MODELS OF CHANGE:-

1. MALAYSIN:-
Malaysia is Located in South-East Asia, composed of 13 states and three federal regions, with an area
of 329,845 square kilometers and a population of 30 million. About four decades ago, it was an
agricultural community that only knew how to grow rice, rubber and some plants and fruit . But the
huge development that took place has reduced the poverty rate from 70% to 5% and annual per capita
income from $ 350 to $ 18,000.
Malaysia has been a model of comprehensive development for the third world countries and is
characterized by its importance and specialty. It has risen in the economic field during the past four
decades. It has succeeded in reconciling between the two directions: the first is the integration into the
economies of globalization and the other: keeping the national economy approach, as it has been
turned from a country depends on the export of basic raw materials to the largest exporter of industrial
goods and technology in the Southeast Asia region.

POLITICAL REFORMS:-
This policy is based on two main pillars: poverty eradication and the
restructuring of society. Thus, the equitable distribution of wealth and the equal opportunity of
citizens to education, health and employment were priorities of the new policy.
After years of implementing this reform policy, Malaysia has achieved more stability and prosperity.
Ethnic tension has disappeared and justice has spread throughout the country. The first criterion is not
color, language or race, but science, work and devotion to the country.
The reform development program achieved more than expected results. Malaysia’s poor wealth ratio
rose from 4 percent in 1970 to 20 percent in 1997, the national product rose and the economy
recovered. The per capita income level moved from 1,140 ringgit (Malaysian currency) in 1970 to
12,102 ringgit in 1997, unemployment fell from 50% to 6.8%. For the day the Malaysian ringgit
exchange rate against the dollar was 4.22.
In a few years, Malaysia has been able to transform itself from a backward country whose inhabitants
live in primitive forests to a modern state with a strong infrastructure, a thriving economy, and
advanced education.

DEVELOPMENT:-
Development is a comprehensive process that deals with different aspects of life,
political and economic. On the other hand, development is complex and multifaceted, and at the
individual level it means an improvement in skill levels, productive efficiency, freedom, creativity,
self-reliance, responsibility and determination because achieving any aspect of development is closely
linked to the status of society on both internal and external levels and within the political and
economic aspects.

KEY FEATURES:-
1. The political climate of the State of Malaysia, which represents a special situation among its
neighbors, but among many developing countries, characterized by the creation of suitable conditions to the
acceleration of economic development.
2. Decisions are always made through ongoing negotiations between ethnically based political parties, making
Malaysia’s policy characterized as democratic.
3. Malaysia has adopted a clear policy against nuclear testing, which has demonstrated its strong opposition to
France’s nuclear experience and its campaign that culminated in the 1995 signing of the ten South-East Asian
countries participating in the ASEAN GATHERING on the South-East Asian Nuclear-Weapon –Free Zone
Declaration This has helped to direct the funding available for development primarily instead of spending on
armament and weapons of mass destruction.
4. The expenditure on infrastructure projects is the foundation, which is the path of the economy to stable
growth in the coming years, thus increasing the ranking of Malaysia to become one of the first five economies
in the world in the field of strength of the local economy.
5. Malaysia has adopted a largely self-reliant strategy by relying on indigenous people who represent the
Muslim majority of the population.
6. Malaysia’s interest in improving the social indicators of Islamic human capital by improving the living,
educational and health conditions of indigenous people, whether indigenous or Muslim immigrants, to whom
the authorities welcome their resettlement.
7. Malaysia has relied heavily on internal resources in providing the necessary capital to finance investments.
The GDP increased by 40% between 1970 and 1993, while total domestic investment increased by 50% during
the same period. In the view of the professor of economics at Cairo University, Dr. Mahmoud Abdul Fadil,
that while the countries of the developing world suffer from the triangle of disease, poverty and ignorance,
Malaysia has had another triad pushed for development since the early 1980s , the triangle of growth and
modernization and industrialization, as these three economic priorities and the concept of “Malaysia as a
partnership” was also emphasized as if it were a business conglomerate between the public and private sectors
on the one hand and a partnership that combines between multi-ethnic and social groups on the other.
• Malaysia has a future vision for development and economic activity through consecutive and integrated five-
year plans since independence and till now, and Malaysia’s early readiness to enter the 21st century by
planning Malaysia 2020 and working to achieve what has been planned.
• There is a high degree of diversity in the industrial structure and its coverage of most branches of industrial
activity (industries: consumer – intermediate – capital). This has been the outcome of the success of Malaysia’s
development policies, which can be considered both a cause and a consequence.

