November 8, 2019

MEP Department,
Nishat Hotel and Properties Limited, Lahore

Internship Report
Submitted by:
Salman Asif
Mechanical Engineer
UET, Lahore
Supervisor:
Saqib Munir
Assistant Manager MEP
Internship period:
October 8, 2019 – November 8, 2019

Nishat Hotel and Properties Limited, Lahore

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 Abstract
The internship program included learning about HVAC system operations and its
application. And training in regards to HVAC machinery. This report includes the study
of working principles of various types of machinery installed at Emporium Mall, Lahore.
These machines include chillers, AHUs, FCUs, boilers, RO plant, pumps, fire system
and other relevant equipment. The study also included the observation of maintenance
operations for plant room machinery and mall equipment.

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 Table of contents
1 HVAC Systems ........................................................................................................ 7
2 Refrigeration cycles ............................................................................................... 8
2.1 Vapor compression refrigeration cycle ............................................................... 8
2.2 Absorption cycle ................................................................................................. 9
3 Refrigeration Machines ........................................................................................ 11
3.1 Centrifugal Chillers ........................................................................................... 11
3.1.1 Evaporator ................................................................................................. 12
3.1.2 Centrifugal compressor.............................................................................. 12
3.1.3 Variable Speed Drive (VSD) ...................................................................... 13
3.1.4 OPTIVIEW™ Control Center ..................................................................... 13
3.1.5 Condenser ................................................................................................. 14
3.1.6 Expansion Device ...................................................................................... 14
3.1.7 Refrigerant ................................................................................................. 14
3.2 Cooling Tower .................................................................................................. 15
3.2.1 Crossflow Cooling towers .......................................................................... 15
3.3 Absorption Chillers ........................................................................................... 16
3.3.1 Condenser ................................................................................................. 16
3.3.2 Expansion .................................................................................................. 16
3.3.3 Evaporator ................................................................................................. 17
3.3.4 Absorber .................................................................................................... 17
3.3.5 Generator/concentrator.............................................................................. 18
3.3.6 Double Effect Cycle ................................................................................... 18
3.3.7 Water as refrigerant ................................................................................... 18
3.4 Air Handling Unit (AHU) ................................................................................... 20
3.4.1 Dampers .................................................................................................... 20
3.4.2 Air filters..................................................................................................... 20
3.4.3 Cooling coils .............................................................................................. 20
3.4.4 Centrifugal fan ........................................................................................... 21
3.4.5 Ducts ......................................................................................................... 21
3.5 Fan Coil Unit (FCU) .......................................................................................... 22
3.6 HVAC Pumps ................................................................................................... 23
3.6.1 Centrifugal pumps ..................................................................................... 23
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 3.6.2 Chiller water circulation.............................................................................. 24
3.7 Boilers .............................................................................................................. 26
3.7.1 Pressure Gauge ........................................................................................ 26
3.7.2 Water Level Indicator ................................................................................. 26
3.7.3 Safety Valve .............................................................................................. 26
3.7.4 Steam Stop Valve ...................................................................................... 26
3.7.5 Feed Check Valve ..................................................................................... 26
3.8 RO Plant .......................................................................................................... 27
3.8.1 Use of RO water ........................................................................................ 27
3.9 Other Equipment .............................................................................................. 27
3.9.1 Air Diffusers ............................................................................................... 27
3.9.2 SOUND ATTENUATORS .......................................................................... 28
4 Maintenance Operations ...................................................................................... 29
4.1 Continual monitoring/visual inspection ............................................................. 29
4.2 Periodic checks ................................................................................................ 31
4.3 Regularly scheduled maintenance ................................................................... 31
4.4 Maintenance operation for FCU and AHU ........................................................ 32
5 Valves .................................................................................................................... 34
5.1 Gate valve ........................................................................................................ 34
5.2 Globe valve ...................................................................................................... 34
5.3 Balancing valve ................................................................................................ 34
5.4 Solenoid valve .................................................................................................. 34
5.5 PIC valve .......................................................................................................... 35
5.6 Butterfly valve................................................................................................... 35
5.7 Pressure relief valve (PRV) .............................................................................. 35
5.8 OS and Y Gate valves ...................................................................................... 35
5.9 3-Way valve ..................................................................................................... 36
5.10 4-Way valve .................................................................................................. 36
5.11 Swing Check or Non-return valve ................................................................. 36
5.12 Strainer ......................................................................................................... 36
6 Measurement Devices .......................................................................................... 38
6.1 Pressure Gauge ............................................................................................... 38

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 6.2 Rotameter ........................................................................................................ 38
6.3 Magnetic Flow Meter ........................................................................................ 38
6.4 Other measurement devices ............................................................................ 38
7 Fire System ........................................................................................................... 39
7.1 Pumps .............................................................................................................. 39
7.1.1 Fire pumps................................................................................................. 39
7.1.2 Jockey pump ............................................................................................. 39
7.2 Smoke system.................................................................................................. 40
7.2.1 Smoke detectors ........................................................................................ 40
7.2.2 Smoke extraction ....................................................................................... 40

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 Figures
Figure 1 Vapor compression cycle schematic ................................................................. 8
Figure 2 Absorption cycle schematic ............................................................................. 10
Figure 3 YORK Centrifugal Chiller................................................................................. 11
Figure 4 Induced Draft Crossflow Cooling Tower .......................................................... 15
Figure 5 Example of simple Absorption Chiller Cycle .................................................... 17
Figure 6 Double effect absorption cycle ........................................................................ 19
Figure 7 AHU air ducts and schematic .......................................................................... 22
Figure 8 Fan Coil Unit (FCU) ......................................................................................... 22
Figure 9 Centrifugal pump cross-section ....................................................................... 23
Figure 10 Chiller water primary-secondary circuit ......................................................... 25
Figure 11 Schematic of a typical chilled-water system .................................................. 25
Figure 12 Chiller data logging form ............................................................................... 30

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 1 HVAC Systems

There are two fundamental types of HVAC systems designed to satisfy building cooling
requirements: direct expansion (DX) systems, in which there is direct heat exchange
between the building air and the refrigerant, and secondary refrigerant systems that
utilize chilled water as an intermediate heat exchange medium to transfer heat from the
building air to the refrigerant.
Chilled water systems are the heart of central HVAC cooling, providing cooling
throughout a building or group of buildings from one source. Centralized cooling offers
numerous operating, reliability, and efficiency advantages over individual DX systems
and, on a life-cycle basis, can have significantly lower total cost.
Every central HVAC cooling system is made up of one or more refrigeration machines,
or water chillers, designed to collect excess heat from buildings and reject that heat to
the outdoor air. The water chiller may use the vapor compression refrigeration cycle or
the absorption refrigeration cycle.
Vapor compression refrigeration compressors may be of the reciprocating, helical
screw, or centrifugal type with electric or gas-fired engine prime movers. The heat
collected by the water chiller must be rejected to the atmosphere. This waste heat can
be rejected by air-cooling, in a process that transfers heat directly from the refrigerant to
the ambient air, or by water-cooling, a process that use water to collect the heat from
the refrigerant and then to reject that heat to the atmosphere. Water-cooled systems
offer advantages over air-cooled systems, including smaller physical size, longer life,
and higher operating efficiency. The success of their operation depends, however, on
the proper sizing, selection, application, operation, and maintenance of the cooling
tower.

