International Journal of Non-Linear Mechanics 85 (2016) 54–61

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International Journal of Non-Linear Mechanics

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Jet with variable fluid properties: Free jet and dissipative jet
Manisha Patel a,n, M.G. Timol b
a
Department of Mathematics, Sarvajanik College of Engineering & Technology, Surat 395001, Gujarat, India
b
Department of Mathematics, Veer Narmad South Gujarat University, Magdalla Road, Surat 395007, Gujarat, India

art ic l e i nf o a b s t r a c t

Article history: An analysis of the laminar jet of an incompressible Newtonian fluid emerging from a narrow slot or a
Received 13 February 2015 circular hole, where the physical properties like viscosity and thermal conductivity depends upon the
Received in revised form temperature, is given. Both the cases: the case of In the absence of viscous heat dissipation and the case
4 June 2016
of In the presence of viscous heat dissipation are considered. The governing partial differential equations
Accepted 4 June 2016
of the flow problem are transformed into the ordinary differential equations by group theoretic tech-
Available online 7 June 2016
nique. The Runge–Kutta method is applied to obtained numerical solution of the transformed ordinary
Keywords: differential equations.
Jet flow & 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Thermal conductivity
Heat dissipation
Newtonian fluid
Non-homogeneous BVP
Runge–Kutta method

1. Introduction
When a fluid moving in a pipe or tank crosses a slot or a nozzle
there is a sudden decrease in cross section area and consequently
there is a considerable increase in velocity. It gives rise to the flow
of a jet. A fluid flows in the absence of rigid boundaries and,
therefore, it is a free flow. These flows are important in technology,
metrology etc.
Fluid properties like viscosity, thermal conductivity cannot in
general, be regarded as constant. In many physical situations such
as liquid metal injectors and highly heated arcs etc. there is a large
temperature difference between the temperature of jet and that of
surrounding. Hence it becomes necessary to consider the variation
of viscosity and thermal conductivity etc. with the temperature in
case of jets as well. Density of a liquid changes with the tem-
perature but the rate of decrease of density with increase of
temperature is much smaller than that of viscosity and thermal
conductivity. Therefore in all the analysis which follows density
will be taken as constant while viscosity and thermal conductivity
will be assumed to be temperature dependent. However, density
variations when coupled with forces due to gravity will give rise to
buoyancy forces. It will therefore, be desirable to take into account
such forces in vertical jet.
A jet issuing from an orifice and mixing with a surrounding
n it is worthy to quote here Spalding's et al. [11], Christiansen et al.
Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: manishapramitpatel@gmail.com (M. Patel),
mgtimol@gmail.com (M.G. Timol).
fluid at rest is a classical problem in jet flows. This has been dis-
cussed in most of the books on the fluid mechanics. In the study of
jets one has to face some inherent difficulties; (i) satisfying
homogeneous boundary condition at infinity, (ii) physical condi-
tion of constancy of flux of momentum or of heat or both.
The flow of a jet is divided into two main regions [1–3], the core
and mixing region as shown in the Fig. 1. The core region is si-
tuated at the center of the jet and near the exit nozzle. In this
region, viscous effects are negligible and the fluid may be con-
sidered to be inviscid. The mixing region begins at the edge of the
core. In this zone, there is a large variation in velocity and density
and the effect of viscosity and heat conduction must be
considered.
The first study was recorded in literature by Schlichting [4]
when he obtained closed form solution of laminar jet. Bickly [5],
Squire [6] have discussed laminar jets of an incompressible fluid
with different geometries of the orifice, Pai [7] studied two-di-
mensional and axisymmetric jet mixing of a compressible fluid.
Kapur [8], Gutfinger et al. [9] introduced jets of a non-Newtonian
fluid. In most of the above study it is assumed that the physical
properties are constant with respect to temperature but it is valid
only when the temperature differences are very small. The study
of jet with variable fluid properties started in the year 1950. Os-
trach [10] studied it in the case of flat plate problem. Extensive
work in this area is carried out by many researchers. Among those
[12] in flow through channels and tubes. Pai [7] suggested em-
pirical relations for incompressible Newtonian and Non-

