Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Projection of Points
1 Draw the projections of the following Points on the same XY line. Keeping convenient distance
between each projector. Name the Quadrant in which they lie.
A. 30mm above HP & 35mm in front of VP.
B. 35mm above HP & 40mm behind VP
C. 40mm above HP& on VP
D. 35mm below HP & 30mmin front of VP
c'
b
b'
a' 40
40
35
30
X Y
c
30
35
35
d
a
d'
2. Draw the projections of the following Points on the same XY line. Keeping convenient distance
between each projector. Name the Quadrant in which they lie.
F. 30mm below HP & 25mm behind VP
F. 35mm below HP & 30mm in front of VP
G. On HP & 30mm in front of VP.
H. On HP & 35mm behind VP.
e
35
25
g' h'
X Y
30
30
30
35
e' f
g
f'
Answer: E- III Quadrant G- I as well as IV Quadrant
F- IV Quadrant H - II as well as III Quadrant
3 Draw and state the quadrants in which the following points located. Assume any distances
A. Front view below XY line & top view above XY line.
B. Front and Top views are below XY line
C. Front & top views are above XY line.
D. Front views above XY line & top view below XY line.
c
a d'
c'
X Y
b'
a'
b d
4 A point 30mm above XY line is the front view of two points A&B. The top view of A is 40mm
behind & the top view of B is 45mm in front of VP. Draw the projections of the Points & state
the Quadrants in which points are situated.
a' b'
40
30
X Y
45
Answer: A - II Quadrant
B - I Quadrant
5 A point ‘A’ is 30mm in front of VP and 40mm above HP. Another point B is 20mm behind VP
& 35mm below HP. The Horizontal distance between the points measured parallel to XY line is
60mm.Draw the three projections of the points. Join their front and top views.
X1 a"
a'
b
40
20
45°
X Y
60
45°
30
35
a
b' b"
Y1
6 Draw all the three views of a point P lying 60mm below HP, 70mm in front of VP and 40mm
from the RPP. Also state the Quadrant in which it lies.
X1
X Y
HP(VP)
45°
40
60
70
p'
P"
p
Y1 RPP
7 A point P is on HP and 35mm in front of VP. Another Points Q is on VP and below HP. The
line joining their front views makes an angle of 30deg to XY line, while the line joining their
top views makes an angle of 45 deg with XY line. Find the distance of the points Q from HP.
p' q
X Y
30°
20,21
35
45°
q'
8 Two points R and S are on HP. The Point R is 35mm in front of VP, while S is 50mm behind
VP. The line joining their top views makes an angle of 40deg with XY. Find the horizontal
distance between the two projectors.
r'
40°
X Y
s'
101,3
35
9 A point R is 25mm above HP & 20mm in front VP. Another point S is on HP and 30mm
behind VP. The distance between their projectors measured parallel to the line of intersection
of VP and HP is 50mm.Find the distance between top views of points R&S.
,71
70
s
r'
30
25
Y
X 50 s'
20
r
Ans: The Distance between Top views of R and S is 70.71mm
A point M is on HP & 30mm in front of VP, Another point N is 20mm below HP and 20mm
10 in front of VP. The distance between their projectors measured parallel to XY line is
50mm.Find the distance between front views of the points M & N.
50
m' Y
X
20
30
n n'
53,85
11 A point P is on HP and 30mm in front VP. Another point Q is on VP and 40mm above Hp.
The distance between their projectors parallel to XY line is 50mm. Find the distance between
their front and top views of the points P & Q.
q'
,03
64
40
p' q
X Y
50
30
31
58,
p
12 A point P is 30mm in front of VP, 40mm above HP and 50mm form RPP. Draw its projections
X1
p' p"
50
RPP
VP
X Y
HP
45°
30
Y1
13 The point P is 45mm above HP, 60mm behind VP and 30mm from RPP. Draw the three
principles view of the points. Also state the quadrant in which it lies.
X1
P' P"
30
60
45
RPP
45°
VP(HP)
X Y
Y1
14 A point is 40mm behind VP, 15mm above HP and 25mm in from LPP. Draw its projections
and name the side view.
X1
25
40
b'
b"
VP(HP)
15
45°
LPP
X Y
Y1
15 A point is 30mm behind VP, 30mm above HP and 25 mm in front/behind/from LPP. Draw
its projections and name the side view.
X1
30
VP(HP)
45°
LPP
X Y
25
Y1
16 A point is lying on HP, 20mm behind VP & 25mm behind/in front/from RPP. Draw its
projections and name the side view.
X1
25
20
HP RPP
45°
X Y
VP d' d"
Y1
17 A Point is 35mm below HP, 20mm behind VP & 25mm from RPP. Draw its projections
and name the side view.