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 2 Refrigeration cycles

2.1 Vapor compression refrigeration cycle

The term refrigeration, as part of a building HVAC system, generally refers to a
vapor compression system wherein a chemical substance alternately changes
from liquid to gas (evaporating, thereby absorbing heat and providing a cooling
effect) and from gas to liquid (condensing, thereby releasing heat). This “cycle”
actually consists of four steps:
1. Compression: Low-pressure refrigerant gas is compressed, thus raising
its pressure by expending mechanical energy. There is a corresponding
increase in temperature along with the increased pressure.
2. Condensation: The high-pressure, high-temperature gas is cooled by
outdoor air or water that serves as a “heat sink” and condenses to a
liquid form at high pressure.
3. Expansion: The high-pressure liquid flows through an orifice in the
expansion valve, thus reducing the pressure. A small portion of the
liquid “flashes” to gas due to the pressure reduction.
4. Evaporation: The low-pressure liquid absorbs heat from indoor air or
water and evaporates to a gas or vapor form. The low-pressure vapor
flows to the compressor and the process repeats.

Figure 1 Vapor compression cycle schematic

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As shown in Figure 1, the typical water-cooled HVAC system has three Heat transfer
loops:
Loop 1: Cold air is distributed by one or more air-handling units to the spaces
within the building. Sensible heat gains, including heat from temperature-driven
transmission through the building envelope; direct solar radiation through
windows; infiltration; and internal heat from people, lights, and equipment, are
“absorbed” by the cold air, raising its temperature. Latent heat gains, moisture
added to the space by air infiltration, people, and equipment, is also absorbed by
the cold air, raising its specific humidity. The resulting space temperature and
humidity condition is an exact balance between the sensible and latent heat
gains and capability of the entering cold air to absorb those heat gains.
Loop 2: The distributed air is returned to the air handling unit, mixed with the
required quantity of outdoor air for ventilation, and then directed over the cooling
coil where chilled water is used to extract heat from the air, reducing both its
temperature and moisture content so it can be distributed once again to the
space. As the chilled water passes through the cooling coil in counter flow to the
air, the heat extraction process results in increased water temperature. The
chilled water temperature leaving the cooling coil (chilled water return) will be 4-6
C warmer than the entering water temperature. The warmer return chilled water
enters the water chiller where it is cooled to the desired chilled water supply
temperature by transferring the heat extracted from the building spaces to a
primary refrigerant. This process, is not “free” since the compressor must do
work on the refrigerant for cooling to occur and, thus, must consume energy in
the process. Since most chillers are refrigerant-cooled, the compressor energy,
in the form of heat, is added to the building heat and both must be rejected
through the condenser.
Loop 3: The amount of heat that is added by the compressor depends on the
efficiency of the compressor. This heat of compression must then be added to
the heat load on the chilled water loop to establish the amount of heat that must
be rejected by the condenser to a heat sink, typically the outdoor air.

2.2 Absorption cycle

The fundamental “single stage” absorption cycle is represented in Figure 2. The
evaporator consists of a heat exchanger, held at low pressure, with a separate
refrigerant (typically, water) pump. The pump sprays the refrigerant over the tubes
containing the chilled water, absorbs heat from the water, and evaporates as a low-
pressure gas. The low-pressure gas flows to the absorber due to the pressure
differential. The absorber is at a lower pressure than the evaporator is because the
concentrated absorbent solution (typically lithium bromide) exerts a molecular attraction
for the refrigerant. The absorbent solution is sprayed into contact with the refrigerant

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vapor. Condensing of the refrigerant occurs because the heat is absorbed by absorbent.
The absorbent, then, is cooled by condenser water.
The absorbent now consists of a dilute solution, due to its having absorbed water
vapor refrigerant. The dilute solution is pumped to the concentrator or generator, where
heat is applied to re-evaporate the refrigerant. The concentrated solution of absorbent is
then returned to the absorber. The refrigerant vapor goes to the condenser, where it is
condensed by the condenser water. To improve efficiency, a heat exchanger is used to
preheat the dilute solution, with the heat contained in the concentrated solution of the
absorbent.

Figure 2 Absorption cycle schematic

Leaks allow air to enter the refrigerant system, introducing non-condensable
gases. These gases must be removed, or purged, to prevent pressure in the absorber
increasing to the point where refrigerant flow from the evaporator will stop. The solution
in the bottom of the absorber is relatively quiet and these gases tend to collect at this
point. They can be removed through the use of a vacuum pump, typically called a purge
pump.

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 3 Refrigeration Machines

Refrigeration machine is a device used to remove heat from an object that is to be

cooled to a temperature below the environmental temperature. Refrigerating machines
are used to obtain temperatures ranging from 10°C to –150°C.
The operation of refrigerating machines is based on the principle of a heat pump; that is,
such machines remove heat from an object to be cooled and, by expending energy (for
example, mechanical or thermal energy), transfer the heat to a cooling medium—
usually water or ambient air—that has a higher temperature than the object to be
cooled.
The following refrigerating systems are used in refrigerating engineering: vapor-
compression, absorption, steam-jet, and air-cycle. The operation of these systems is
based on the principle that the working fluid—that is, the refrigerant—completes a
reverse thermodynamic cycle, called a refrigeration cycle, owing to the expenditure of
work. In vapor-compression and absorption refrigerating machines, cooling is achieved
as a result of the boiling of a liquid that has a low boiling point.

3.1 Centrifugal Chillers

A centrifugal chiller utilizes the vapor compression cycle to chill water and reject the
heat collected from the chilled water plus the heat from the compressor to a second
water loop cooled by a cooling tower.