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnonlinmec.2016.06.001
0020-7462/& 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
 M. Patel, M.G. Timol / International Journal of Non-Linear Mechanics 85 (2016) 54–61
Nomenclature
u, u̇ Velocity components along X-axis
v, v̇ Velocity components along Y-axis
ρ Fluid density
μ Viscosity
Cp Specific heat at a constant pressure
K Thermal conductivity
θ Dimensionless temperature
M0 Flux of momentum across any cross section perpen-
dicular to the jet axis
Newtonian fluid flow. A jet with variable fluid properties was
simply analyzed by Kalathia [3]. Here, we shall solve it completely
by the method of converting homogeneous Boundary value Pro-
blem (BVP) into non-homogeneous initial value problem. The de-
tailed analysis of the problem and method of solution is discussed
in this paper.
Jets are used in various industrial applications because of pro-
ducing high heat and mass transfer coefficients. The flow struc-
tures of unconfined impinging jets are divided to three main re-
gions: free jet region, stagnation region and wall jet region. The
maximum Nusselt number is observed at the stagnation point or
the surrounding point due to the formation of thin thermal
boundary layer in that region. Confined impinging jets have these
three global regions, but the upper wall that is in the same level
with nozzle's exit restricts entrainment of jets, so the length of
potential core in confined jets is more than free jets; therefore the
Nusselt number has experienced greater amount related to free jet
in the same condition for laminar impinging jets. Several in-
vestigations have been done on the impinging jets for many years
that have been discussed the important factors on such flow
structures. Chiriac and Ortega [13] has numerically studied the
heat transfer, flow structures and transitional behaviors of con-
fined slot jet at a fixed nozzle to surface distance and different
Reynolds numbers. Park et al. [14] have numerically studied two
dimensional laminar and turbulent impinging slot jets using
Simple-base segregated streamline upwind Petrov- Galerkin finite
element method. It has been indicated that this method is more
accurate than other upwind numerical methods that used the ar-
tificial diffusion. Lee et al. [15] has numerically investigated the
Fig. 1. Jet in a medium at rest.
55
Q Heat flux across any cross section perpendicular to the
jet axis
α Fundamental length
υ Kinematic viscosity
σ Electrical conductivity
f (θ ) , ϕ (θ ) Temperature functions
Γ, δ Some constants under the defined group
transformation
η Similarity variable
ψ Stream function
F (η) , G (η) Similarity functions
flow structures and distribution of the Nusselt number, and
pressure coefficient along the flat plate. Lee et al. (2012) have
experimentally measured the Nusselt number distribution over
isothermal flat plate. This study focused on describing unsteady
modes for each height ratio and Re number. Rady and Arquis [16]
have numerically compared local and stagnation Nusselt number
of a multiple impinging slot jets over an isothermal flat plate in
laminar regime. They analyzed the effect of exhaust ports and
spent flow on heat transfer rates, and they suggested that locating
surface protrusions before exhaust ports can be enhanced the
Nusselt number and reduce adverse effect of spent flow in mul-
tiple impinging jet systems. Kubacki and Dick [17] have numeri-
cally investigated the turbulent confined plane impinging jets
using different turbulent models.
Kayansayan and Kucuka [20] both experimentally and nu-
merically have investigated the flow structure and parameters on
concave impinging plate. They analyzed turbulent and laminar
regimes for confined plane impinging jets that are issued from the
symmetry line of semi cylindrical channel. Measurement of pres-
sure and Nusselt number distribution over impinging plate has
been reported. They simulated the laminar flow by a numerical
model too. It has been indicated the amount of the Nusselt num-
ber over target plate has been enhanced compared to flat plate due
to surface curvature. Rahman and Hernandez [21] have numeri-
cally studied the conjugate heat transfer between a round water
jet and convex surface. In this analysis, a constant heat flux is
imposed on the bottom edge of the surface, and consideration of
different solid material and plate thicknesses for the convex sur-
face have been given generality to this investigation. Choi et al.
56 M. Patel, M.G. Timol / International Journal of Non-Linear Mechanics 85 (2016) 54–61

