Inquiry- a learning process that motivates you to obtain knowledge or information about people, things, places, or

events.
Governing Principles or Foundation of Inquiry
John Dewey- theory of connected experiences exploratory and reflective thinking
Lev Vygotsky’s – Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) that stresses the essence of provocation and scaffolding in
learing
Jerome Bruner- theory on learners’ varied world perceptions for their own interpretative thinking of people and
things around them.
Benefits of Inquiry- Based Learning
Improves students learning abilities
Widens learner’ vocabulary
Facilities problem-solving acts
Encourages cooperative learning
Hastens conceptual understanding
Research
a process of executing various mental acts for discovering and examining facts and information to prove the
accuracy or truthfulness of your claims or conclusions about the topic of your research.
Characteristics of Research
1. Accuracy – correct and accurate data
2. Objectiveness- It must deal with facts
3. Timeliness- the topic is fresh, new and interesting
4. Relevance- it must be instrumental in improving society
5. Clarity- succeed in expressing its central point.
Purposes of Research
1. To learn how to work independently
2. To learn how to work scientifically
3. To have an in-depth knowledge of something
4. To elevate your mental abilities
5. To improve your reading and writing skills
IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH
1. Research provides a scientific basis for any practice or methodology in any field or discipline.
2. Research is undertaken for the continuous development and further productivity in any field.
3. Research helps develop tools for assessing effectiveness of any practice and operation such
4. Research provides solutions to problems concerning almost all issues encountered in the different areas of work
5. Research impacts decision-making.
6. Research develops and evaluates alternative approaches to the educational aspects of any discipline
7. Research aims to advance the personal and professional qualifications of a practitioner.
GOALS FOR CONDUCTING RESEARCH
1. To produce evidence-based practice.
2. To establish credibility in the profession.
3. To observe accountability for the profession.
4. To promote cost-effectiveness through documentation.
Examples of research designs
1. Action research. This research design follows a cyclical process.
2. Causal design. This research explores how a specific change impacts a certain situation.
3. Descriptive design. This design answers who, what, when, where, and how questions
4. Experimental design. In this design, the researcher controls the factors and variables
related to a certain phenomena and tries to change or manipulate one or several factors to determine the possible
effects.
5. Exploratory design. This research focuses on topics or problems which have had little or no studies done about
them.
6. Cohort design. This research identifies a group of people sharing common characteristics who are then studied for
a period of time
7. Cross-sectional design. This research design looks into a large group of people,
composed of individuals with varied characteristics.
8. Longitudinal design. This research follows a group of people over a long period of time.
9. Sequential design. This research is carried out in stages to gather sufficient data to test the hypothesis.
10. Mixed-method design. This research combines aspects of various research designs and methods.
Qualitative Research
Qualitative research is defined as the “naturalistic method of inquiry of research which deals with the issue
of human complexity by exploring it directly.”
Quantitative Research
quantitative research as “the traditional positivist scientific method which refers to a general set of orderly,
disciplined procedures to acquire information.

Quantitative Research Qualitative Research

Aims to characterize trends and patterns.
Usually starts with neither a theory nor
hypothesis about the relationship between two
or more variables
Uses structured research instruments like
questionnaires or schedules
Involves processes, feelings, and motives
(the why’s and the how’s) and produces in-depth and
holistic data.
Usually concerned with generating
hypothesis from data rather than testing a hypothesis
Uses either unstructured or semi-structured instruments

Uses large sample sizes that are representatives

of the population, Uses small sample sizes chosen purposely
Has high output replicability Has high validity
Used to gain greater understanding of group
Similarities Used to gain greater understanding of individual
differences in terms of feelings, motives and experiences
Uses structured processes Uses more flexible processes
Methods include census, survey, experiments
and secondary analysis Methods include field research, case study, and secondary
analysis
Common Types of Qualitative Research
1. Phenomenological study. This type of research seeks to find the essence or structure of an experience
2. Ethnographic study. This study involves the collection and analysis of data about cultural groups or minorities.
3. Historical study. This study is concerned with the identification, location, evaluation,
and synthesis of data from past events.
a. Documents – printed materials that can be found in libraries, archives, or personal
collections
b. Relics and artifacts – physical remains or objects from a certain historical period
c. Oral reports – information that is passed on by word of mouth
The data sources are classified as follows:
a. Primary sources – materials providing first-hand information,
b. Secondary sources – second-hand information such as an account based on an original source
The validity of materials used in the study are assessed through the following processes:
a. Internal criticism. This involves establishing the authenticity
b. External criticism. This is based on the analysis of the material
4. Case study. It is an in-depth examination of an individual, groups of people, or an institution.
5. Grounded theory study. The method involves comparing collected units of data against
one another until categories, properties, and hypotheses that state relations between
these categories and properties emerge
6. Narrative analysis. The main sources of data for this type of research are the life accounts of individuals based on
their personal experiences. The purpose of the study is to extract meaningful context from
these experiences.
The common types of narrative analysis are as follows:
a. Psychological – This involves analyzing the story in terms of internal thoughts and motivations
b. Biographical – This takes the individual’s society and factors like gender and class into account.
c. Discourse analysis – This studies the approach in which language is used in texts and contexts.
7. Critical qualitative research. This type of research seeks to bring about change and empower individuals by
describing and critiquing the social, cultural, and psychological perspectives on present-day
contexts
8. Postmodern research the approach of this type of research seeks to analyse the facts that have been established
as truths, the ability of research and science to discover truth, and all generalizations and
typologies.
9. Basic interpretative qualitative study. This is used when a researcher is interested in identifying how individuals
give meaning to a situation or phenomenon. It