Figure 3 YORK Centrifugal Chiller

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There is a total of seven YORK centrifugal chillers (Vapor compression cycle chillers) in
plant room at Emporium Mall. Five of the chillers are of 600 tons capacity and two are of
300 tons capacity.
3.1.1 Evaporator
The evaporator is a heat exchanger that removes the building heat from the chilled
water lowering the water temperature in the process. The heat is used to boil the
refrigerant changing it from a liquid to a gas. In YORK centrifugal chillers, the
evaporator is a patented hybrid falling-film type heat exchanger. It contains a balance of
flooded and falling-film technology to optimize efficiency, minimize refrigerant charge,
and maintain reliable control. A specifically designed spray header provides uniform
distribution of refrigerant over the entire shell length to yield optimum heat transfer.
3.1.2 Centrifugal compressor
In YORK centrifugal chillers, the compressor is a single-stage centrifugal design directly
driven by a hermetically-sealed motor with a VSD. It raises the pressure and
temperature of the refrigerant by converting kinetic energy into pressure.
Centrifugal compressor is a dynamic machine that uses the rotating action of an
impeller wheel to exert centrifugal force on refrigerant inside a round chamber (volute).
Refrigerant is sucked into the impeller wheel through a large circular intake and flows
between the impellers. The impellers force the refrigerant outward, exerting centrifugal
force on the refrigerant. The refrigerant is pressurized as it is forced against the sides of
the volute. Centrifugal compressors are well suited to compressing large volumes of
refrigerant to relatively low pressures. The compressive force generated by an impeller
wheel is small, so chillers that use centrifugal compressors usually employ more than
one impeller wheel, arranged in series. Centrifugal compressors are desirable for their
simple design and few moving parts.
Centrifugal chillers are categorized either as positive pressure or negative pressure
machines depending on the evaporator pressure condition and the type of refrigerant
used. A chiller using refrigerant R-22 and R-134A is a positive-pressure machine
3.1.2.1 Favorable factors
The main factor favoring centrifugal machine is their high operational efficiency at full
load. Unlike reciprocating and rotary screw, centrifugal compressor is not a constant
displacement machine, thus it offers a wide range of capacities continuously modulated
over a limited range of pressure ratios. They are well suited to compressing large
volumes of refrigerant to relatively low pressures. By altering built in design items as
number of stages, compressor speed, impeller diameter, and choice of refrigerant, it
can be used in chillers having a wide range of design chilled liquid temperatures and
design cooling fluid temperatures.

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Centrifugal chillers have very high vapor-flow capacity characteristics Centrifugal
chillers are most commonly driven by electric motors, but can also be driven by steam
turbines and gas engines.
3.1.3 Variable Speed Drive (VSD)
A variable speed drive is mounted on the YZ chiller. It is designed to vary the
compressor motor speed by controlling the frequency and voltage of the electrical
power to the motor. The capacity control logic shall automatically adjust motor speed
and compressor diffuser geometry for maximum part load efficiency by analyzing
information fed to it by sensors located throughout the chiller.
Additionally, variable speed drives provide the following advantages:
• Lowest chiller operating cost through part load energy savings.
• Soft start with input current less than full load current.
• Smooth acceleration reduces stresses on motor and driveline.
• Rugged and reliable with no moving parts.
3.1.4 OPTIVIEW™ Control Center
The YORK OptiView™ Control Center is a factory mounted, wired and tested
microprocessor-based control system for centrifugal chillers. It provides control of chiller
operation and monitoring of chiller sensors, actuators, relays and switches. As part of
the capacity control logic, OptiView™ controls the leaving chilled liquid temperature and
adjusts the motor current via control of the Variable Geometry Diffuser (VGD) and
Variable Speed Drive (VSD).
OptiView™ continually monitors the system operation and records the cause of any
shutdowns (safety, cycling or normal). This information is recorded in memory and is
preserved even through a power failure condition. By providing a common networking
protocol through the Building Automation System (BAS), YORK chillers not only work
well individually, but also as a part of the building system. This networking protocol
allows increased remote control of the chiller, as well as 24-hour performance
monitoring. In addition, compatibility is maintained with the present network of BAS
communications. Both of these remote-control capabilities allow for the standard Energy
Management System (EMS) interface:
1. Remote start
2. Remote stop
3. Remote leaving chilled liquid temperature setpoint adjustment
4. Remote current limit setpoint adjustment
5. Remote “ready to start” contacts
6. Safety shutdown contacts
7. Cycling shutdown contacts

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3.1.5 Condenser
Like the evaporator, the condenser is a heat exchanger. In this case, it removes heat
from the refrigerant causing it to condense from a gas to a liquid. The heat raises the
water temperature. The condenser water then carries the heat to the cooling tower
where the heat is rejected to atmosphere.
3.1.6 Expansion Device
After the refrigerant condenses to a liquid, it passes through a pressure reducing
device. This can be as simple as an orifice plate or as complicated as an electronic
modulating thermal expansion valve. The variable orifice electronically adjusts to
operating conditions.
3.1.7 Refrigerant
YORK centrifugal chillers at Emporium Mall use R134a as refrigerant. Some of its
properties are mentioned in table 1.
Table 1 Refrigerant Properties

Refrigerant HCFC 123 HFC 134a HCFC 22

Condenser Press. psig @
6.10 124.1 195.9
100°F
Evaporator Press. psig @
40°F (18.1) 35.0 68.5
(Inches of Mercury Vacuum)
Net Refrigerant Effect
66.0 68.0 73.0
(BTU/lb)
Refrigerant. Circulated
3.08 3.00 2.78
lbs./min./ton
Gas Flow cfm/ton 18.15 3.17 1.83
Head (BTU/lb) 7.73 8.34 9.0
Tip Speed ft./sec. 656 682 707
Ozone Depletion Potential
0.02 0.00 0.05
(ODP)

R134a is also known as Tetrafluoroethene (CF3CH2F) from the family of HFC

refrigerant. With the discovery of the damaging effect of CFCs and HCFCs refrigerants
to the ozone layer, the HFC family of refrigerant has been widely used as their
replacement.
It exists in gas form when expose to the environment as the boiling temperature is -
14.9°F or -26.1°C. R-134a is safe. Alternative refrigerants that are mildly flammable
could drive higher installation costs to mitigate safety and ventilation concerns.

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R-134a strongly combines key attributes of a responsible refrigerant choice: low
environmental impact, safe, efficient, reliable and cost-effective.

3.2 Cooling Tower

Cooling towers are a special type of heat exchanger that allows water and air to come in
contact with each other to lower the temperature of the hot water. During the cooling
tower working process, small volumes of water evaporate, lowering the temperature of
the water that's being circulated throughout the cooling tower.
The purpose of a cooling tower is to cool down water that gets heated up by industrial
equipment and processes. Water comes in the cooling tower hot from condensation
process in chillers and goes out of the cooling tower cold back into the condensers of
chillers.
There are many different types of cooling towers but the cooling tower working
principles stay pretty much the same. Most cooling towers work based on the principle
of "evaporative cooling". Evaporative cooling is the process where warm water from
an industrial process is pumped up to the top of the cooling tower where the water
distribution system is. The water then gets distributed by cooling tower nozzles to the
wet deck. At the same time, air is being drawn through the air-inlet louvers forcing water
to evaporate. Evaporation causes the heat to be removed from the make-up water. The
hot air naturally rises out of the tire.
The type of cooling towers installed at Emporium Mall are Induced Draft Cross Flow
Cooling towers.
3.2.1 Crossflow Cooling towers

Figure 4 Induced Draft Crossflow Cooling Tower

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In crossflow cooling tower the water vertically flows through the fill media while the air
horizontally flows across the falling water. That's why they call it "crossflow" because
the air and water cross paths or flows. Because of the crossing of flows, the air doesn't
need to pass through the distribution system. This permits the use of hot water flow via
gravity and distribution basins on the top of the tower right above the fill media. The
basins are a standard of crossflow cooling towers and are applied on all units.
Cooling tower fans are used on induced draft cooling towers to pull air up through the fill
media.