[22] have experimentally measured the distribution of mean ve- Kalathia et al. [3] are given by:
locity and fluctuating velocity over a concave surface for turbulent
∂u̇ ∂v ̇
impinging slot jet. They interpreted the measured local and stag- + =0
∂ẋ ∂ẏ (1)
nation Nusselt number over the concave plate by turbulent char-
acteristics of flow around stagnation region and wall jet region. ⎡ ∂u̇ ∂u̇ ⎤ ∂ ⎡ ∂u̇ ⎤
ρ ⎢ u̇ + v̇ ⎥ = ⎢μ ⎥
Yang et al. [23] have numerically investigated the Nusselt number ⎣ ∂x ̇ ∂ẏ ⎦ ∂ẏ ⎣ ∂ẏ ⎦ (2)
distribution and velocity field over concave surface for turbulent
⎡ ∂θ ̇ ∂θ ̇ ⎤ ∂ ⎡ ∂θ ̇ ⎤ ⎡ ∂u̇ ⎤2
impinging jet at relatively small curvature. The k–ε model was ρCp ⎢ u̇ + v̇ ⎥ = ⎢K ⎥ + μ⎢ ⎥
used for simulation of turbulent jet. Validation with experimental ⎣ ∂ẋ ∂ẏ ⎦ ∂ẏ ⎣ ∂ẏ ⎦ ⎣ ∂ẏ ⎦ (3)
result has been proved the accuracy of this model. Elcoot [24] The boundary conditions are
carried out the analysis of modulation instability of hydrodynamic
waves on liquid jet in the presence of electric field. Saulo Orizaga ∂u̇ ∂θ ̇
ẏ = 0; v ̇ = = =0
et al. [25] has been discussed the problem of viscous axisymmetric ∂y ̇ ∂ẏ (4)
jets in the presence of uniform and non-uniform electric field. ẏ = ∞; u̇ = θ ̇ = 0 (5)
Desai and Kalthiya [26] have been discussed the similarity so-
lutions of the heated jet of non-Newtonian fluid. The effect of Here u and v are components of velocity in the x and y direc-
variable fluid properties on the flow is also discussed in their pa- tions. ρ is a mass density, θ is the temperature.
per. They have applied systematic group theory approach to obtain For such a flow the momentum flux across any cross-section
similarity solutions. This Brief discussion on the effect of variable perpendicular to the jet axis is constant i.e.
viscosity and thermal conductivity of a nonisothermal, in- ∞

compressible Newtonian fluid flowing under the effect of a con-

M0 = 2ρ ∫0 u̇2dẏ = constant
(6)
stant pressure gradient in plane Poiseuille flow is given in the
paper by Pinarbasi et al. [27]. They have applied Chebyshev For no heat dissipation the jet satisfies one more physical re-
pseudospectral to solve the resulting coupled boundary value quirement, i.e. constancy of heat flux
problem iteratively. While the Effects of Variable Viscosity & ∞

Thermal Conductivity and Magnetic Field Effect on the Free Con-

Q = ρCp ∫0 ̇ ̇ = constant
u̇θdy
(7)
vection and Mass Transfer Flow through Porous Medium with
Introducing the non-dimensional variable as follows:
Constant Suction/Heat Flux was analyzed by Borah and Hazarika
[28]. They have applied Runge–Kutta shooting method to find the u̇ θ̇
x = αx ̇ , u = , θ = Cp 2 2 , y = αẏ ,
numerical solutions of the flow problem. Furthermore the transi- αυ 0 α υ0
tion from forced to mixed convection in a jet flow with variable ρυ 0 Cp
v̇
properties is discussed very nicely by Abbassi and Aissia [29]. They v= , σ= , μ = μ 0 f (θ ), K = K0 ϕ (θ ).
αυ 0 K0
have considered the dependence of fluid properties on tempera-
ture. Increasing the viscosity of the fluid must tend to delay The governing Eqs. (1)–(7) in dimensionless form are given by
breakup of the liquid jet as it balances the forces of inertia. When Eqs. (8)–(14):
viscosity increase, the internal turbulence of the fluid decreases
∂u ∂v
and leads to an increase in wavelength of instabilities. This then + =0
∂x ∂y (8)
results in a thickening of fluid produced disintegration as a result
of the primary atomization. ⎡ ∂u ∂u ⎤ ∂ ⎡ ∂u ⎤
⎢u +v ⎥= ⎢ f (θ ) ⎥
Viscosity of all Newtonian liquids usually decreases with in- ⎣ ∂x ∂y ⎦ ∂y ⎣ ∂y ⎦ (9)
creasing temperature at constant pressure. Several empirical re-
⎡ ∂θ ∂θ ⎤ 1 ∂ ⎡ ∂θ ⎤ ⎡ ∂u ⎤2
lations propose for dependence of viscosity on the temperature. In ⎢u +v ⎥= ⎢ ϕ (θ ) ⎥ + f (θ ) ⎢ ⎥
case of gases, viscosity increase wit increasing temperature. This ⎣ ∂x ∂y ⎦ σ ∂y ⎣ ∂y ⎦ ⎣ ∂y ⎦ (10)
behavior is very well explained with the Kinetic theory of gases. The boundary conditions are
Also the thermal conductivity of the fluid behaves in a more or less
∂u ∂θ
similar way. y = 0; v = = =0
In the present paper, an analysis of the laminar jet of an in- ∂y ∂y (11)
compressible Newtonian fluid emerging from a narrow slot or a
circular hole, where the physical properties like viscosity and y = ∞; u = θ = 0 (12)
thermal conductivity depends upon the temperature, is given. the momentum flux across any cross-section perpendicular to the
Both the cases: the case of ‘In the absence of viscous heat dis-
jet axis is,
sipation’ and the case of ‘In the presence of viscous heat dissipa-
∞
tion’ are considered. Both cases are solved completely by the ∫0 u2dy = 1
method of converting homogeneous Boundary value Problem (13)
(BVP) into non-homogeneous initial value problem. The detailed constancy of heat flux is,
analysis of the problem and method of solution is discussed in this
∞
paper. ∫0 uθdy = 0
(14)

