Topic : Initial Problems of Pakistan

Group Members:
Ghulam Mohi Uddin
Hafiz M Ali
Muhammad Ali
Raja Ali Haider
BACKGROUND:
 BACKGROUND:

Iqbal’s
Dream
 BACKGROUND:

Sacrifices of
Iqbal’s Muslims and
Dream struggle of
their leaders
 BACKGROUND:

Pakistan came
into being on
Sacrifices of 14th August
Iqbal’s Muslims and 1947,and
Dream struggle of Quaid-e-Azam
their leaders became first
Governor
General
 BACKGROUND:

Pakistan came First

into being on constitutional
Sacrifices of 14th August Assembly
Iqbal’s Muslims and 1947,and established on
Dream struggle of Quaid-e-Azam 15th August
their leaders became first 1947.Liaquat Ali
Governor khan became first
General P.M
 BACKGROUND:

Pakistan came First

into being on constitutional Pakistan came
Sacrifices of 14th August Assembly into existence but
Iqbal’s Muslims and 1947,and established on with great deals
Dream struggle of Quaid-e-Azam 15th August of problems and
their leaders became first 1947.Liaquat Ali challenges
Governor khan became first
General P.M
 Initial Problems of Pakistan

1. Choice of Capital and Establishment of Government

2. Unfair Boundary Distribution
3. Division of Military Assets
4. Division of Financial Assets
5. Economic Problems
6. Issue of National Language
7. Electricity Problems
8. The Accession of Princely States
 Junagadh
 Kashmir
 Hyderabad
9. Refugees problem
10. Canal Water Dispute
11.Constitutional Problem
12.Politcal Problems
 1.Choice of Capital and
Establishment of Government

 The first problem that Pakistan had to face was to choose a

capital between Karachi and Dhaka from a Government and to
established a secretariat.
 Karachi was chosen as the Capital of Pakistan.
 Quaid-e-Azam took the office of the Governor General ,Liaquat Ali
Khan was appointed as a first Prime Minister and a cabinet of
experienced persons was selected.
 2. Unfair Boundary Distribution

 A Boundary Commission was set up under a British Chairman, Sir

Cyril Redcliff. He misused his powers and handed over Muslims
majority areas like Gurdaspur, Firozpur and Junagadh to India
hence Providing them a gateway to Kashmir.
 3. Division of Military Assets

 It was announced on July 1st 1947,that Indian Army would also be

divided in ratio 65 to 35 in India’s favor it was with reference of
the communal balance present in the British Indian Army.
 Pakistan received was nothing but scrap and out of order
machines, broken weapons, unserviceable artillery aircraft. There
were 6 ordnance factories and all were located in India. Pakistan
was given 60 million rupees towards its share in the ordnance
factories.
 Pakistan did not receive the due share till now. This dishonest
attitude put Pakistan into great difficulties.
 4. Division of Financial Assets

 At the time of division there was cash balance of 4 billion rupees

in the reserve bank of India which was to be divided between
Indian and Pakistan in the ratio of 17 to India 5 to Pakistan.
 Pakistan was receive 750 million rupees, which was in initially
delayed by the Indian Government. After the protest of Pakistan,
India agreed to pay 200 million rupees. As the war between India
and Pakistan had Started on the Issue of Kashmir India again
stopped the rest of amount.
 However the remaining 50 million rupees are still not paid which
was Pakistan’s right.
 5. Economic Problem

 When Pakistan came into existence, it mostly consisted of

economically backward and underdeveloped areas.
 The agricultural system was obsolete and outdated which added
to the economic backwardness of the areas forming part of
Pakistan.
 The entire capital was in the hands of Hindus.
 Unfortunately, the banks and other financial institutions were
located in India territory.
 Besides these factories the technical experts and laborers, who
operated the industries, were all Hindus because the Muslims
extremely lagged behind in education and financial capabilities.
 6. Issue of National Language

 After the establishment of Pakistan language controversy was

started between East and West Pakistan.
 The members of the constituent Assembly belonged to East
Pakistan demanded that instead of Urdu, Bengali should be made
national language of Pakistan.
 In March 1948, while addressing at Dhaka, Quaid-e-Azam
declared, “Urdu and Urdu alone would be the national language of
Pakistan.”
 7. Electricity Problem

 Due to transfer of Muslim majority areas to India and unfair

demarcation, electricity system of West Punjab was disrupted,
because all power stations were at Mundi ,a predominantly Muslim
majority area gifted to India.
 8. The Accession of Princely States