3.3 Absorption Chillers

The two absorption chillers installed at Emporium Mall are Double Effect Steam Fired
Absorption Chillers by LG. Both of them having the capacity of 742 tons and COP of
1.51.
The principle behind an absorption process is to separate and recombine to fluids
(refrigerant and absorbent) to create a cooling effect. Usually, absorption chillers are
LiBr (Lithium bromide) cycle.
Absorption chillers rely on heat energy to chill water, so they make a perfect
combination with CHP systems. Combining an absorption refrigeration system with a
cogeneration plant allows for the usage of excess heat. The plant produces steam,
which in turn drives the absorption chiller.
A description of the various single-effect, indirect-fired absorption chiller components is
provided below followed by a description of the double-effect absorption chiller
component that is different than the single-effect absorption chiller.
Single-effect steam fired absorption chiller has five main steps (Figure 5): condensing
(condenser), expansion (expansion pipe), evaporation (evaporator), absorption
(absorber), and generator/concentrator. Like the vapor compression chillers, absorption
chillers have a high-pressure side (generator/concentrator, condenser) and low-
pressure side (expansion pipe, evaporator, absorber). The following component
descriptions will include some available options and standard operating parameters.
3.3.1 Condenser
In the condenser, the cooling water absorbs the heat of condensation from the
vaporized refrigerant, changing the refrigerant into a liquid.
3.3.2 Expansion
The liquid refrigerant (water) travels from the condenser (0.1 atm) through expansion
piping to the evaporator (less than 0.01 atm) during which the liquid refrigerant
experiences a drop-in pressure and temperature. The liquid refrigerant is discharged
into a pan within the evaporator.

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 Figure 5 Example of simple Absorption Chiller Cycle
3.3.3 Evaporator
The liquid refrigerant (water) is pumped to the chilled water tube bundle top and
sprayed on the tube bundle. At the low evaporator pressure (less than 0.01 atm), the
liquid refrigerant vaporizes at approximately 38°, removing energy from the chilled
water. Most lithium bromide absorption chillers can only produce chilled-water supply
temperatures down to 40°. Liquid refrigerant that is not vaporized drops down to the pan
and is recirculated. Liquid refrigerant that is vaporized travels from the evaporator to the
absorber.
3.3.4 Absorber
The vaporized refrigerant enters a liquid lithium-bromide solution spray within the
absorber. The lithium bromide solution absorbs the vaporized refrigerant and the
cooling water absorbs the heat of vapor absorption. After the absorption, the liquid
lithium-bromide solution takes one of two paths. One path has the liquid bromide
solution mixing with a concentrated lithium bromide solution and being pumped to the
absorber spray nozzles. The other path has the liquid bromide solution being heated
and pumped to the generator/concentrator.

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3.3.5 Generator/concentrator
The lithium-bromide solution enters the generator/concentrator and is heated by steam
or hot water, raising the lithium bromide solution to a temperature where the liquid
refrigerant (water) vaporizes and travels to the condenser, completing the refrigerant
cycle. The concentrated lithium bromide solution flows down to the absorber,
completing the absorber cycle.
3.3.6 Double Effect Cycle
In double effect absorption chiller, weak solution from the absorber is pumped into the
high temperature generator through low temperature heat exchanger, condensate and
high temperature heat exchangers. It is heated by operating steam and concentrated to
the intermediate solution, and high temperature refrigerant vapor is produced. Instead of
steam, hot exhaust gases or waste heat may also be used as in case of direct fired
absorption chillers.
3.3.6.1 High temperature heat exchanger
In next step of chiller operation, intermediate solution enters low pressure generator
through high temperature heat exchanger in exchanging heat with weak solution which
is passed through the tubes.
3.3.6.2 Low temperature generator
Intermediate solution in low temperature generator is heated by the refrigerant vapor
from high temperature generator, concentrated to the strong solution, releasing
refrigerant vapor at the same time.
3.3.6.3 Low temperature heat exchanger
The strong solution passes through the outside tube space of low temperature heat
exchanger, enters absorber, transmitting heat to the weak solution from absorber. In
absorber the strong solution absorbs refrigerant vapor again.
3.3.6.4 Condenser
Refrigerant vapor from high temperature generator is condensed in low temperature
generator to form condensate, which enters condenser through throttle. Refrigerant
vapor formed in the low temperature generator flows to the condenser to form
condensate also.
3.3.7 Water as refrigerant
Water has a very high specific heat and latent heat of vaporization, which makes it a
great refrigerant. The boiling temperature of water is a direct function of pressure and at
a pressure of 1 atmosphere (29.92 Hg), water boils at 212 °F. When the pressure on the
water is decreased, the water boiling temperature is lowered. Absorption chillers have
substantially reduced internal pressures to take advantage of the lower water boiling
temperatures. Absorption chiller internal pressures can range from 0.1 atmosphere

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Figure 6 Double effect absorption cycle

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(atm) to below 0.01 atm. The following table gives the total pressure in inches of
mercury and the corresponding approximate water boiling temperature at different
pressures.