Introduce the stream function ψ as usual and hence the Eqs.

2. Basic equations (9) and (10) come to the form

The steady laminar flow of an incompressible fluid takes place ∂ψ ∂ 2ψ ∂ψ ∂ 2ψ ∂ ⎡ ∂ 2ψ ⎤

− = ⎢ f (θ ) 2 ⎥
from a narrow two-dimensional slit with the mass of same fluid at ∂y ∂y∂x ∂x ∂y 2 ∂y ⎣ ∂y ⎦ (15)
a constant temperature as shown in Fig. 1. We consider the si-
∂ψ ∂θ ∂ψ ∂θ 1 ∂ ⎡ ∂θ ⎤ ⎡ ∂ 2ψ ⎤2
tuation where viscosity and thermal conductivity depends upon − = ⎢ ϕ (θ ) ⎥ + f ( θ ) ⎢ 2 ⎥
∂y ∂x ∂x ∂y σ ∂y ⎣ ∂y ⎦ ⎣ ∂y ⎦ (16)
the temperature. The governing equations for such flow following
 M. Patel, M.G. Timol / International Journal of Non-Linear Mechanics 85 (2016) 54–61 57

∞ ⎡ ∂ψ ⎤2 3.1. Solution technique (in the absence of viscous heat dissipation)

∫0 ⎢ ⎥ dy = 1
⎣ ∂y ⎦ (17)
In many engineering problems fluid behavior is governed by
∞ ∂ψ non-linear ordinary differential equations of boundary value type.
∫0 ∂y
θdy = 0
(18) Different methods have been suggested to solve the governing
equations. Most generally Runge–Kutta method is used. Due to the
nature of boundary conditions often it is necessary to guess ap-
propriate missing initial conditions. The final solution is matched
3. Case I: free jet (in the absence of viscous heat dissipation) with the known final condition. This is always done by trial and
error method. The method takes considerable computer time to
Group transformations: consider one-parameter liner group obtain accurate missing initial conditions.
transformations G as follow [30]; In wider class of problems the boundary conditions are speci-
⎧ x¯ = a α 1x, ψ¯ = a β 1 ψ fied at the point zero and infinity. The method is applicable to
G: ⎨ simultaneous equations also. The major extensions were made
⎩ y¯ = a α 2 y , θ¯ = a β 2 θ
⎪
(19) possible when the method was reexamined from the point of view
of transformation group by Na [18,,19]. Extending the method to
where a, α 1, α 2, β 1, β 2 are certain constants.
the case of infinite intervals authors showed that the boundary
The dependence of f and ϕ on θ may be assumed, in the first
conditions at the second point must be non-homogeneous if the
instance of the form
second point is at infinity. If this condition is homogeneous the
f = θ Γ and ϕ = θ δ (20) method fails as the parameter of transformation cannot be cal-
culated from the homogeneous condition. To overcome this diffi-
Γ and δ being some constants under the above group (19).
culty one more transformation was introduced. By means of this
We have
transformation homogeneous boundary value problem can be
2α2 + α1 − 2β1 = 3α2 − β2 Γ − β1 (21) transformed into initial value problem. Such technique is made
α1 + α2 − β1 − β2 = 2α2 − β2 δ − β2 = − β2 Γ + 2 (2α2 − β1) (22) applicable to obtain the solution of problem.
If we look at the set of boundary conditions obtained in both
α2 − 2β1 = 0 (23) the earlier cases one finds that the boundary condition at second
−(β1 + β2 ) = 0 (24) point i.e. η = ∞ is homogeneous. This condition is to be trans-
formed to non-homogeneous form. For this let the transforma-
When there is no viscous dissipation of heat in the flow
tions be
−β2 + 2 (2α2 − β1) term will be absent in Eq. (22).Then Eqs. (23) and
(24) simplify to η = Aη
α1 − α2 − β1 + β2 Γ = 0 (25) F = BF
G = CG (37)
α1 − α2 − β1 + β2 δ = 0 (26)
α2 − 2β1 = 0 (27) where A, B, C are constants, Now Eqs. (31) and (32) reduce to