TAIWANIAN:-
In the 1970s, protectionism was on the rise, and the United Nations switched recognition
from the government of the Republic of China to the government of the People's Republic of China as the sole
legitimate representative of all China. It was expelled by General Assembly Resolution 2758 and replaced in
all UN organs with the PRC. The Kuomintang began a process of enhancement and modernization of the
industry, mainly in high technology (such as microelectronics, personal computers and peripherals). One of the
biggest and most successful Technology Parks was built in Hsinchu, near Taipei.
Many Taiwanese brands became important suppliers of worldwide known firms such as DEC or IBM, while
others established branches in Silicon Valley and other places inside the United States and became known. The
government also recommended the textile and clothing industries to enhance the quality and value of their
products to avoid restrictive import quotas, usually measured in volume. The decade also saw the beginnings
of a genuinely independent union movement after decades of repression. Some significant events occurred in
1977, which gave the new unions a boost.
One was the formation of an independent union at the Far East Textile Company after a two-year effort
discredited the former management-controlled union. This was the first union that existed independently of the
Kuomintang in Taiwan's post-war history (although the Kuomintang retained a minority membership on its
committee). Rather than prevailing upon the state to use martial law to smash the union, the management
adopted the more cautious approach of buying workers' votes at election times. However, such attempts
repeatedly failed and, by 1986, all of the elected leaders were genuine unionists.[1] Another, and, historically,
the most important, was the now called "Zhongli incident".
In the 1980s, Taiwan had become an economic power, with a mature and diversified economy, solid presence
in international markets and huge foreign exchange reserves.] Its companies were able to go abroad,
internationalize their production, investing massively in Asia (mainly in People's Republic of China) and in
other Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development countries, mainly in the United States.
Higher salaries and better organized trade unions in Taiwan, together with the reduction of the
Taiwanese export quotas meant that the bigger Taiwanese companies moved their production
to China and Southeast Asia. The civil society in a now developed country, wanted democracy, and the
rejection of the KMT dictatorship grew larger.] A major step occurred when Lee Teng-hui, a native
from Taiwan, became President, and the KMT started a new path searching for democratic legitimacy.
Two aspects must be remembered: the KMT was on the center of the structure and controlled the process, and
that the structure was a net made of relations between the enterprises, between the enterprises and the State,
between the enterprises and the global market thanks to trade companies and the international economic
exchanges. Native Taiwanese were largely excluded from the mainlanders dominated government, so many
went into the business world.
In 1952, Taiwan had a per capita gross national product (GNP) of $170, placing the island's economy squarely
between Zaire and Congo. But, by 2010 Taiwan's per capita GNP, adjusted for purchasing power parity (PPP),
had soared to $35,227, similar to that of developed West European economies and Japan.
According to economist Paul Krugman, the rapid growth was made possible by increases in capital and labor
but not an increase in efficiency. In other words, the savings rate increased and work hours were lengthened,
and many more people, such as women, entered the work force.
Dwight Perkins and others cite certain methodological flaws in Krugman and Alwyn Young's research, and
suggest that much of Taiwan's growth can be attributed to increases in productivity. These productivity boosts
were achieved through land reform, structural change (urbanization and industrialization), and an economic
policy of export promotion rather than import substitution.
While China already has international free trade agreements (FTA) with numerous countries through bilateral
relations and regional organizations, the "Beijing factor" has led to the deliberate isolation of Taiwan from
potential FTAs. In signing the Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement (ECFA) with China on 29 June
2010 – which permitted trade liberalization and an "early harvest" list of tariff cuts – former president Ma
Ying-jeou wanted to not only affirm a stable economic relationship with China, but also to assuage its
antagonism towards Taiwan’s involvement in other FTAs. Taiwan later signed FTAs with two founding
members of the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) in 2013: New Zealand (ANZTEC) and Singapore (ASTEP).
Exports to Singapore increased 5.6 percent between 2013 and 2014, but decreased 22 percent by 2016. In
2013, a follow-up bilateral trade agreement to the ECFA, the Cross-Strait Service Trade Agreement (CSSTA),
faced large student-led demonstrations – the Sunflower Movement – in Taipei and an occupation of the
Legislative Yuan. The opposition contended that the trade pact would hinder the competency of SMEs, which
encompassed 97.73 percent of total enterprises in Taiwan in 2016. The TPP, on the other hand, still presents an
opportunity for Taiwan. After the APEC economic leaders' meeting in November 2017, President Tsai
expressed deep support for the advancements made regarding the TPP – given that U.S. President Donald
Trump pulled out of the trade deal earlier in the year.President Tsai has also promoted the "New Southbound
Policy", mirroring the "go south" policies upheld by former presidents Lee Teng-hui in 1993 and Chen Shui-
Bian in 2002, focusing on partners in the Asia-Pacific region such as the Association of Southeast Asian
Nations (ASEAN), Australia and New Zealand.

