Republic of the Philippines

DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
Region 2
Schools Division of Cauayan City
CAUAYAN CITY NATIONAL HIGHSCHOOL
Turayong, Cauayan City, Isabela

(WALA PANG TITLE)

Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Practical Research II

to the Faculty and Staff of Senior High School Department
(Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics)
CAUAYAN CITY NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL-MAIN
Turayong, Cauayan City, Isabela

Ginnomar E. Marcelo Shaira L. Dumale

Judel Rose E. Dalog John Angelo B. Fernandez
Heifer C. Telecio Jenevive O. Natividad
Janella Mae C. Caliwliw John Lawrence V. Oliver
Nicole E. Vidad Chamberlain John G. Corpuz

Reaserchers

DONALD C. DUMRIQUE
Research Adviser

March 2020
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CHAPTER 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction

Electrical shortage is becoming a big problem in the world that greatly affects

everyone’s lives. Electricity has become the most essential need for humans to

generate electrical devices. Based on the results of the 2011 Household energy

Consumption Survey (HECS) about eighty-seven percent (87%) of twenty-one (21)

million households in the Philippines used electricity from March to August 2011.

There are several areas that have been identified to be wasting electricity which are in

learning institutions, business premises and at home. On the 2016 Philippine Power

Situation Report of the Department of Energy, there is a 10% increase on the

electrical consumption and peak demand at 8.7% where residential and industrial

sectors remained the major drivers of electricity consumption in the country.

In the light therefore of the above-mentioned facts, the researchers were

motivated to undertake the present study with the hope of helping solve the above

stated problematic situation. The researchers believe that by doing the study the

researchers could somehow help in the development of alternative source of energy

that could be a possible long-term answer to the people’s needs

(Pembina,Institute,2013).
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Statement of the Problem

The study aims to determine the amount of stored electricity produced from

recycling waste energy from an electric fan using a dynamo as an alternative source of

electricity to prevent power shortage.

Specifically, the study will attempt to answer the following questions:

1. What is the amount of electricity produced by recycling waste energy from

an ordinary electric fan using a dynamo?

2. What processes are involved in recycling energy?

3. Is there a significant difference between the amount of electricity consumed

by an ordinary electric fan with that of the amount of electricity produced by

recycling waste energy from an ordinary electric fan using a dynamo?

Scope and Delimitation

This study covers the amount of electricity produced from recycling waste

energy from an ordinary electric fan using a dynamo and the processes involved, that

will be conducted at the Cauayan City National High School during the first semester

of the S.Y. 2019-2020.

The research was delimited to the materials that will be used specially, electric

fan and dynamo and the time constraint to finish the Investigatory Project. This study

will be done using the Experimental type of research.

Significance of the Study

The result findings that will be revealed in this study will somehow be

significant in forming additional body of knowledge particularly to the following:

Household members. This investigatory project is deemed as significant for the

household members because with this, they can use an alternative source of electricity

inside their house and it could also be safer than plugging the plugs in their outlets.
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School. This investigatory project is deemed as significant for the school manly

because electric fans are evident in every classroom and that recycling waste energy

from these would enable the students to save when they will use the recycled energy

for their uses.

Establishments. This investigatory project is deemed as significant for

establishments because they can also benefit as long as they are using electric fans.

The recycled waste energy will provide them safer access to electricity.

Future Researchers. This investigatory project is deemed as significant for the

future researchers because they may use this study for further understanding and that

they will be gaining new knowledge after completing the study.

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CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDY

This chapter presents related literature and studies after thorough and in-depth

search done by the researchers. The reviewed related literature and studies included

herein were written and done in other countries and in the Philippines.

Related Literature

Foreign

In 1831-1832, Michael Faraday discovered that a potential difference is

generated between the ends of an electrical conductor that moves perpendicular to

a magnetic field. He also built the first electromagnetic generator called the 'Faraday

disc', a type of homopolar generator, using a copper disc rotating between the poles of

a horseshoe magnet. It produced a small DC voltage, and large amounts of current

(New World Encyclopedia, n.d.).