β1 + β2 = 0 (28)
B2 ¯′ 2 ¯ ¯ ′′ C ΓB ∂ ¯ Γ ¯
Solving above equations, one gets Γ = δ for β2 ≠ 0 (otherwise (F + FF ) = − (3 + Γ ) 3 (G F ′′)
trivial solution) and A2 A ∂η (38)
BC ¯′ ¯ ⎡ Γ+ 1 ⎤ ∂ Γ
α1 −α1 2α1 ¯ ¯ ′) = − (3 + Γ ) ⎢ C
(F G + FG ⎥ (G¯ G¯ ′)
β1 = , β2 = , α2 = (Γ ≠ − 3) A σ ⎣ A2 ⎦ ∂η (39)
3+Γ 3+Γ 3+Γ (29)
Subject to the boundary conditions
Therefore we choose proper invariants for assumed transfor-
mation group follows: η = 0; F¯ = F¯ ′′ = 0; G¯′ = 0 (40)
y η = ∞; F¯′ = G¯ = 0 (41)
η= ; ψ = F (η) x1/ (3 + Γ ) , θ = G (η) x−1/ (3 + Γ )
x2 / (3 + Γ ) (30)
From the above equations the conditions of invariance of
Using (30) into set of Eqs. (15)–(18) equations for dissipative transformation should be
free jet will be simplified as (42)
AB = CΓ
2 ∂
F ′ + FF ′′ = − (3 + Γ ) (G Γ F ′′) From the given boundary conditions it is seen that F′ starts from
∂η (31)
a certain constant value at η = 0 and approaches zero as η → ∞. F′
(3 + Γ ) ∂
F ′ G + F G′ = − (G Γ G′) representing velocity cannot have infinite value between
σ ∂η (32) η = 0 and η = ∞ . Hence if ( ∂f /∂η) is integrated from 0 to ∞ a finite
∞
∫0 2
F ′ dη = 1 constant can be obtained,
(33)
∞
∞
∫0 F ′Gdη = 0
(34) ∫0 F′dη = Constant
(43)
(Here dash denotes the differentiation with respect to η).
with the boundary conditions Using Eq. (37) into Eq. (43) we obtain,

η = 0; F = F ′′ = G′ = 0 (35) ∞

η → ∞, F ′ = G = 0 (36)
B ∫0 F ′dη¯ = Constant

Now, defining this constant as B

58 M. Patel, M.G. Timol / International Journal of Non-Linear Mechanics 85 (2016) 54–61

values of F * ′ and G* give infinite value of F * ′ and G*. The value of

∞ parameter P is determined from the relation (45), (47) and (55)
i.e. constant = B ∫0 {
F ′dη = B F¯ (∞) − F¯ (0) = B } (44) substituting Eq. (47) in Eq. (45) which is

P = ⎡⎣ F * (∞) ⎤⎦
(1 − Γ ) /2
It is clear from boundary condition that F (0) = 0. (60)

Hence F (∞) = 1 (45) Value of λ2 is determined from the relation (55) and from these
values the solution of Eqs. (31) and (32) is obtained. Using the
The transformation in Eq. (42) reduce the Eqs. (33) and (34) to
relation (47) constant B and C are calculated from the relations
B2 ∞ ∞ (46) and (42). Thus values of η , F and G are found from the relation
∫0 ¯ ¯ η¯ = 1 and BC
FGd ∫0 F¯ ′ 2dη¯ = 0
A (46) (37).