X1
20 25
45°
X Y
RPP
35
18 A point is lying on VP, 20mm below HP & 30mm behind/in front/from LPP. Draw its
projections and name the side view.
b HP
X Y
45°
VP
20
LPP
b" b'
Y1
19 A point is 20mm above HP & 25mm in front of VP. Another Point B is 25mm behind VP
and 40mm below HP. Draw their projections when the distance between their projectors
parallel to XY line is 0 mm.Add the right side view only to point B.
X1
a'
25
20
45°
Y
X
25
b"
b'
Y1
Draw the projections of the following Points on the same XY line, keeping convenient
20 distance between each projector. Name the Quadrants in which they lie.
P 20mm above HP & 35mm in front VP.
Q 30mm above HP & 40mm behind VP
R 40mm above HP & VP.
S 35mm below HP & 30mm in front of VP.
r'
q
q'
p'
40
40
30
20
X Y
r
30
35
35
s
p s'
21 A point 30mm above XY line is the front View of the three P, Q and R. The Top View of R
is 40mm behind VP, the top view of Q is on XY line and top view of point is 45mm in front
of VP. Draw the projections of the points & state the quadrants in which the points are
situated.
X Y
q
45
22 A point M is 30mm in front of VP and 20mm above HP, another point N in 15mm behind VP
& 25mm below Hp. The horizontal distance between the points parallel to XY line is
50mm.Draw the projections of the points M & N and join their front & top views. Draw the
right side view for the point N only.
X1
m'
n
20
50
15
45°
X Y
25
RPP
30
Y1
23 The common point 40mm below XY line represents not only the front views of three points
A, B and C but also the top view of Point C. The top view of point B is lies on XY line and
top view of point A lies 50mm above it. Draw the projections of the points and add the right
side view to the point A only. Also state in which quadrants the points lie.
X1
a
50
45°
b
X Y
40
RPP
a"
a' b' c' (c)
Y1
24 Two points P and Q are on Hp. The point P is 30mm behind VP, while Q is 50mm in front of
VP. The line joining their top views makes an angle of 40deg with XY. Find the horizontal
distance between their projectors parallel to XY line.
p
30
q'
40°
X Y
p'
95,34
50
locus of Q in Top View (q)
q
Distance between two projectors is 95.34mm
25 A point P is 25mm above HP & 20mm in front of VP. Another point Q is on HP and 30mm
behind VP. The distance between their projectors measured parallel to the line of intersection
of VP and HP is 50mm. Find the distance between the top views of points P & Q.
,71
70
q
p'
30
25
Y
X 50 q'
20
26 A point A is on HP & 30mm in front of VP. Another point B is 20mm below HP and 20mm
in front of VP. The distance between their projectors measured parallel to XY line is 50mm.
Find the distance between the front views of the points A & B.
50
a'
X Y
20
30
53,85
b'(b)
a
27 A point P is on HP and 30mm in front of VP. Another Point Q is on VP and 40mm above HP.
The distance between their projectors parallel to XY line is 50mm. Find the distance between
their front and top views of the points P & Q.
q'
,03
64
40
p' q
X Y
50
30
1
58,3
28 A point 20mm below the reference XY line is the top view if three points P, Q & R. P is
20mm below HP, Q is 35mm above HP and R is on HP. Draw the projections of the three
points and state their positions & quadrants in which they are situated.
q'
35
r'
X Y
20
(p) q ( r ) p'
29 A point is 40mm behind VP, 20mm above HP and 30mm in front / behind / from LPP. Draw
its projections and name the side view.
X1
b
Left Side View
b'
40
b"
30
20
VP(HP)
45°
LPP
X Y
Y1
30 A point is 30mm behind VP, 30mm above HP and 25mm in front /behind / from RPP. Draw
its projections and name the side views.
X1
c'(c) c"
Right Side View
25
30
45°
VP(HP) RPP
X Y
Y1
1. A line AB 80mm long has its end A 20mm above the HP and 30mm infront of VP. It is
inclined at 30° to HP and 45° to VP. Draw the projections of the line and find apparent
lengths and apparent inclinations.
56
,5 7 b' b1' Locus of b'
4 5°
30 °
Locus of a'
a'
20
VP
X Y
HP
30
Locus of a
a
4 5°
5 5°
0
α =45
0
β =55
69 ,
28
a'b'=56.57
ab=69.28
Locus of b
b b1
2. A line AB 80mm long has its end A on XY line and is inclined to HP at 30° and inclined to
VP at 45°. Draw front and top views of line and determine their lengths. Also measure the
perpendicular distance of end B from both HP and VP.