An Electric generator is a device which is used to produce electric energy,

which can be stored in batteries or can be directly supplied to the homes, shops,

offices, etc. Electric generators work on the principle of electromagnetic induction. A

conductor coil (a copper coil tightly wound onto a metal core) is rotated rapidly

between the poles of a horseshoe type magnet. The conductor coil along with its core

is known as an armature. The armature is connected to a shaft of a mechanical energy

source such as a motor and rotated. The mechanical energy required can be provided

by engines operating on fuels such as diesel, petrol, natural gas, etc. or via renewable

energy sources such as a wind turbine, water turbine, solar-powered turbine, etc.

When the coil rotates, it cuts the magnetic field which lies between the two poles of

the magnet. The magnetic field will interfere with the electrons in the conductor to

induce a flow of electric current inside it (“Electric Generator”, 2019).

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An electric generator, also called dynamo, is a machine that converts

mechanical energy to electricity for transmission and distribution over power lines to

domestic, commercial, and industrial customers. Generators also produce the

electrical power required for automobiles, aircraft, ships, and trains. The mechanical

power for an electric generator is usually obtained from rotating shaft and is equal to

the shaft torque multiplied by the rotational, or angular, velocity (Slemon, 2014).

An electric motor is a device for transforming electrical energy into

mechanical energy; an electric generator does the reverse, using mechanical energy to

generate electricity. At the heart of both motors and generators is a wire coil in a

magnetic field. In fact, the same device can be used as a motor or a generator. When

the device is used as a motor, a current is passed through the coil. The interaction of

the magnetic field with the current causes the coil to spin. To use the device as a

generator, the coil can be spun, inducing a current in the coil (“An electric” n.d.).

Generators, dynamos, and batteries are the three tools necessary to create/

store substantial amounts of electricity for human use. Dynamos and generators

convert mechanical rotation into electric power. Dynamo - a device that makes direct

current electric power using electromagnetism. It is also known as a generator,

however the term generator normally refers to an “alternator” which creates

alternating current power (Generators and Dynamos, 2014).

Dynamos were the first electrical generators capable of delivering power for

industry, in the foundation upon which many other later electric-power conversion

devices were based, including the electric motor, the alternating-current alternator,

and the rotary converter. Today, the simpler alternator dominates large scale power

generation, for efficiency, reliability and cost reasons. A dynamo has the

disadvantages of a mechanical commutator. Also, converting alternating to direct

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current using power rectification devices (vacuum tube or more recently solid state) is

effective on usually economic (“Dynamo” n.d).

According to the referenced journal article from American Journal of Energy

and Power Engineering titled Developing a pulsed electromagnetic induction

generator for pulsed energies harvesting, “Pulsed energies, e.g. water waves,

mechanical roadway energy from walking people and vehicles, etc., are generally

discrete and temporary, which are difficult to be effectively captured by using the

traditional electric generators. To capture such pulsed energies, a piezoelectric

generator is often considered and applied, but it is unfortunately until now with low

working efficiency. Therefore, a new pulsed electric generator with high working

efficiency is always expected. This article presents an invented pulsed

electromagnetic induction generator which is patented by our CCT laboratory. Its

output power is independent on rotational or moving speed of the generator. A unit

device of this generator is an electric coil tube integrated with an inside movable

induction magnet. Moreover, two push magnets are built on the two endpoints of the

electric coil tube respectively. The push magnets alternately move over the endpoints

of the electric coil tube and push the inside induction magnet to run through the

electric coil to and fro. This action yields induced electromotive force in the electric

coil and its output power is independent on moving speed of the push magnets.

Integrating multiple such unit devices in an electric generator can build this special

generator. This special generator is independent on rotational speed and is therefore

very worthy to be widely applied for unstable energies harvesting, e.g. wind, waves of

water, braking of vehicles, roadway mechanical green energies, and so on. Studying

on this special generator uses diameter of copper wire, turns of coil, magnetic field of
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induction magnet, etc. as parameters. The reached maximum working efficiency in

this work is now ca. 42%.” (Lee, Chen, Tsai & Ting, 2014).