IRANIAN:-
Prior to 1979, Iran's economic development was rapid. Traditionally an agrarian society, by the 1970s
the country had undergone significant industrialization and economic modernization.This pace of growth
had slowed dramatically by 1978 as capital flight reached $30 to $40 billion 1980 US dollars just before
the revolution.
After the Revolution of 1979, Iran's government proceeded with 4 reforms:

First they nationalized all industry, including the NIOC, and all Iranian banks.

The new Constitution divided the economy in 3 different sectors, namely "State", "Cooperative" and
"Private", with the majority being state-owned businesses.

The Government started using central planning to control the economy, having the Supreme Leader, the
President and Majlis creating 5-year socio-economic plans.

The State took control of setting prices and subsidies.

The government's long-term objectives since the revolution have been economic independence, full
employment, and a comfortable standard of living for citizens, but at the end of the 20th century, the
country's economy faced many obstacles.Iran's population more than doubled between 1980 and 2000 and
grew increasingly younger. Although a relatively large number of Iranians are farmers, agricultural
production has consistently fallen since the 1960s. By the late 1990s, Iran had become a major importer
of food. At that time, economic hardship in the countryside resulted in vast numbers of people moving to
cities.

The eight-year war with Iraq claimed at least 300,000 Iranian lives and injured more than 500,000. The
cost of the war to the country's economy was some $500 billion. After hostilities with Iraq ceased in
1988, the government tried to develop the country's communication, transportation, manufacturing, health
care, education and energy sectors (including its prospective nuclear power facilities), and began the
process of integrating its communication and transportation infrastructure with that of neighboring
states.Since 2004, Supreme Leader Khamenei and President Ahmadinejad have tried to implement
reforms that will lead to the privatization of Iran but they haven't worked out yet, making Iran a command
economy in transition towards a market economy.

According to the 1979 Iranian Constitution, it is the duty of the Islamic government to furnish all citizens
with equal and appropriate opportunities, to provide them with work, and to satisfy their essential needs,
so that the course of their progress may be assured.Iran's long-term objectives since the 1979 revolution
have been economic independence, full employment, and a comfortable standard of living for citizens,
but at the end of the 20th century, the country's economic future faces many obstacles. Iran's population
more than doubled in a 20-year period, with an increasingly young population. Although a relatively large
part of the population engages in farming, agricultural production has fallen consistently since the 1960s.
By the late 1990s, Iran was a major food importer, and economic hardship in the countryside had driven
vast numbers of people to migrate to cities.

The rates of literacy and life expectancy in Iran are high for the region, but so is the unemployment rate,
and inflation is in the range of 20% annually. Iran remains highly dependent on one major industry, the
extraction of petroleum and natural gas for export, and the government faces increasing difficulty in
providing opportunities for a younger, better educated workforce. Such lack of opportunities has led to a
growing sense of frustration among lower- and middle-class Iranians.

Following the nationalizations in 1979 and the outbreak of the Iran–Iraq War, over 80% of Iran's
economy came under the control of the government. After the end of hostilities with Iraq in 1988, the
government tried to develop the country's communication, transportation, manufacturing, health care,
education and energy infrastructures (including its prospective nuclear power facilities) and has begun the
process of integrating its communication and transportation infrastructure with that of neighboring states.
It is estimated that Iran sustained a loss of $500 billion through the Iraq war.