,5 7
56
40
4 5°
30 °
HP
5 5°
56,57
69 ,
28
Locus of b
b b1
a'b' = 56.57
ab = 69.28
Distance of B from HP = 40
Distance of B from VP = 56.57
3. A line AB has its end A 20mm above the HP and 30mm infront of VP. The other end B is
60mm above the HP and 45mm infront of VP. The distance between end projectors is 70mm.
Draw its projections. Determine the true length and apparent inclinations.
60
30 °
Locus of a'
a'
20
VP
X Y
HP
30
45
a Locus of a
12 °
Locus of b
b b1
70
AB = 82.01
0
α = 30
0
β = 12
4. A line AB has its end A 20mm above the HP and 15mm infront of the VP. The other end B
is 60mm above the HP. The distance between end projectors is 70mm. Draw its projections.
Determine the apparent lengths and true inclinations.
60
2 8°
Locus of a'
a'
20
VP
X Y
HP
15
a Locus of a
20°
45
7 6 , 16
Locus of b
b b1
70
a'b' = 80.62
ab = 76.16
0
θ = 28
0
φ = 20
5. The top view PQ of a straight line is 70mm and makes an angle of 60° with the XY line. The
end Q is 10mm infront of VP and 30mm above the HP. The difference between the distances
of P and Q above the HP is 45mm. Draw the projections. Determine the true length and true
inclinations with HP and VP.
33 °
Locus of q'
q'
30
VP
X Y
10
HP Locus of q
q
47°
60°
PQ = 83.22
70
0
θ = 33
0
φ = 47
83
,2 2
Locus of p
p p1
6. A line PQ 85mm long has its ends P 10mm above the HP and 15mm infront of the VP. The
top view and front view of line PQ are 75mm and 80mm respectively. Draw its projections.
Also determine the true and apparent inclinations of the line.
80
30 °
2 8°
VP
X Y
HP
15
Locus of p
20°
p
2 3°
75
Locus of q
q q1
0
θ = 28
0
α = 30
0
φ = 20
0
β = 23
7. A line has its end A 10mm above HP and 15mm infront of VP. The end B is 55mm above
HP and line is inclined at 30° to HP. The distance between the end projectors is 50mm. Draw
the projections of the line. Determine the true length of the line and its inclination with VP.
50
b' b1' Locus of b'
55
30 °
VP
X Y
HP
15
a Locus of a
42°
AB = 90
0
φ = 42
90
Locus of b
b b1
8. The top view of a line 75mm long measures 50mm. The end P is 30mm infront of VP and
15mm above HP. The end Q is 15mm infront of VP and above HP. Draw the projections of
the line and finds its true inclinations with HP and VP.
4 8°
VP
X Y
HP
15
q q1 Locus of q
30
12 °
Locus of p
p
0
θ = 48
0
φ = 12
9. A line AB 60mm long has one of its extremities 20mm infront of VP and 15mm above HP.
The line is inclined at 25° to HP and 40° to VP. Draw its top and front views.
60 b' b1' Locus of b'
25°
Locus of a'
a'
15
VP
X Y
HP
20
Locus of a
a
40°
Locus of b
b b1
10. A line AB measuring 70mm has its end A 15mm infront of VP and 20mm above HP and the
other end B is 60mm infront of VP and 50mm above HP. Draw the projections of the line
and find the inclinations of the line with both the reference planes of projection.
b' b1' Locus of b'
34 °
50
25°
20 a' Locus of a'
VP
X Y
HP
15
Locus of a
a
40°
4 5°
60
Locus of b
b b1
0
θ = 25
0
α = 34
0
φ = 40
0
β = 45
11. The front view of a 90mm long line which is inclined at 45° to the XY line, measures 65mm.
End A is 15mm above the XY line and is in VP. Draw the projections of the line and find its
inclinations with HP and VP.
b' b1' Locus of b'
90
65
78
°
a' 45° Locus of a'
15
VP
X Y
HP a Locus of a
44°
°
78
Locus of b
b b1
0
θ = 45
0
α = 78
0
φ = 44
0
β = 78
12. The distance between the end projectors through the end points of a line AB is 60mm. The
end A is 10mm above HP and 15mm infront of VP. The end B is 35mm infront of VP. The
line AB appears 70mm long in the front view. Complete the projections. Find the true length
of the line and its inclinations with HP and VP.
b' b1' Locus of b'
7 2 ,8
70
30 °
Locus of a'
a'
10
VP
X Y
HP
15
a Locus of a
35
16°
Locus of b
60 b b1
AB = 72.8
0
θ = 30
0
φ = 16
13. The distance between the end projectors through the end points of a line AB is 40mm. The
end A is 20mm above HP and 15mm infront VP. The end B is 45mm infront of VP. The line
AB appears 50mm long in the front view. Complete the projections. Find the true length of
the line and its inclinations with HP and VP.