Hence we have to obtain the solution of Eqs. (31) and (32) with
the boundary conditions (40) and (45). Again the boundary con-
dition at the second point is transformed to non-homogeneous
form. To transform the boundary value problem with boundary
conditions (40) and (45) into initial value problem, we define
group transformation as follows:
F = P λ1F *
η = P λ2 η*
G = P λ3 G*
where P is the real parameter of the group transformation and
λ 1 , λ 2 , λ 3 are real constants. Form Eq. (47), when the transfor-
mations (47) is introduced into Eqs. (38) and (39), we obtain
3.2. Result and discussion
Reduced system of Eqs. (56) and (57) into initial value problem
is solved for different value of Γ and σ using the initial conditions
(58) and (45). Integration is carried out using the Runge–Kutta
method for first increment and afterwards Adams–Moulton
scheme of integration is employed. Step size of integration is taken
to be 0.05. Last value of F̄ gives infinite values of F̄ using this value,
the parameter of transformation P, is obtained from Eq. (57) values
(47)
of λ1, λ2 and P are:
Γ = − 0.5, σ = 1.0, P = 0.01
λ 1 = 0.25

∂ λ 2 = − 0.75
F * ′2 + F *F * ′′ = − (3 + Γ ) (G*Γ F * ′′)
∂η* (48) Solution of Eqs. (38) and (39) are obtained by the relation (47)
as
3 +Γ⎡ ∂ ⎤
F * ′G* + F *G* ′ = − ⎢ (G*Γ G* ′) ⎥
δ ⎣ ∂η* ⎦ (49) F = (0.01) 0.25F *
With the initial conditions η = (0.001) −0.75η *

η* = 0; F * = F * ′′ = G* = 0 (50) Once the value of F and η are known the value of integral
obtained using
The condition for above equations to be free from P is,
∞
λ1 + λ2 + Γλ3 = 0 (51) I= ∫0 F ′ 2 ∂η

To integrate Eqs. (48) and (49) two more initial conditions are Is numerically calculated by trapezoidal rule with IBM's scien-
required (two missing initial condition introduced for the first tific subroutine package. The value of I is
time) i.e. the value of F * ′ at η = 0 and the value of G* at η = 0. In
I = 0.0798
order to fine these missing initial conditions it is assumed that,
From these values, solution of Eqs. (31) and (32) is obtained by
F¯ ′(0) = P and G (0) = P (52)
the relation (37).
Under the transformation of Eq. (47), the Eq. (52) will turn to Similarly, for other values of Γ and σ , values of η , F and G can
be obtained.
F * ′ (0) = P ⇒ λ1 − λ2 = 1 (53)
G* (0) = P ⇒ λ3 = 1 (54)
Therefore 4. Case II: dissipative jet (in the presence of viscous heat
dissipation)
λ1 = ( Γ + 1)/2
λ2 = ( 1 − Γ )/2 Group transformations: consider one-parameter liner group
transformations as
λ3 = 1 (55)
x¯ = a α 1x, ψ¯ = a β 1 ψ
Thus finally we have following set of equations
y¯ = a α 2 y , θ¯ = a β 2 θ (61)
∂
F * ′ 2 + F *F * ′′ = − (3 + Γ ) (G*Γ F * ′′)
∂η* (56) where a, α 1, α 2, β 1, β 2 are certain constants.
The dependence of f and ϕ on θ may be assumed, in the first
3 +Γ⎡ ∂ ⎤
instance of the form
F * ′G* + F *G* ′ = − ⎢ (G*Γ G* ′) ⎥
δ ⎣ ∂η* ⎦ (57)
f = θ Γ and ϕ = θ δ (62)
Subject to conditions
Γ and δ being some constants under the above group (61).
η* = 0; F * = F * ′′ = G* = 1; F * ′ = 1 (58)
We have
η* = ∞, F * ′ (∞) = G* = 0 (59)
2α 2 + α 1 − 2β 1 = 3α 2 − β 2 Γ − β 1 (63)
Subject to the initial condition (58) Eqs. (56) and (57) are in- α 1 + α 2 − β 1 − β 2 = 2α 2 − β 2 δ − β 2 = − β 2 Γ + 2 (2α 2 − β 1) (64)
tegrated numerically until F * ′ and G * remain unchanged. These
α 2 − 2β 1 = 0 (65)
 M. Patel, M.G. Timol / International Journal of Non-Linear Mechanics 85 (2016) 54–61 59