3.4 Air Handling Unit (AHU)

Air handling units’ condition and distribute air within a building. They take fresh ambient
air from outside, clean it, heat it or cool it, maybe humidify it and then force it through
some ductwork around to the designed areas within a building. Most units will have an
additional duct to then pull the used dirty air out of the rooms, back to the AHU, where a
fan will discharge it back to atmosphere. Some of this return air might be recirculated
back into the fresh air supply to save energy.
There is a total of 134 AHUs installed in Emporium Mall that range from 10 to 175 tons
capacity.
3.4.1 Dampers
At the inlet of the fresh air housing and the discharge of the return air housing we have
some dampers. The dampers are multiple sheets of metal which can rotate. They can
close to prevent air from entering or exiting, they can open to fully allow air in or out,
and it can also vary their position somewhere in between to restrict the amount of air
that can enter or exit.
3.4.2 Air filters
After the dampers there are some filters. These are there to try and catch all the dirt and
dust from entering the AHU and the building. If we don’t have these filters the dust is
going to build up inside the ductwork and within the mechanical equipment, it’s also
going to enter the building and be breathed in by the occupants as well as make the
building dirty. So, we want to remove as much of this as possible. Across each bank of
filters, we’ll have a pressure sensor. This will measure how dirty the filters are and warn
the engineers when it’s time to replace the filters. As the filter pickup dirt, the amount of
air that can flow through is restricted and this causes a pressure drop across the filters.
Typically, we have some panel filters or pre-filters to catch the largest dust particles.
Then we have some bag filters to catch the smaller dust particles.
There is various type of air filters used in AHUs for different purposes such as
humidifying or dehumidifying air. There are ultraviolet filters as well that are mostly used
in hospitals.
Filters can either be fix, replaceable, washable or auto-replaceable/movable roller type.
3.4.3 Cooling coils
The next thing we’ll find are the cooling and heating coils. These are there to heat or
cool the air. The air temperature of the supply air is measured as it leaves the AHU and
enters the ductwork. This needs to be at a designed temperature to keep the people
inside the building comfortable, this designed temperature is called the set point
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temperature. If the air temperature is below this value the heating coil will add heat to
increase the air temperature and bring it up to setpoint. If the air is too hot then the
cooling coil will remove heat to lower the air temperature and reach the setpoint. The
coils are heat exchangers, inside the coil is a hot or cold fluid, usually something like
heated or chilled water, refrigerant or steam.
3.4.4 Centrifugal fan
This is going to pull the air in from outside and then through the dampers, filters and
coils and then push this out into the ductwork around the building. Centrifugal fans used
in AHU’s at Emporium Mall. Across the fan there is also have a pressure sensor, this
will sense if the fan is running. If it is running then it will create a pressure difference,
this can be used to detect a failure in the equipment and warn the engineers of the
problem. There is also likely to have a duct pressure sensor shortly after the fan, this
will read the static pressure and in some ahu’s the speed of the fan is controlled as a
result of the pressure in the duct, so we’ll also very often find a variable speed drive
connected to the fan for variable volume systems.
3.4.5 Ducts
Then there is the ductwork which will send the air around the building to the designed
areas. There is also some ductwork coming back which is brining all the used air from
the building back to a separate part of the AHU. This return duct AHU is usually located
near the supply, but it doesn’t have to be, it can be located elsewhere.
The supply air fan draws air into the HVAC unit by creating a negative pressure in the
outside air/return air section of the unit. The amount of return air, air from the
conditioned space, is balanced with the amount of outside air with balancing dampers,
typically in a ratio of about 80% return air, 20% outside air.
If 20% of the air delivered to the conditioned space is outside air, the space will be
positively pressurized relative to outdoors. That pressure can be relieved by
independent exhaust fans like restroom exhaust fans, exhaust fans in the unit that
exhaust some recirculated air before it mixes with the outside air, or by barometric relief
dampers, which just open on their own when the building pressure rises.
The result is a dilution of airborne contaminants and bio-effluents by a continuous flow-
through exchange of exhausted indoor air and replacement outdoor air.
There are following few ducts used in HVAC systems that are named according to their
function.
1. Fresh air duct
2. Exhaust air duct
3. Return air duct
4. Supply air duct

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 Figure 7 AHU air ducts and schematic

3.5 Fan Coil Unit (FCU)

A fan coil unit (FCU) is a simple device consisting of a heating or cooling coil and fan. It
is part of an HVAC system found in residential, commercial, and industrial buildings.
Typically, a fan coil unit is not connected to ductwork, and is used to control the
temperature in the space where it is installed, or serve multiple spaces. It is controlled
either by a manual on/off switch or by thermostat. FCUs are mainly used to re-cool the
air in the space where they are installed.
There is a total of 431 FCUs installed in Emporium mall that range from 1 to 9 tons
capacity.

Figure 8 Fan Coil Unit (FCU)

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Fan coil units (FCU) consist of a cooling coil, fan and filters. These parts perform the
same function as in air handling unit (AHU).

3.6 HVAC Pumps

Centrifugal pumps perform many important functions in environmental control systems.
A pump provides the energy to move water and other fluids through piping, fittings and
equipment, and is the heart of many HVAC&R systems.
In chilled water HVAC plant, the pumps’ role is to provide sufficient pressure to move
the fluid through the chiller and condenser water distribution system at the desired flow
rate. The pumps are broadly classified in two types: 1) centrifugal pump and 2) positive
displacement pump. In HVAC services, centrifugal pumps are popular because of
design simplicity, high efficiency, wide range of capacity and head, smooth flow rate,
low operating costs, varied sizes, and ease of operation and maintenance. The positive
displacement pumps are only used for chemical dosing in cooling water system.
The HVAC pumps installed at Emporium Mall are of centrifugal type.
3.6.1 Centrifugal pumps
Centrifugal pumps in chilled water HVAC plants are used for circulating chilled water
through chillers and air handling units in closed loop and for circulating cooling water
through condensers and cooling tower in open loop. All centrifugal pumps use an
impeller, which is basically a rotating wheel, to add energy to a fluid. Fig below
illustrates a cross-section of a typical centrifugal pump.

Figure 9 Centrifugal pump cross-section

Fluid enters the inlet port at the center of the rotating impeller, or the suction eye. As the
impeller spins in a counter-clockwise direction, it thrusts the fluid outward radially,

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causing centrifugal acceleration. As it does this, it creates a vacuum in its wake,
drawing even more fluid into the inlet. Centrifugal acceleration creates energy
proportional to the speed of the impeller. The faster the impeller rotates, the faster the
fluid movement and the stronger its force.
The different types of centrifugal pumps are used for different purposes in Emporium
Mall. These pumps create a in range of head of 100-200 ft.
HVAC pumps are of two types these are used to supply chilled and condenser water
from and to chillers.
1. Close-Coupled, Single Stage, End-Suction pumps
2. Frame-Mounted, End-Suction pumps on Base Plate
The other types of pumps installed in plant room of Emporium Mall are.
3. Vertical in-line multistage centrifugal pumps or Booster pumps: Mainly used to
supply RO water from storage tanks to boilers and hotel.
4. Jockey pump: These are also a type of vertical in-line multistage centrifugal
which is connected to fire pumps to maintain an artificially higher level.
5. Horizontal Split Case pumps or Fire pumps: These pumps are high pressure
pumps used to provide water to sprinklers and fire system.
6. Positive Displacement pumps: These are used for chemical dosing.
3.6.2 Chiller water circulation
The chiller basically removes heat from the water. It is used as a refrigerant to remove
heat from the building. The chilled water circulates through a chilled water loop and
through coils located in air handlers. Chilled water systems include other HVAC
equipment designed to exchange heat such as computer room air conditioners. The
chilled water absorbs the heat from the building. It then returns to the chiller where the
chiller removes the heat from the water using the refrigeration process. Some chilled
water loop arrangements are very complex while others are simple. Control of the
chilled water from pressure to velocity, to volume, is up to the control system controlling
the pumps and valve actuators in the system.
Primary-secondary and Chilled and condenser water circuit can be described by
following diagrams.