 At that time, India had 565 Princely states; some were small while
the others were large. Many of the Princely states readily agreed
to accede to the Indian or the Pakistan subcontinent. But the
Princely States at the border posed problems in the integration
process.
 The states that refused to sign the Instrument of Accession and
join India were Junagarh, Hyderabad, Jammu and Kashmir.
 a) Junagadh

 Junagarh was a small state on the coast of Saurashtra (in

Gujarat). The state had a majority of Hindu who desired to
accede to India but the Nawab of Junagadh announced its
accession to Pakistan.
 This conflict of interest led to a violent movement against the
Nawab, involving the Indian troops. Post the movement, a
plebiscite was held in the state which resulted in its accession to
India.
 b) Hyderabad

 One of the largest Princely states in India, its Nizam was counted
among the richest men of India. The Nizam was a tyrant and
desired to make Muslim dominion instead of integrating to India.
He demanded an independent status for Hyderabad and hence
entered into a Standstill Agreement with the Indian Government.
 During the same time, the public (mainly the peasants from
Telangana) were revolting against the oppressive measures of the
Nizam. In response, the Nizam unleashed his paramilitary forces
against the public. The soldiers maimed, raped, murdered and
looted mainly targeting the Hindus.
 As a result of this, in September 1948, the India army was sent to
invade the state of Hyderabad and overthrow its Nizam. Under
Operation Polo, the Indian army invaded the state and overthrew
its Nizam resulting in its merger to the Indian union. Hyderabad
was the last princely state to join the independent country of
India.
 c) Kashmir

 The Kashmir issue started in 1948 which still continues to be a hot

war issue between India and Pakistan.
 Kashmir had a Hindu ruler but the majority was Muslim, Hindu
ruler Hari Singh desired to have an independent status for
Kashmir.
 Pakistan was of the opinion that Kashmir belonged to them. Hari
Singh tried to negotiate with both the countries and also offered
to sign the Standstill Agreement for the same. Pakistan readily
signed the agreement while India took a back seat. Soon Pakistan
started violating the Standstill Agreement and controlling and
causing violence in Kashmir.
 As a result of this, Hari Singh looked out to India for military
assistance. Under the international law, India could not send
troops to Kashmir until and unless it formally acceded to the
Indian subcontinent. As a result of this, the ruler signed the
instrument of accession and formally acceded Kashmir to India.
 9. Refugees Problem

 Pakistan was carved out in desperate urgency. It came into

existence with horrible loss of life and property, and the migration
of millions of dazed and destitute men, women, and children.
 The cost was heavy in terms of human suffering. But what the
Muslims wanted and what they achieved was a homeland of their
own.
 They now had the freedom to worship, practice their religious
faith and develop their culture. Moreover, independence had
opened up a bright future for the Muslims, who hoped for a better
standard of living, economic development, prosperity and a fuller
life.
 10. Canal Water Dispute

 The boundary of India and Pakistan in the way that it cut across
the rivers and canals making India the upper beneficiary and
Pakistan the lower beneficiary.
 Most of rivers flown in Pakistan have their origins in India.
 In 1948,India stopped the supply of water for Pakistani canals to
damaged the agriculture of Pakistan.
 However, on 9th September 1960,an agreement called Indus Basin
Territory was signed between both countries.
 11. Constitutional Problem

 At the establishment of Pakistan the Government of India Act 1935

became the working constitution of Pakistan with certain
adoptions.
 The need of a constitution framed by the elected represented of
people was necessary for free people.
 So the first constitution was formed and was given the task to
frame constitution for the country.
 But the constitutional assembly failed to produce the constituent
till eight years.
 12. Political Problem

 Problems that Pakistan faced in early time,Political problem is one

of them because Muslims are not well educated than the Hindus.
 Pakistan came into being as a free Muslim state in quite
unfavorable conditions. It had no resources and it had to build up
administrative machinery from scratch. However, supreme efforts
were made by the Muslims who exhibited a strong stance under
Quaid’s leadership.
 In his last message to the nation on 14th August, 1948 he told the
nation: “The foundation of your state have been laid and it is now
for you to build and build as quickly as you can”.
 Conclusion

 Pakistan came into being as a free Muslim state in quite

unfavorable circumstances,it had no resources,it had to build up
administrative machinery from a scratch.but Supreme efforts
were made by the Quaid-e-Azam and his colleagues to handle the
problems.
 His principles “Unity,Faith and Discipline” gave way to Pakistan for
a bright future of a strong and well developed country.
The End