1 b' b1' Locus of b'
5 8 ,3
31°
Locus of a'
a'
20
VP
X Y
HP
15
a Locus of a
31°
45
Locus of b
b b1
40
AB = 58.31
0
θ = φ = 31
14. The point B of a line AB is on the horizontal plane, the top view of the line makes an angle
of 30° with XY line, being 80mm. The point A is on the vertical plane and 50mm above the
horizontal plane. Draw the top and front views of the line and obtain the true length of the
line. Also find the inclinations of the line with the two planes.
a1' a' Locus of a'
9 4 ,3
4
50
32 °
VP b' Locus of b'
X Y
HP a1 a Locus of a
25°
Locus of b
b
AB = 94.34
0
θ = 32
0
φ = 25
15. Draw the projections of a straight line AB, 100mm long, inclined at 45° to HP and 30° to
VP. The end A is in HP and the end B is in VP. Find the shortest distance between the
straight line AB and the line of intersection of planes of projection.
16. A line AB 100mm long is inclined to HP at 45° and inclined to VP at 30°. Draw front and
top views of line and determine their lengths. Also determine the perpendicular distance of
end B from both HP and VP.
b' b1' Locus of b'
,6
86
70,71
4 5°
50
100
70
,7 1
Locus of b
b b1
ab = 70.71
17. The top view of a 75mm long line AB measures 65mm, while the front view is 50mm. Its
one end A is in HP and 12mm in front of the VP. Draw the projections of AB and determine
its inclination with the HP and the VP.
b' b1' Locus of b'
50
4 8°
30 °
VP a' Locus of a'
X Y
HP
12
Locus of a
a
4 8°
59 °
65
75
Locus of b
b b1
0
θ = 30
0
α = 48
0
φ = 48
0
β = 59
18. A line AB, 65mm long, has its end A 20mm above the HP and 25mm in front of the VP. The
end B is 40mm above the HP and 65mm infront of the VP. Draw the projections of AB and
show its inclinations with the HP and the VP.
b' b1' Locus of b'
18°
a' Locus of a'
40
20
VP
X Y
HP
25
Locus of a
a
38 °
65
65
Locus of b
b b1
0
θ = 18
0
φ = 38
19. A straight line PQ, 65mm long, is inclined at 45° to HP and 30° VP. The point P is 70mm
from both the reference planes and the point Q is towards the reference planes. Draw the
projections.
p' Locus of p'
4 5°
70
Locus of q'
q' q1'
VP
X Y
HP
q q1 Locus of q
70
30 °
Locus of q
p
20. A point P is 40mm above HP and 20mm infront of VP. Another point Q is 20mm above HP
and 50mm infront of VP. The top view of line PQ is inclined at 30° to XY. Draw the
projections.
p' Locus of p'
40 Locus of q'
q' q1'
20
VP
X Y
HP
20
Locus of p
p
50
3 0°
Locus of q
q q1
21. The top view of a line PQ is 70mm and front view is 60mm long. The end Q is nearer to both
HP and VP than the end P and is 15mm above HP and 20mm infront of VP. Draw the
projections of the line if the distance between their projectors is 50mm.
p1' p' Locus of p'
60
Locus of q'
q'
15
VP
X Y
HP 50
20
q Locus of q
70
Locus of p
p1 p
22. A line AB 100mm long measures 80mm in front view and 70mm in top view. The mid-point
M of the line is 40mm from both HP and VP. Draw its projections. Find its inclinations.
Locus of b' b' b1'
63 °
80
4 6°
Locus of m' m'
40
Locus of a' a1' a'
X VP Y
HP Locus of a a1 a
40
0
θ = 46
Locus of m
0
37 °
m α = 63
70
59 °
100 0
φ = 37
Locus of b 0
β = 59
b b1
23. A line has its end A 15mm above HP and 10mm infront of VP. The end B is 55mm above
HP and the line is inclined at 30° to HP. The distance between the end projectors is 50mm.
Draw the projections of the line and determine the true length of the line and its inclination
with VP.
b' b1' Locus of b'
80
55
30 °
a' Locus of a'
50
15
VP
X Y
HP
10
Locus of a
a
37 °
Locus of b
b b1
AB = 80
0
φ = 37
24. A line MN 90mm long has a point P on it which divides the line in the ratio 2:1, i.e
MP:PN=2:1. This point P is 50mm above HP and 60mm infront of VP. The line is inclined at
35° to HP and 40° to VP. Draw the projection of the line. Find the distance between end
projectors and the position of the ends of the line with HP and VP.