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 Figure 10 Chiller water primary-secondary circuit

Figure 11 Schematic of a typical chilled-water system

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3.7 Boilers
Plant room of Emporium Mall have two Fire Tube Boilers used to supply steam to FCU’s
in mall for heating air and hotel laundry.
In Fire Tube Boilers, hot flue gases will be flown inside the tube and these tubes are
surrounded by water. These are the low-pressure boiler which cannot generate much
heat compared to water tube boilers. As the production of heat is less the overall
efficiency of this boiler is also low.
3.7.1 Pressure Gauge
The pressure gauge is mounted on the top of the shell. It indicates the amount of
pressure observed inside the boiler. It is a dial-type instrument that indicates pressure in
different units such as kg/cm2 or K.pa or PSI. Now a day’s digital type instruments are
also used where it senses the pressure by some transducers and sends the signal to
the display unit.
3.7.2 Water Level Indicator
During the operation of the boiler, the operator must know the level of water. If not
knowing the boiler cannot withstand the pressure and may lead to an explosion. So, a
water level indicator is mounted to the shell of the water tube boiler.
3.7.3 Safety Valve
Water at higher pressures has a lot of energy so, safety precautions should be taken to
prevent any loss. For this purpose, we install a safety valve to the boiler. Whenever the
pressure is above the prescribed limit i.e. withstand capability then safety valve will be
opened. At-least two safety valves are to be provided.
3.7.4 Steam Stop Valve
A stop valve is provided to operate the steam control according to the requirement, the
wet steam in the shell is sent to the superheater to reheat. The reheated steam is resent
to the shell in this situation, the steam stop valve is operated to meet the requirements.
3.7.5 Feed Check Valve
It is used for the entry of feed water into the boiler and also used as a non-return valve
to prevent the feed water from returning.
Accessories are provided to increase the efficiency of the boiler. They are
1. Superheater
2. Economizer
3. Air pre-heater
Without mountings, boilers cannot operate but without accessories, boilers can operate.
The efficiency will be low without accessories.

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3.8 RO Plant
Reverse osmosis (RO) is a water purification process that uses a partially permeable
membrane to remove ions, unwanted molecules and larger particles from drinking
water. In reverse osmosis, an applied pressure is used to overcome osmotic pressure, a
colligative property, that is driven by chemical potential differences of the solvent, a
thermodynamic parameter. Reverse osmosis can remove many types of dissolved and
suspended chemical species as well as biological ones (principally bacteria) from water,
and is used in both industrial processes and the production of potable water. The result
is that the solute is retained on the pressurized side of the membrane and the pure
solvent is allowed to pass to the other side. To be "selective", this membrane should not
allow large molecules or ions through the pores (holes), but should allow smaller
components of the solution (such as solvent molecules, i.e., water, H2O) to pass freely.
Reverse osmosis removes various undesirable substances from the water like iron,
potassium, zinc and thus used in many large-scale industries.
3.8.1 Use of RO water
Water from RO plant produced by RO plant in Emporium Mall is not used for drinking
purposes rather it is distributed and supplied for following purposes.
• Boilers for stream production: used to reduce solids content of waters prior to
feeding into boilers for steam generation or otherwise. suspended and dissolved
solids in a steam generator case scale and can lead to tube failure. Poor boiler
feedwater quality increases energy consumption, reduces steam quality and
purity, and can increase production rates. Including reverse osmosis systems in
the boiler feedwater makeup circuit to replace or pretreat for ion exchange
increases production reliability and significantly reduces operating and
maintenance cost.
• Provide water for HVAC chillers
• Hotel rooms
• Hotel kitchen and laundry

3.9 Other Equipment

Some of the other equipment and their function is described in the following.
3.9.1 Air Diffusers
A diffuser is "a device for reducing the velocity and increasing the static pressure of a
fluid passing through a system”. Diffusers are used to slow the fluid's velocity while
increasing its static pressure. The fluid's static pressure rises as it passes through a
duct is commonly referred to as pressure recovery.
Diffusers are used on both all-air and air-water HVAC systems, as part of room air
distribution subsystems, and serve several purposes:

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 • To deliver both conditioning and ventilating air
• Evenly distribute the flow of air, in the desired directions
• To enhance mixing of room air into the primary air being discharged
• To create low-velocity air movement in the occupied portion of room
• Accomplish the above while producing the minimum amount of noise
3.9.2 SOUND ATTENUATORS
Sound attenuators are a proven and effective method for reducing the noise generated
by fans and other equipment. Also referred to as duct silencers, sound traps or mufflers,
they are designed to reduce the noise transmitted from a source to the receiver.
For HVAC applications, they are commonly installed on intake and discharge sides of a
fan or air handling unit. They can also be used on the receiver side of noise generating
equipment (terminal boxes, air valves and dampers) and in areas outside the primary air
system where they can reduce transfer noise between spaces.

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 4 Maintenance Operations
Every chilled water system can be operated on the basis of meeting two goals:
Goal 1: Satisfy imposed cooling loads
• Maintain proper supply water temperature.
• Maintain proper supply water flow in variable flow systems.
Goal 2: Minimize the cost of cooling
• Maintain chilled water temperature as high as possible, but still low
enough to satisfy latent cooling loads.
• Maintain condenser water supply temperature as low as feasible.
• Operate each chiller, to the maximum possible extent, in the 40–85% load
range.
There are several maintenance schemes that can be implemented for maintenance
HVAC systems but no matter which maintenance scheme is utilized, routine
maintenance requirements for electric-drive vapor compression cycle water chillers fall
into four categories: continual monitoring, periodic checks, scheduled maintenance, and
long-term maintenance, as follows:

4.1 Continual monitoring/visual inspection

The majority of chiller operating problems and maintenance needs are discovered by
visual inspection and the monitoring of equipment operating parameters. Figure 12 is a
form that can be used to guide chiller visual inspection and to collect operating data
every two hours during the day. This data will give a complete “snapshot” of the running
conditions of the chiller and variations in data between observations can be prime
indicator of operating problems.
Over the long term, this data can be used to predict maintenance requirements. This
data, along with the data collected during periodic checks and routine maintenance
procedures, can be plotted against time so that a trend or change in conditions can be
identified. A decision on maintenance can then be made from the trend.

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Figure 12 Chiller data logging form

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4.2 Periodic checks
Periodic checks are specific tests that are performed annually (or more frequently) to
evaluate some aspect of the chiller performance and include the following:
• Leak testing (via the pressure method)
• Purge operation (low pressure systems)
• System dryness
• Lubricant level
• Lubricant filter pressure drops
• Refrigerant quantity or level
• Water flow rates. (Adjust the pumps to provide design flow and measuring
the pressure drops across the evaporator and condenser. Compare these
values to the manufacturer’s data to determine if internal scaling is
occurring)

4.3 Regularly scheduled maintenance

Condenser and lubricant cooler cleaning should be done at the beginning of the cooling
season or every six months if the chiller is in use year around. This process has
become more difficult since the heat exchanger tubes in newer chillers have internal
fins. (To facilitate this cleaning, piping connections at the chiller should be flanged or
use grooved piping connections and the insulation be designed for removal and
replacement. The piping must be configured so as to not interfere with the tube cleaning
space.)
Evaporator cleaning on open systems is required for applications using air washers.
Here, the chilled water system is “open”, just as the condenser water system is open,
and the evaporator tubes should be cleaned at the same time the condenser tubes are
cleaned.
Calibration of pressure, temperature, and flow controls should be done quarterly.
Inspect starter wiring connections, contracts, and action. Power connections on newly
installed starters may relax and loosen after a month or so of operation. Tighten and
recheck annually thereafter.
Safety interlocks devices, such as flow switches and pump starter auxiliary contracts,
should be checked annually for proper operation.
The maintenance requirements for engine-drive vapor compression cycle chillers are
much the same as for electric-drive chillers except that the significant maintenance
requirements for the engine must be added to the program. Depending on the type of
engine and fuel, the manufacturer’s maintenance program must be strictly followed to
endure reliable engine operation and to attain the expected engine life.
Absorption water chillers have three significant maintenance elements:

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Mechanical components. Absorption chillers have refrigerant and solution pumps and a
purge unit that must be maintained. The pumps are usually hermitically sealed and are
cooled and lubricated by the refrigerant. On an annual basis, these pumps and motors
must be inspected and tested to insure continued operation. Every 3 years, the pump
seals and bearings will require inspection and, as indicated, replacement.
On a routine (daily) basis, the operation of the purge unit must be checked for both
proper operation and excess operation, indicating an air leak. Air leakage into an
absorption chiller can produce serious problems due to corrosion, contamination of the
absorbent solution, and reduction in efficiency and capacity.
Heat transfer components. Annually, the condenser and absorber heat exchanger tubes
must be cleaned. The lithium bromide solution must be analyzed annually for
contamination, pH, corrosion-inhibitor level, and performance additive (octyl alcohol)
and the solution adjusted as necessary. Leak testing using the pressure method, is
required annually.
Controls. Proper operation of controls is critical in preventing performance problems
with absorption chillers. Test the controls for proper operation at the beginning of the
cooling season. Clean and tighten all connections, including field sensor connections.
Vacuum control cabinets to remove dirt and dust. With microprocessor controls, have
the factory service technicians test calibration and operation and ensure that the latest
version of operating software is loaded.
For direct-fired absorption chillers, the burner must also be maintained and serviced to
ensure efficient, reliable operation. The following is a summary of basic burner
maintenance requirements, annually:
• Inspect and repair stack/breeching.
• Check combustion air intakes.
• Test all safety controls, operating levels, etc.
• Test relief or safety valve for operation and setpoint.
Routine maintenance:
• Run efficiency test and adjust air/fuel ratio at least twice each year (more often
for larger burners)

4.4 Maintenance operation for FCU and AHU

Following are routine maintenance operations carried out for FCU and AHU.
• Change of filters is done almost every one to two months, some filters are later
cleaned and reused.
• Bushes in pipelines for FCUs are checked and replaced in case of being rusty or
damaged.
• Water coil cleaning is done in case of contamination/dirt in coils.

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• Temperature and humidity in different areas of mall are also checked and
recorded.
• Yearly maintenance is done for AHUs.

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 5 Valves

Valve is mechanical or electromechanical device by which the flow of a gas, liquid,

slurry, or loose dry material can be started stopped, diverted, and/or regulated or
throttled.
A valve controls system or process fluid flow and pressure. These aforesaid objectives
of valves are achieved by performing any of the following functions:
• Stopping and starting flow of fluid
• Varying (throttling) the amount of flow of fluid
• Regulating downstream system or process pressure
• Controlling the direction of flow of fluid
• Relieving component for piping over pressure
Following are the valves installed in Emporium Mall HVAC systems for different
purposes.

5.1 Gate valve

A gate valve is a linear motion valve used to start or stop fluid flow. The name gate is
derived from the appearance of the disk in the flow stream.

5.2 Globe valve

A globe valve is a linear motion valve used to stop, start, and regulate the fluid flow. The
globe valve disk can be removed entirely from the flow path, or it can completely close
the flow path. During opening and closing of globe valve, disc moves perpendicularly to
the seat.

5.3 Balancing valve

Balancing valves are designed to use for balancing flow in heating and cooling systems.
When the pressure-induced forces from the fluid it controlled oppose one another so
that resistance to opening and closing the valve is negligible. There are various
functions of balancing valves according to its performance, measuring, regulating and
shut off system.
Balancing valves are used in Boilers, and HVAC Chiller systems to regulate the flow of
the liquids such as water. The purpose of the valve is to enable us to supply the correct
amount of heat and cooling to each part of the building.

5.4 Solenoid valve

Solenoid valve is a control unit which, when electrically energized or de-energized,
either shut off or allow fluid flow. The actuator takes the form of an electromagnet.
When energized, a magnetic field builds up which pulls a plunger or pivoted armature

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against the action of a spring. When de-energized, the plunger or pivoted armature is
returned to its original position by the spring action.

5.5 PIC valve

A Pressure Independent Control Valve, or PICV as it is commonly known, is a multi-
functional valve, combining the operation of 3 different valves in one convenient and
compact unit. The PICV acts as a differential pressure control valve, a regulating valve
and a 2-port control valve.
The purpose of a Pressure Independent Control (PIC) valve is to maintain a set flow to
the coil regardless of pressure changes in the system. Use of these valves in a
commercial heating or cooling system allows comfort levels to be optimized at least
cost, reducing ongoing energy consumption and improving the efficiency of the system
to outstanding levels.

5.6 Butterfly valve

A Butterfly valve is a quarter-turn rotational motion valve, that is used to stop, regulate,
and start flow. Butterfly valves are easy and fast to open. A 90° rotation of the handle
provides a complete closure or opening of the valve. Large Butterfly valves are usually
equipped with a gearbox, where the handwheel by gears is connected to the stem. This
simplifies the operation of the valve, but at the expense of speed.

5.7 Pressure relief valve (PRV)

A pressure Relief Valve is a safety device designed to protect a pressurized vessel or
system during an overpressure event. An overpressure event refers to any condition
which would cause pressure in a vessel or system to increase beyond the specified
design pressure or maximum allowable working pressure.
The primary purpose of a pressure Relief valve is protection of life and property by
venting fluid from an over-pressurized vessel.

5.8 OS and Y Gate valves

Technically OS&Y stands for ‘Outside Screw and Yoke’. That means that when the
handle is turned it directly raises and lowers the gate of the valve by interacting directly
with the stem of the valve. The handle and the stem are both threaded so they interact
together. The stem of the valve itself raises and lowers visibly outside the body of the
valve, while the handle remains in a fixed position. As the stem rises the gate inside the
body of the valve rises in unison letting water flow through the body of the valve.
All main control valves for fire protection must be ‘Outer Stem & Yoke’ type valves.

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5.9 3-Way valve
The purpose of a 3-way control valve is to shut off water flow in one pipe while opening
water flow in another pipe, to mix water from two different pipes into one pipe, or to
separate water from one pipe into two different pipes.
The 3-way valve is characterized by three ports A, B and C. The valve is normally
defined by its kvs [m3/h] value, which expresses the volume of water that passes
through the fully open valve in 1 hour with a pressure differential of 1 bar.
In a mixing loop, a 3-way control valve can be used to control and regulate heating or
cooling surfaces, radiator systems, floor heating/cooling, etc. This can work in several
ways: 1.) The fluid flows in through port A and flows out through port B and C or through
port B or C. 2.) The fluid flows in through port B and C or B or C and out through port A.
A 3-way valve is normally provided with an electrical, pneumatic or thermal actuator.