η → ∞. F′ representing velocity cannot have infinite value be-

−(β1 + β2 ) = 0 (66) tween η = 0 and η = ∞ . Hence if ( dF /dη) is integrated from 0 to ∞
When there is a viscous dissipation present in the flow, the a finite constant can be obtained,
condition of constancy heat flux will not hold true. There we shall ∞

have the relation (61)–(66) which on simplification lead to;

∫0 F ′dη = Constant
(83)
α1 − α2 − β1 + β2 Γ = 0 (67) Using Eq. (78) into Eq. (83) we obtain,
α1 − α2 − β1 + β2 δ = 0 (68) ∞

2α 2 − 2β1 + β2 (1 − Γ + δ ) = 0 (69)
B ∫0 F¯ ′dη¯ = Constant

α2 − 2β1 = 0 (70) Now, defining this constant as B

∞
Here also for β 2 ≠ 0 we have Γ = δ but i.e. B=B ∫0 F¯ ′dη¯
α1 − 2α 1 2α 1
β1 = ,β = ,α2= (Γ ≠ − 3/2) B = B F¯ (∞) − F¯ (0) (84)
3 + 2Γ 2 3 + 2Γ 3 + 2Γ (71)
It is clear from boundary condition that F (0) = 0.
The necessary similarity transformations can be selected as
Hence
y
η= ; ψ = F (η) x1/ ( 3 + 2Γ ) , θ = G (η) x −2/ (3 + 2Γ ) F (∞) = 1 (85)
x2/ (3 + 2Γ ) (72)

Then the set of (Eqs. (15)–17) reduces to The transformation in Eq. (82a) reduce the Eq. (75) to
∂ B2 ∞
F′ 2 + FF ′′ = − (3 + 2Γ ) (G Γ F ′′) ∫0 F¯ ′ 2dη¯ = 1
∂η (73) A (86)

Hence we have to obtain the solution of Eqs. (73) and (74) with
(3 + 2Γ ) ⎡ ∂ ⎤ the boundary conditions (81) and (82). Again the boundary con-
2F ′G + FG′ = − ⎢ (G Γ G′) + σG Γ F ′′ 2⎥
σ ⎣ ∂η ⎦ (74) dition at the second point is transformed to non-homogeneous
And the condition will be form. To transform the boundary value problem with boundary
conditions (81) and (82) into initial value problem, following
∞
∫0 F′ 2dn = 1
(75)
transformation is defined:

F = P λ 1F *
Along with the boundary conditions:
η = P λ 2 η*
η = 0; F = F ′′ = G′ = 0 (76) (87)
G = P λ 3G *
η → ∞, F ′ = G = 0 (77)
where P, λ1, λ2, λ3 are constants.
Thus the boundary value problem is transformed to an initial
value problem. The system of equations is;
4.1. Solution technique (in the presence of viscous heat dissipation)
∂
F * ′ 2 + F *F * ′′ = − (3 + 2Γ ) (G *Γ F * ′′)
∂η * (88)
If we look at the set of boundary conditions obtained in the
present case one finds that the boundary condition at second point 3 + 2Γ ⎡ ∂ ⎤
2F * ′G* + F *G* ′ = − ⎢ (G*Γ G* ′) + σG*Γ F * ′′ 2⎥
i.e. η = ∞ is homogeneous. This condition is to be transformed to σ ⎣ ∂η* ⎦ (89)
non-homogeneous form. For this let the transformations be
With the initial conditions
η = Aη η* = 0; F * = F * ′′ = G* = 0; F * = G* ′ = 1 (90)
F = BF
(78) The condition for above equations to be free from P is,
G = CG
λ1 + λ2 + Γλ3 = 0 (91)
where A, B, C are constants, Now Eqs. (73) and (74) reduce to;
2 ′ ′ ′′ = − (3 + 2Γ ) ∂ (G¯ Γ F¯ ′′) To integrate Eqs. (88) and (89) two more initial conditions are
F¯ ′ + FF
∂η¯ (79) required (two missing initial condition introduced for the first
time) i.e. the value of F * ′ at η = 0 and the value of G* at η = 0. In
order to fine these missing initial conditions it is assumed that,
⎡ ⎤
¯ ¯ ′ = − 3 + 2Γ ⎢ ∂ (G Γ G¯ ′) + σG Γ F¯ ′′ 2⎥
2F¯ ′G¯ + FG
σ ⎣ ∂η ⎦ (80) F ′(0) = P and G (0) = P (92)