Locus of n' n' n1'
90
35 °
Locus of p' p'
67,21
50
Locus of m' m1' m'
15,59
45,7
VP
X Y
HP
21,43
Locus of m m1 m
60
79,28
Locus of p p
40°
Locus of n
n n1
DBEP = 45.7
Distance of M from HP = 15.59
25. A straight line PQ inclined at 40° to VP has pq=60mm and p’q’=50mm. The end P is both in
HP and VP, and 40mm to the right of left profile plane.
a. Draw the projections of the straight line PQ.
b. Find the true length and true inclination with HP.
c. Draw the profile view of the straight line.
d. Find the position of the end Q with HP and VP.
26. A line has one end 30mm infront of VP and 15mm above HP and the other end is 15mm
infront of VP and is above HP. Length of the line is 60mm. Top view of the line is 40mm
long. Draw the two views of the line and obtain the inclination of the line with HP and VP.
b' b1' Locus of b'
4 8°
Locus of a'
a'
15
VP
X Y
HP
15
b b1 Locus of b
30
1 4°
Locus of a
a
40
60
0
θ = 48
0
φ = 14
27. The top view of line PQ 75mm long measures 50mm. The end P is 30mm infront of VP and
15mm above HP. The end Q is 15mm infront of VP and above HP. Draw the projections of
the line and finds its true inclinations with HP and VP. Find the length of front view and
distance between the end projectors.
q' q1' Locus of q'
,48
73
4 8°
Locus of p'
p'
47,7
15
VP
X Y
HP
15
q q1 Locus of q
30
12 °
Locus of p
p
50
75
0
θ = 48
0
φ = 12
p'q' = 73. 48
DBEP = 47.7
28. A straight line AB measuring 80mm long has the end A in the HP and 25mm infront of the
VP. Its mid-point M is 25mm above the HP and 40mm infront of the VP. Draw the
projections of the line and determine the inclination of the line with HP and VP and also find
distance between end projectors.
54,77
b' b1' Locus of b'
39 °
m' Locus of m'
25
a1 a Locus of a
m 22° Locus of m
80 Locus of b
b b1
0
θ = 39
0
φ = 22
DBEP = 54.77
29. The front view of the line PQ 80mm long measures 50mm and is inclined to XY (reference
line) at 50°. One end of the line P is 20mm above the HP and 25mm infront of the VP. Draw
the front view and top view of the line and find the inclinations of the line with HP and VP.
q' q1' Locus of q'
50
50°
2 9°
Locus of p'
p'
20
VP
X Y
HP
25
Locus of p
p
5 1°
0
63 °
θ = 29
0
α = 50
0
φ = 51
80
0
β = 63
Locus of q
q q1
30. Draw the projections of a line AB 100mm long inclined at 45° to VP and 30° to HP. One end
of the line is 20mm above the HP and in the VP. Also determine the apparent length and
inclinations.
100
b' b1' Locus of b'
,7 1
70
45°
30 °
Locus of a'
a'
VP
X Y
HP a Locus of a
4 5°
55°
a'b' = 70.71
ab = 86.6
86
0
,6
α = 45
100 0
β = 55
Locus of b
b b1
31. Draw the projections of a line PQ and find its true length and inclinations when the line is
inclined at 30° to the HP and 45° to the VP. The line is having one of its ends 15mm above
HP and 20mm infront of VP. The distance between the end projectors on the XY line is
60mm.
60 q' q1' Locus of q'
m' m1'
30 °
p' Locus of p'
15
VP Y
X
HP
20
Locus of p
p
45°
m1
m
PQ = 120
120
Locus of q
q q1
32. The top view ab of a straight line AB is 60mm long and makes an angle of 30° with the XY
line. The end A is in VP and 30mm above HP. The end B is 65mm above HP. Draw the
projections of the line AB and determine i) length of the front view ii) its true length and true
inclinations with the reference planes.
b' b1' Locus of b'
65
62 ,
30 °
a' Locus of a'
65
30
VP
X Y
Locus of a
2 6°
HP a
30 °
60
Locus of b
6 9 ,4
6 b b1
a'b' = 62.65
AB = 69.46
0
θ = 30
0
φ = 26
33. A line AB 65mm long, has its end A 25mm above HP and 30mm infront of VP. The other
end is 45mm above HP and 50mm infront of VP. Draw the projections and determine its
inclinations.