5.10 4-Way valve

4-way valves are one of the most commonly used pneumatic components for directional
control. By providing four distinct flow paths, these valves make it easy to reverse the
motion of a cylinder or motor.
It can be used to isolate and to simultaneously bypass a sampling cylinder installed on a
pressurized water line. It is useful to take a fluid sample without affecting the pressure of
a hydraulic system and to avoid degassing (no leak, no gas loss or air entry, no external
contamination).

5.11 Swing Check or Non-return valve

Swing check valve is a self-actuated back flow preventer or unidirectional valve which
allows full, unobstructed flow and automatically closes as pressure decreases. These
check valves or non-return valves (swing type check valve) are fully closed when the
flow reaches zero and prevent back flow. Advantage of swing check valve is less
turbulence and low pressure drop within the body of valve.

5.12 Strainer
A device through which a liquid is passed for purification, filtering or separation from
solid matter; anything (including a screen or a cloth) used to strain a liquid.
Strainers are important components of piping systems to protect equipment from
potential damage due to dirt and other particles that may be carried by the process fluid.
During system start-up and flushing, Strainers may be placed upstream of pumps to
protect them from construction debris that may have been left in the pipe. Permanent
Strainers may be installed upstream of control valves, traps, and instruments to protect
them from corrosion products that may become dislodged and carried throughout the
piping system.

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Centrifugal and reciprocating pumps handling material containing solids should have
permanent Strainers provided in the suction lines to the pump or in the vessel from
which the pump takes suction.

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 6 Measurement Devices
6.1 Pressure Gauge
Pressure measurement is the analysis of an applied force by a fluid (liquid or gas) on a
surface. Pressure is typically measured in units of force per unit of surface area.
Pressure gauge, instrument for measuring the condition of a fluid (liquid or gas) that is
specified by the force that the fluid would exert, when at rest, on a unit area, such as
pounds per square inch or newtons per square centimeter.

6.2 Rotameter
A rotameter flow meter is used to measure the flowrate of liquids and gases. The
rotameter consists of a plastic, metal or glass tube and float. The float response to
flowrate changes is linear, and a 10-to-1 flow range or turndown is standard.

6.3 Magnetic Flow Meter

A magnetic flow meter is a transducer that measures fluid flow by the voltage induced
across the liquid by its flow through a magnetic field. A magnetic field is applied to the
metering tube, which results in a potential difference proportional to the flow velocity
perpendicular to the flux lines.

6.4 Other measurement devices

There are few other measurement devices used in HVAC system as well such as
1. Pneumatic pressure meters
2. BTU meters
3. Thermometers
4. Thermostats
Some of the measurement devices are mechanical and some either provide an electric
display or are connected to the control system.

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 7 Fire System

A fire sprinkler system is an active fire protection method, consisting of a water supply
system, providing adequate pressure and flowrate to a water distribution piping system,
onto which fire sprinklers are connected.
Each closed-head sprinkler is held closed by either a heat-sensitive glass bulb or a two-
part metal link held together with fusible alloy. The glass bulb or link applies pressure to
a pipe cap which acts as a plug which prevents water from flowing until the ambient
temperature around the sprinkler reaches the design activation temperature of the
individual sprinkler head. In a standard wet-pipe sprinkler system, each sprinkler
activates independently when the predetermined heat level is reached. Thus, only
sprinklers near the fire will operate, normally just one or two. This maximizes water
pressure over the point of fire origin, and minimizes water damage to the building.
Flowing are a few types of fire sprinklers.
1. Pendent Sprinkler Heads
2. Concealed Pendant Heads
3. Upright Sprinkler Heads
4. Side Wall Sprinkler Heads

7.1 Pumps
A fire pump is a part of a fire sprinkler system's water supply and powered by electric,
diesel or steam. The pump intake is either connected to the public underground water
supply piping, or a static water source (e.g., tank, reservoir, lake). The pump provides
water flow at a higher pressure to the sprinkler system risers and hose standpipes.
The fire pump starts when the pressure in the fire sprinkler system drops below a
threshold. The sprinkler system pressure drops significantly when one or more fire
sprinklers are exposed to heat above their design temperature, and opens, releasing
water. Alternately, other fire hoses reels or other firefighting connections are opened,
causing a pressure drop in the fire-fighting main.
There are 2 types of pumps installed in fires system of plant room.
7.1.1 Fire pumps
Fire pumps installed in plant room of Emporium mall are of single stage, double suction,
horizontal split case centrifugal pump. These pumps can achieve a maximum pressure
of 169 psi and rated GPM is 1500.
7.1.2 Jockey pump
A jockey pump is a small pump connected to a fire sprinkler system and is intended to
maintain pressure in a fire protection piping system to an artificially high level so that the

39
operation of a single fire sprinkler will cause a pressure drop which will be sensed by
the fire pump automatic controller, causing the fire pump to start. The jockey pump is
essentially a portion of the fire pump's control system. A jockey pump is sized for a flow
less than the flow to one sprinkler in order to ensure a system pressure drop.
Jockey pump installed in fire system is vertical in-line multistage centrifugal pump and it
can provide a maximum head of 148 meters.

7.2 Smoke system

Smoke control systems using mechanical equipment, such as fans and dampers, rely
on the integrity of this equipment to control the spread of smoke within a building.
Fire/life safety and HVAC systems must be carefully integrated to ensure reliability in
smoke control systems.
A smoke control system is a system that is used to limit the migration of smoke within a
building due to a fire. There are several methods to limit this migration, and some are
designed to provide a tenable environment for occupants to egress the building. A
smoke control system can include physical barriers that limit smoke from migrating
outside the zone, a combination of physical barriers and mechanical systems, or only
mechanical systems to control the spread of smoke.
One of the methods for smoke control, commonly known as the pressurization method
or zoned smoke control, is to set up a negative pressure in the zone of origin and
exhaust the space providing no make-up air. All of the fans go to full exhaust and supply
air is shut down. This creates a negative pressure within the zone relative to adjacent
zones and is intended to maintain the smoke inside the zone. But in some other
systems the fresh air supply is maintained to provide oxygen inside the zone, this is
done through Air Handling Units (AHU).
7.2.1 Smoke detectors
Duct smoke detectors provide early detection of smoke and products of combustion
present in air moving through HVAC ducts. These devices are designed for prevention
of smoke recirculation in areas by the air handling systems. Fans, blowers and
complete systems may be shut down in the event of smoke detection.
7.2.2 Smoke extraction
Air Handling Units (AHU) are often shut down if any smoke detector in the area they
serve senses smoke. However, in engineered smoke control systems the fans may
continue to run while the AHU dampers position so that all return air is dumped outside
and only fresh air is brought into the building. For large spaces that exhaust smoke in
case of an event, dampers located on outside walls (with ducts where appropriate) open
to allow outside air to enter to replace air and smoke pulled out by exhausts.

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In AHU the return air supply duct is closed through a damper and air is directly turned
towards exhaust duct to be extracted. Fresh air supply is kept through to provide
oxygen in the zone.

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