With the transformed conditions; Under the transformation of Eq. (87), the Eq. (92) will turn to
η̄ = 0; F¯ = F¯ ′′ = G¯ ′ = 0 (81) F * ′ (0) = P ⇒ λ1 − λ2 = 1 (93)
G* (0) = P ⇒ λ3 = 1 (94)
η = ∞; F¯ ′ = G¯ ′ = 0 (82) Therefore
And From the above equations the conditions of invariance of
transformation should be λ1 = ( Γ + 1)/2

AB = C Γ (82a) λ2 = ( 1 − Γ )/2
λ3 = 1 (95)
From the given boundary conditions it is seen that F′ starts
from a certain constant value at η = 0 and approaches zero as Thus finally we have following set of equations;
60 M. Patel, M.G. Timol / International Journal of Non-Linear Mechanics 85 (2016) 54–61
∂ the present jet, decays in a jet become faster when it is dis-
F * ′ 2 + F *F * ′′ = − (3 + 2Γ ) (G*Γ F * ′′)
∂η*
3 + 2Γ ⎡ ∂
2F * ′G* + F *G* ′ = − ⎢ (G*Γ G* ′) + σG*Γ F * ′′ 2⎥
σ ⎣ ∂η*
Subject to conditions
η* = 0; F * = F * ′′ = G* = 1; F * ′ = 1
η* = ∞, F * ′ (∞) = G* = 0
Subject to the initial condition (98) Eqs. (96) and (97) are in-
tegrated numerically until F * ′ and G* remain unchanged. These
values of F * ′ and G* give infinite value of F * ′ and G*. The value of
parameter P is determined from the relation (82), (87) and (95)
substituting Eq. (87) in Eq. (82) which is
P = ⎡⎣ F * (∞) ⎤⎦
(1 − Γ ) /2
Value of λ2 is determined from the relation (95) and from these
values the solution of Eqs. (73) and (74) is obtained. Using the
relation (87) constant B and C are calculated from the relations
(86) and (82a). Thus values of η , F and G are found from the re-
lation (78).
4.2. Result and discussion
Reduced system of Eqs. (96) and (97) into initial value problem
is solved for different value of Γ and σ using the initial conditions
(98) and (82). Integration is carried out using the Runge–Kutta
method for first increment and afterwards Adams–Moulton
scheme of integration is employed. Step size of integration is taken
to be 0.05. last value of F̄ gives infinite values of F̄ using this value,
the parameter of transformation P, is obtained from Eq. (97) values
of λ1, λ2 and P are:
Γ = − 0.5, σ = 1.0, P = 0.01
λ1 = 0.25
λ2 = − 0.75
Solution of Eqs. (79) and (80) are obtained by the relation (87)
as
F = (0.01)0.25F *
η = (0.001)−0.75η*
We have considered, In this paper, the jet with and without
dissipation for Newtonian fluid. While, Similarity solutions of he-
ated jet of Power-law fluid (non-Newtonian fluid model) has been
obtained by Desai and Kalthiya [26]. The group theoretic method
was applied to transform the governing PDE into ODE. The simi-
larity solutions are obtained in the present paper are same as that
are obtained by [26] if for the fluid index n ¼1.
5. Conclusion
(I) The two-dimensional heated jet flow with variable fluid
properties exhibits similarity solution under liner group of
transformation for all values of Γ and δ for Γ = δ = − 3 in the
absence of viscous dissipation with this restriction the pro-
blem is solved by converting homogeneous boundary value
problem into non-homogeneous initial value problem.
(II) The main advantage of present method is that it is applicable
to any non-homogeneous BVP, after converting the homo-
geneous BVP into non-homogeneous initial value problem
can then be solved by any standard method.
(III) Among the two cases–with and without heat dissipation–for
(96) sipative one.
(IV) It may be noted that the spread of present jet is less then each
⎤
of the corresponding jet of constant property.
⎦ (97) (V) In the case of viscous dissipation in explosive volcanic flows,
when the temperature of incoming magma increases to very
high values from the initial temperature, this model may not be
(98)
applicable. In this paper, such large temperature increase is not
(99) considered. It is the limitation of the model we have applied.
Acknowledgments
We are very much thankful to the referees for their valuable
and critical comments to improve the manuscript.
(100)
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