65 b' b1' Locus of b'
19°
18°
Locus of a'
45
25 a'
VP
X Y
HP
30
50
Locus of a
18°
a
19°
Locus of b
b b1
0
θ = 18
0
α = 19
0
φ = 18
0
β = 19
34. One end of a line is 30mm infront of VP and 30mm above HP. The line is inclined at 40° to
HP and its top view measuring 60mm, is inclined at 50° to XY. Draw the projections of the
line and determine true length and inclination with HP.
b' b1' Locus of b'
,3 2
78
40°
Locus of a'
a'
30
VP
X Y
HP
30
a Locus of a
36 °
50°
AB = 78.32
0
φ = 36
60
Locus of b
b b1
35. The top view of the line AB 80mm long, measures 65mm. The mid-point of the line is 30mm
infront of VP and 40mm above HP. The point A is in the VP. Draw its projections and find
its inclinations.
Locus of b' b' b1'
80
62 °
36 °
Locus of m' m'
40
a'
VP
X Y
HP Locus of a a1 a
30
Locus of m m
4 9°
65
67 °
Locus of b
b b1
0
θ = 36
0
α = 62
0
φ = 49
0
β = 67
36. A straight line PQ is inclined at 45° to HP and 30° to VP. The point P is in HP and the point
Q is in VP. The length of the straight line is 65mm. Draw the projections of the straight line
AB.
q' q1' Locus of q'
65
45 °
VP p' Locus of p'
X Y
HP q1 Locus of q
3 0°
3 0°
Locus of p
p
37. Draw the projections of a line AB 90mm long and find its true and apparent inclinations with
HP and VP when its end A is on HP and 20mm infront of VP. Its mid-point M is 20mm
above the HP and 40mm infront of the VP.
b' b1' Locus of b'
90
30 °
2 6°
m' Locus of m'
20
a1 a Locus of a
40
m Locus of m
2 6°
30 °
Locus of b
b b1
0
θ = 26
0
α = 30
0
φ = 26
0
β = 30
38. A line PQ is inclined to both HP and VP by 30° and 45° respectively. One of its ends P is at
a distance of 10mm from HP and15mm from VP. The distance between the end projectors is
45mm. Draw the top, front and right side views of the line. Determine the true length of the
line and the distances of the end Q from VP and HP.
39. The elevation of the line AB 90mm long, is inclined at 30°to HP and measures 70mm. The
end A is 20mm above HP and is in VP. Draw the projections of the line and find its
inclination with VP.
90
b' b1' Locus of b'
70
30 °
a' Locus of a'
20
VP
X Y
HP a 39 °
Locus of a
0
φ = 39
Locus of b
b b1
40. A line PQ measures 80mm in length. The point P is above HP and infront of VP by 20mm
and 30mm respectively. The distance between the end projectors is 50mm. The line is
inclined to VP by 30°. Draw the projections of the line and find its true inclination with HP.
50
q' q1' Locus of q'
37 °
20 p' Locus of p'
VP
X Y
HP
30
p Locus of p
30 °
80
Locus of q
q q1
0
θ = 37
41. The top view of a line PQ is 75mm long measures 50mm and the front view measures
60mm. The end P is 30mm above HP and 15mm infront of VP. Draw the projections of the
line and find its true inclinations with HP and VP. Find length of front view and distance
between the end projectors.
q' q1' Locus of q'
75
60
4 8°
Locus of p'
p'
30
VP
X Y
HP
15
p Locus of p
37 °
0
θ = 48
φ = 37
0
50
DBEP = 21.79
Locus of q
q q1
21,79
42. The end A of a line AB is in HP and 25mm infront of VP. The end B is in VP and 50mm
above HP. The distance between the end projectors when measured parallel to the line of
intersection of HP and VP is 65mm. Draw the projections of the line AB and determine its
true length and true inclinations with HP and VP.
b' b1' Locus of b'
73
8 5,
50
36 °
VP a' Locus of a'
X Y
HP b b1 Locus of b
25
1 7°
Locus of a
a
65
AB = 85.73
0
θ = 36
0
φ = 17
43. The end A of a line is in HP and 25mm infront of VP. The end B is 10mm infront of VP and
50mm above HP. The distance between the end projectors when measured parallel to the line
of intersection of HP and VP is 80mm. Draw the projections of the line AB and determine its
true length and true inclinations with HP and VP.
b' b1' Locus of b'
2
9 5 ,5
50
32 °
VP a' Locus of a'
X Y
HP
10
b b1 Locus of b
25
Locus of a
9°
a
80
AB = 95.52
0
θ = 32
0
φ =9
44. A straight line PQ 80mm long appears to a length of 50mm and inclined at 30° to XY line in
its top view. Draw its projections when its end point P is 15mm above HP and 60mm infront
VP. Point Q is nearer to VP than P.
q' q1' Locus of q'
VP
X Y
HP
60
q q1 Locus of q
30 °
Locus of p
p
50
80
45. The top view of a line AB, 80mm long measures 65mm and the length of the front view is
50mm. The end A is on HP and 15mm infront of VP. Draw the projections.