Local

A method to manage energy storage in electricity grids. Start from the

stochastic characterization of generating electricity and purpose an equation that is

compound the level of storage in every time-step as a function of its previous state. In

the next time-step we obtain the probability that there is generation surplus which

can’t be stored or there is demand need which can’t be supplied by available storage.

We expect that this procedure can be used us basis of electricity self-management

algorithms in micro-level or in meso-level. (Pedro, Nirdelli and Alves, 2016).

According to the Department of Energy (DOE), electricity consumption in the

Philippines increased to 94,370 gigawatt hours (GWh) in 2017. In its 2017 Power

Statistics report, DOE said the figure is 3.93% higher than 2016’s 90,798 GWh hour.

Power used in Luzon rose 3.58% to 69,625 gigawatt hour from 67,221 gigawatt hour;

Visayas, up 5.8% to 12,942 gigawatt hour from 12,332 GWh; and Mindanao, up

4.04% to 11,804 GWh from 11,345 GWh hour (Lagare, 2018).

Republic Act No. 9513, or the Renewable Energy Act of 2008, was passed

into law on 28 July 2008 (RE Law). Perhaps among the most significant policies of

the law, is to “accelerate the exploration and development of renewable energy

resources … to achieve energy self-reliance … to reduce the country’s dependence on

fossil fuels and thereby minimize the country’s exposure to price fluctuations in the

international markets…”, particularly in electricity generation (Guarin, 2014).

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Related Studies

Foreign

Based on faraday’s law of electro-magnetic induction, there are more than

90% world’s power that is being generated with the use of electromagnets.

Technologies continuously that led a drastic change in the perception of electric

energy. But at the same time there is misconception of FREE ENERGY. Energy is

free only if we don’t have to pay for power generation. By using magnetic force of

magnets continuous motion is generated. In this research paper the usage of force

energy was notice by using magnet and few satisfactory results are motivating as to

review some research grand work of magnets to make a perfect strong prototype for

better applications. (Grover, Kumar and Ramalla, 2014).

This topic has been motivated by the study of possible mechanisms to explain

the magnetic fields of astrophysical objects. However, self-generation of a magnetic

field by an electrical conducting fluid, the so called dynamo effect, is also typical

bifurcation problem that involves many interesting aspects from the viewpoint of

dynamical system theory: effect of flow geometry on nature of bifurcation, effect of

turbulent fluctuations on threshold value, saturation mechanism above threshold,

dynamics of generated magnetic field and statistical properties of its fluctuations with

respects to ones of the turbulent flow (Fauve and Petrels, n.d , p.1)

On the study of Prasad and Ramesh (2012), powering electric cars with

dynamos have found out that by placing one dynamo in each wheel of an electric car

will produce a charge through the rotatory motion given by the wheels of the car and

this charges is stored in a separated battery and that can be used for the emergency

purpose and it can solve discharge problem and emergency problem in electric cars.
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On the other hand, components needed for the project such as inverters,

transformer, electric motor, generator, batteries, controller and wires for the self-

sustaining power generator. The researcher has come up with the final design and

specifications of the project. Development of the project has been recommended.

Waterfall is the famous generation of electricity. Wind energy was also source of

electrical energy and solar panels was converted solar power to electrical power

which is now abundant everywhere. These sources mentioned the prime movers from

natural made sources. Portable generators were made possible with use of fuel, diesel

or gasoline. It is very useful in many ways such as: lessen the noise generated, smoke-

free, less fuel consumption, portability, etc. Main problem is rising price of fuel

(Destreza, 2014).

It was identified the components needed for the realization of the project such

as inverters, transformer, electric motor generator, batteries, controller and wires

where the components of the self-sustaining power generator. Materials needed have

been also identified for the packaging of the project. The conceptualization of the

design has been done by using the selection process of the components and depending

also in the needed flow of the project with respect to the concepts behind every

components. The researcher has come up with a final design and specification of the

project (Destreza, 2014).

Another study was concentrated in electro-magnetic induction that was

published in International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications on 2014.

