustic impedance
The acoustic impedance (Z) of a material is defined
Z = V
Important:
Transmission and Reflection
Sound absorption
Design of ultrasonic transducers
Reflection and Transmission
Transmitted wave
T = (1-R) = 4Z1Z2/(Z2+Z1)2
Ultrasound Testing Methods
•Pulse Echo
•Through Transmission
Pulse-Echo using Contact Probe
Plate Testing
Surface Distance
Depth
T
= Angle of Refracti.on
T = Mate ri,a I Thickness
Surface Dista nee = Sin8Rx Sound Path
Depth (,. st Leg) = cOS eR X Sound P'a th
Angle-Beam
-----SKIP D I STANC
V PATH
i
fJR = Refracted A ngle Leg =
Cos eR
T = Ma re n1a I Thic k n ss
Amplitude %FSH 0%
_ Phase
-100%
Time / Depth
Signal from
indication
Back surface
Back surface
Front surface Signal from
indication
C-SCAN
IP
Front surface Back surface
Area of interest
1 2
Concave Root
1
2
2 3
3
It consists of ;
– The mirror rotates at high speed and reflects the ultrasonic beam
around the tube circumference to perform a 360 deg scan of the wall
thickness.
Surface defects
MPT
N S
MPT
Types of particles:
•dry particles, or
• wet particles in a liquid carrier such as water or oil.
MPT
Magnet jc MoQnetizing
f ield co; I
(b)
Electromagnetic Induction
Faraday's Experiment
1 A loop of wire is
connected to a
galvanometer
3
The bar magnet stops
moving. There is no
deflection on the meter
needle.
91
Faraday’s Law and Lenz’s Minus Sign
The electromotive force (EMF) induced in a coil of wire is
proportional to the time rate of change of magnetic field coupling
into that coil.
92
Eddy Current Technique
When a metallic material is placed close to an alternating magnetic field, current is
induced within the materials which opposes the applied magnetic field. The current
induced within the materials due to the presence of external magnetic field is known as
eddy current
i
0
V0=VR+VL
=iR0+L0 (di/dt)
=iR0+ jL0 ωi
i=i0ejωt where ω=2πf, j=√-i
di/dt =d/dt(i0ejωt )
Imag (Lo)
=jωi0ejωt Z
= jωi
Z0=V0/i
=R0+j (ω L0) Real
imaginary Z2=R02+ω2 L02 (Ro)
real =tan-1(L0/R0)
R
XL ~
Resistance Reactance
Impedance Z2 = R2 + XL2
= R2 + 2L2
Inductance
Phaser = 2 f (frequency)
Diagra
m
Reactance (L)
Resistance (R)
Resistance Reactance
Impedance Z2 = R2 + XL2
= R2 + 2L2
Inductance
= 2 f (frequency)
Cu
= depth of penetration
= 1/ (fµ )1/2
δ At Different
At 10 KHz
Frequencies
At 240 KHz
100
Effect of Lift off
Y-Channel
Distanc
e
Current trends:
Multiufrequency, approach, Modeling for defect size
determination, materials Characterisation
Coating Thickness Measurement
Crowded conductivity
102
Detecting Cracks with Eddy Currents
I I I I I
1Hz 10Hz 1OOHz 1kHz 1OkHz 1OOkHz 1MHz 1OMHz
Thank you
IRIS(InternalRotaryInspectionSystem)
LFET:
(a) Electromag. driver creates
magnetic flux lines (nominal
condition with no discontinuities)
(b) flux lines that deviate from the
nominal condition (discontinuity)
Phase and amplitude of the induced
Internaloxidescalethicknessmeasurement(S/H&R/Htubes
• Digitizationofradiographed film
This is analogous to image scanner.
• Computedradiography
• In this form of digital radiography, flexible & reusable storage phosphor plate is used
for imaging in place of the radiographic film. Subsequent processing is necessary to
get the digital image as described below.
• When exposed to radioactive rays, electrons inside the phosphor crystals get excited
and are trapped in a semi-stable higher energy state. This impression of radiographic
rays (latent image) on phosphor screen is invisible.
• The phosphor screen is taken/moved to the laser beam unit. Very small scanning laser
strikes the screen and releases the trapped electron, causing visible light to be emitted
in proportion to the radioactive exposure.
• Light detector measures the brightness of light on the phosphor screen and the
analogous data measured for each pixel of the screen is digitized and stored in
computer as a digital image
ECT for assessing life/thick of coating
(ctd.)
The Frequency scanning
eddy current system F-
SECT has been developed
for nondestructive
condition assessment of
new and serviced high-
temperature coatings
applied on the hot gas-path
components of modern gas
turbines.