80
b' b1' Locus of b'
50
a'
VP Locus of a'
X Y
HP
15
Locus of a
a
65
Locus of b
b b1
46. Draw the projections of a line PQ and find its apparent lengths, true length and true
inclination with HP when the line PQ has its end P 25mm above HP and 20mm infront of
VP. The distance between the end projectors of the line when measured parallel to the line of
intersection of the HP and VP is 60mm. The end Q is 50mm above the HP and the line is
inclined at 30° to the VP.
7 5,0 6
q' q1' Locus of q'
65
19 °
p' Locus of p'
50
25
VP
X Y
HP
20
p Locus of p
30 °
70,
77
q1 Locus of q
q
60
PQ = 75.06
p'q' = 65
pq = 70.77
0
θ = 19
47. Find the true length and true inclination of a line AB with HP having one of its end 20mm
infront of VP and 30mm above the HP. The line is inclined at 40° to VP and the right side
view of the line is 60mm long and inclined at 60° to the X1Y1 line. Draw all the three views
of the line.
X1
LPP 4
8 0,8 b' b1' Locus of b'
b" 60
60°
22°
Right side Locus of a'
view a" a'
30
VP
X Y
4 5°
HP
20
Locus of a
a
40°
Locus of b
b b1
Y1
AB = 80.84
0
θ = 22
Projections of Planes
Plane surface (plane/lamina/plate)
A plane is a two dimensional surface having length and breadth with negligible
thickness. They are formed when any three non-collinear points are joined.
Planes are bounded by straight/curved lines and may be either regular or an
irregular. Regular plane surface are those in which all the sides are equal.
Irregular plane surface are those in which the lengths of the sides are unequal.
A plane surface may be positioned in space with reference to the three principal
planes of projection in any of the following positions:
Parallel to one of the principal planes and perpendicular to the other two.
Perpendicular to one of the principal planes and inclined to the other
two.
Inclined to all the three principal planes.
PREPARED BY
MURALIDHARA D M
1. An Equilateral triangular lamina of 25mm side lies with one of its edges on
HP such that the surface of the lamina is inclined to HP at 60°. The edge
on which it rests is inclined to VP at 60 °. Draw the projections.
b' b'
c c c
b' b'
25 b' b'
b'
d 1'
a' a' d2' d2' d1' locus of D
b(c) b c
a' c'(b') 15
VP a' θ a'
X Y
HP 30°
b b b
a c
a
a
25 c c
b' b'
30°
60
c
b b
60°
c c
35
25
a' a' b'
b' c'
25 b'
VP c' c' a' 45°
X a c Y
HP a(c) b a(c) ɸ
b b
Ans: Lamina Inclination = 52°
d b
40
d c d c
c
c' c'
d' (b') b'
d'
VP a' d'(b') c' a' 30°
X a' Y
HP 45°
b b
b c
β
a c
a c
d
a Locus of A
40
d d
a' a'
d'(b') d'
c' b'
VP a' d'(b') 30° c'
X c' 45°
HP
b b
b
c
a c
a c
a
d
40
d d
X1
c'(b') c' b' c"(b")
42°
30
c b
d c d c
20 Y1
Ans: Lamina Inclination : HP = 48° & VP = 42°
d
30 b
c
d c d c
20
X1
c'(b') c' b' c"(b")
35°
d c d c
35 20 c b
Y1
Ans: Lamina Inclination : HP = 55° & VP = 35°
d c d c b
35 20
c
Ans: Lamina Inclination = 55° to HP
X1
25 15
20
VP a' d' a' d' a" d" RPP
X Y
HP b(a) c(d) b(a) ɸ
45°