“We are generating electrical power as nonconventional method by simply walking or

running on the foot step. Non-conventional energy system is very essential at this time

to our nation. Non-conventional energy using foot step is converting mechanical

energy into the electrical energy. The main aim of this project is to develop much
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cleaner cost effective way of power generation method, which in turns helps to bring

down the global warming as well as reduce the power shortages. In this project the

conversion of the force energy in to electrical energy by using electromagnetic

induction. In this project the force energy is converted into electrical energy. The

control mechanism carries the copper coil and bar magnetic which is used to generate

voltage, a rechargeable battery is used to store this generated voltage.” (Sekhar,

Kishore & Raju, 2014).

In the study of Priyan, Anto, Muthuvel and Daniel (2015) bicycle pedaling

concept is employed to develop an electrical power which can be used for cooking

food especially at the time of power cut. The bicycle pedaling converts mechanical

energy into electrical energy through manually. The entire design of bicycle power

generation and its feasibility includes; Battery, Generator, Bicycle, Sprocket, Inverter

Board, Stand for Generator, Belt and Chain. It can be used at various prices where

electrical power is required. Due to the portability of the property it can be easily

taken to anywhere.

Shirai, Mitamura, Noda, Arai and Moriya (2016) performed a basic study of

development of generation system using ferromagnetic powders and fluid. Such an

electrical generator is inexpensive, uses kinetic energy naturally available in the living

environment such as wave force, vibration, or shock, is maintenance-free and safe.

Magnetic field of a permanent magnet is used in the electrical generator using

ferromagnetic powders, that significantly contributes to generation. Electromagnetic

fluid simulation and liquid metal magnetohydrodynamic power generation

considering dynamic behavior of magnetic particles in magnetic field was studied

before. However, electromagnetic analysis for magnetic particle in magnetic field for

energy harvesting purposes is not studied. Therefore, in this work, the researchers
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performed electromagnetic analysis using a general-purpose finite element simulation

program and studied the efficiency of the electrical generator using ferromagnetic

powders. They were able to assess generation efficiency by analyzing the magnetic

flux distribution of the permanent magnet used for electricity generation.

Local

On the study of David (2017), the researcher uses a generator to generate

electricity from wind energy through the process of electromagnetic induction. The

generator is mounted into a vehicle exposing the blades into turbulent wind, rotating

the shaft to generate power and, is extracted and stored into a battery. The process also

demonstrates the conversion of kinetic energy from the wind into mechanical power.

Results on different settings are compared to identify the best scenario that will

generate usable amount of energy and adjustments on the design of the prototype to

meet the needs of end users. The energy generated can be numerous applications such

as powering and charging mobile devices, powering small light emitting diodes and

bulbs.

Another study focuses on aiding the global campaign for energy saving and

use of renewable energy sources. sources. In this study, the researcher hopes to

develop a mechanical ingenuity that combines the process of electric motor and

generator. As an electric motor, the device shall acts as a normal electric fan, but to

the generator augmentations it can be possible for it to recycle energy and use it as

either a light bulb or a power source for any small voltage devices. Though power

recycling cannot exceed the amount of the initial energy, and it cannot produce the

same amount of electricity from its power source. Using this device we can save a

little bit of energy and reuse for daily life needs. It is not very impactful as a single
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unit, but can be really helpful if the society contributes to its cause (Marcellano,

2017).

In this study, the Portable Generator Load Controller is expected to bring

down excessive increase in the terminal voltage of the generator to its rated terminal

voltage level. Thus, preventing a sudden decrease in electrical load that will cause

imbalance in the mechanical input and electrical output thereby preventing an

increase in terminal voltage. When the terminal voltage increases to a predetermined

level, the PGLC will function by switching on a standby load so as to maintain the

equilibrium between the input and output of the machine. With this equilibrium

maintained, the terminal voltage of the generator will return to its former value

together with the desired rotor speed and frequency (Espiritu, n.d.).

Synthesis

The foreign and local literatures and studies reviewed and included in this

chapter serve as guideposts to knowing more about the project. The write-ups of

foreign writers like Slemon, Lee. Chen, Tsai and Ting have cited what a generator is

and its process of converting mechanical energy to electricity through

electromagnetism. The studies that are included herein are considered to be closely

related to the present research. In fact, they have greatly helped the researchers in

conceptualizing the study.