c(d)
30
Ans: Lamina Inclination = 53° to VP
Y1
30 20
20
b' c' b"(c")
d' c' d' c' 48°
VP 42° RPP
a' d'
X a Y
HP a(d) b(c) a(d) ɸ d a" (d")
45°
b(c) b c
30 b"(c")
b' c'
d' c' d' c' 41°
VP 49° RPP
a' d'
X a Y
HP a(d) b(c) a(d) ɸ d a"(d")
45°
b c
b(c)
35 20
20 c'
a'
d' c' d' c'
d'
VP a d 40°
X Y
HP a(d) b(c) a(d) ɸ
b(c) b c
c'
c'
e'(b')
e' b'
VP a' e'(b') d'(c') a' 60°
X a'
Y
HP b
b b 45°
c c a
a a c
d e
d d
e
25 e
e'(b') 20 b'
a' e'(b') d'(c') a' θ e'
VP
X Y
HP a' 45°
b b
c c c
a a b
d
d d
e a
25 e e
Ans: Lamina Inclination : HP = 31°
e'(b')
VP a' e'(b') d'(c') a' 30° e' b'
X Y
HP b 45° a'
b
c c a b
a m1 a m
e c Locus of M
d
d
e m m1
25 e d
c' c'
d'(b') d' b'
15
VP e'(a') d'(b') c' e'(a') θ e' a'
X e a Y
HP
b b
a a
d b
c c
25
c
e e
d d
c'
c'
c c
25 c
e e
d d
e'(b')
b' e'
VP a' e'(b') d'(c') a' 60° a'
X c d Y
HP b
b
c c b e
a a
a
d
d
e
25 e
e'(b')
e'
VP a' e'(b') d'(c') a' 30° b'
X b Y
HP
b b 30° a'
c c a
c
a a m
m
d e
d d
e
25 e
c'
c'
d'(b')
b' d'
e e
d d
b' b'
a' b'
a'
c'
c'
25 c'
a'
b(d) b d
c c
b' b'
25 c'
c' c' b'
m'
a' m'
a'
d'
d' d' a'
e' e'
VP 30° e'
X a Y
HP a b(e) c(d) a 30° e
b(e) b
c(d) c d
c(d) c d
c e
c(e)
d d
e'(b')
e' b'
30 d c
f d f d
e e
e'(b')
e' b'
f d f d
e e
e'(b')
45 e' b'
f d f d
e e
e'(b')
b' e'
f d f d
e e
d' d'
e'(c') c' e'
f'(b')
b' a' f'
VP a' f'(b') e'(c') d' a' 60°
X d
Y
HP b c b c c e
b f
a d a d a
25
f e f e
VP a' 45° α
f' e' f' e'
X a a f'
Y
HP a b(f) c(e) d 30°
b(f) b f
c(e) c e
d d
c(e) e
c
d d
e'(b')
b' e'
f'(a') e'(b') d'(c') f'(a') 45°
VP
X Y
HP b b 30° a' c f'
b
a c a c
d
a
25
e
f d f d f
e e
d' d'
e'(c') e'
c'
f'(b')
f'
VP a' f'(b') e'(c') d' a' 45° b'
X Y
HP b c b c 30° a' b
a
c
a d a d
f
d d1 Locus of D
25 e e
f e f
d' d'
e'(c') e'
c'
f'(b') f'
VP a' f'(b') e'(c') d' a' 45° b'
X b Y
HP b c b c 30° a'
c
a
a d a d
f d
25 e e
f e f
b' b'
a' c' a' c'
c' b'
25
d'
a'
f' d' f' d'
c(d) c d
b' b'
a' c' a' c'
c' b'
25
d'
a'
f' d' f' d'
c(d) c d
Ans: Lamina Inclination to VP = 44°
d' d'
e'(c') e'
c'
f'(b')
35
f'
VP a' f'(b') e'(c') d' a' θ b'
X Y
HP b c b c 30° a' b
a
c
a d a d
f
d d1 Locus of D
25 e e
f e f
e' e'
f'(d') d' f'
g'(c') c'
g'
h'(b')
a' h'(b') g'(c') f'(d') e' 45° b'
VP a' h'
X Y
HP c a' 60°
c
b d b d
d e
c
a e a e f
Ø50 c b
h a g
f h f
h
g g
e' e'
f'(d') f' d'
g'(c') g' c'
h'(b')
VP a' h'(b') g'(c') f'(d') e' a'
45° a'
h' b' Y
X h a
HP c b
c
b d b d g c
a e a e f d
Ø50 c e
h f h f
g g
e' e'
f'(d') f'
d'
g'(c') g'
c'
h'(b')
a' h'(b') g'(c') f'(d') e' 45° h'
VP a' b'
X a' Y
HP c c 30° β
b d b b
d a c
a e a e d
Ø50 c h
e Locus of E
h f h f g
g g f
15
c' c'
b' d' b' d'
a' e'
Ø30 a' e' e' d' f'
c' g'
VP h' g' f' h' g' f' b' a' h'
X a a Y
HP a (h) (g) (f) e b h
b(h) Ø
b c d c g
c(g)
d(f) d f
e e
Ans: Lamina Inclination : VP = 60°
d'
e'
c' c' Locus of E
c'
b' d' b' d' f'
b'
e' a' e' g'
Ø30 a' a'
h'
VP h' g' f' h' g' f' 45° α
X a b a h Y
HP a (h) (g) (f) e b(h) 30° g
b c d c(g) c
d(f) d f
e e