Name Date Class

LESSON Reteach
2-5 Algebraic Proof
A proof is a logical argument that shows a conclusion is true. An algebraic proof uses
algebraic properties, including the Distributive Property and the properties of equality.

Properties of Symbols Examples

Equality
Addition If a  b, then a  c  b  c. If x  4, then x  4  4  4.
Subtraction If a  b, then a  c  b  c. If r  1  7, then r  1  1  7  1.

Multiplication If a  b, then ac  bc. k  8, then __

If __ k (2)  8(2).
2 2
Division If a  2 and c  0, then __ b.
a  __ 3t .
6  __
If 6  3t, then __
c c 3 3
Reflexive aa 15  15
Symmetric If a  b, then b  a. If n  2, then 2  n.
2 2
Transitive If a  b and b  c, then a  c. If y  3 and 3  9, then y  9.
Substitution If a  b, then b can be substituted
If x  7, then 2x  2(7).
for a in any expression.
When solving an algebraic equation, justify each step by using a definition,
property, or piece of given information.
2(a  1)  6 Given equation
2a  2  6 Distributive Property
2 2 Subtraction Property of Equality
2a  8 Simplify.
___ 8
2a  ___ Division Property of Equality
2 2
a  4 Simplify.

Solve each equation. Write a justification for each step.

n  3  10
1. __ Given equation 2. 5  x  2x Given equation
6
3 3 Add. Prop. of   x  x Subtr. Prop. of 
n  13
__ Simplify. 5x Simplify.
6
n (6)  13(6)
__ Mult. Prop. of  x5 Sym. Prop. of 
6
n  78 Simplify.
y4
3. _____  3
7
Given equation 4. 4(t  3)  20 Given equation
4
y_____ 4t  12  20 Distr. Prop.
(7)  3(7) Mult. Prop. of   12  12 Add Prop. of 
7
y  4  21 Simplify. 4t  8 Simplify.
4 4 Subtr. Prop. of  8 Div. Prop. of 
4t  ___
__
y  17 Simplify. 4 4
t  2 Simplify.
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All rights reserved. 38 Holt Geometry
Name Date Class

LESSON Reteach
2-5 Algebraic Proof continued
When writing algebraic proofs in geometry, you can also use definitions, postulates,
properties, and pieces of given information to justify the steps.
mJKM  mMKL Definition of congruent angles *

(5x  12)  4x Substitution Property of Equality -

X —
x  12  0 Subtraction Property of Equality
X —
x  12 Addition Property of Equality +
,

Properties of
Symbols Examples
Congruence
Reflexive figure A  figure A CDE  CDE
If figure A  figure B, then figure B  _ _ _ _
Symmetric If JK  LM , then LM  JK .
figure A.
If figure A  figure B and figure B  If N  P and P  Q,
Transitive
figure C, then figure A  figure C. then N  Q.

Write a justification for each step.

6X
5. CE  CD  DE Segment Addition Postulate
# 8 $ 3X  7 %
6x  8  (3x  7) Substitution Property of Equality
6x  15  3x Simplify.
3x  15 Subtraction Property of Equality
x5 Division Property of Equality

6. mPQR  mPQS  mSQR Angle Addition Postulate 0

3
90  2x   (4x  12) Substitution Property of Equality X —

90  6x  12 Simplify. X —
1
2
102  6x Addition Property of Equality
17  x Division Property of Equality

Identify the property that justifies each statement.

7. If ABC  DEF, then DEF  ABC. 8. 1  2 and 2  3, so 1  3.

Symmetric Property of Congruence Transitive Property of Congruence

_ _
9. If FG  HJ, then HJ  FG. 10. WX  WX

Symmetric Property of Equality Reflexive Property of Congruence

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 Name Date Class Name Date Class

LESSON Practice A LESSON Practice B

2-5 Algebraic Proof 2-5 Algebraic Proof
For Exercises 1–12, write the letter of each property next to its definition. Solve each equation. Show all your steps and write a justification for each step.
The letters a, b, and c represent real numbers.
1. _1_(a � 10) � �3 2. t � 6.5 � 3t � 1.3
F 5
1. If a � b, then b � a. A. Addition Property of Equality t � 6.5 � t � 3t � 1.3 � t (Subtr. Prop. of �)
2. If a � b, then ac � bc. C B. Subtraction Property of Equality 5[
5 _1_ (a � 10) � 5(�3) ] (Mult. Prop. of �)
6.5 � 2t � 1.3 (Simplify.)
_ _ a � 10 � �15 (Simplify.) 6.5 � 1.3 � 2t � 1.3 + 1.3 (Add. Prop. of �)
3. AB � AB J C. Multiplication Property of Equality a � 10 � 10 � �15 � 10 (Subtr. Prop. of �) 7.8 � 2t (Simplify.)
4. a � a E D. Division Property of Equality a � –25 (Simplify.) 2t
7.8 � __
___ (Div. Prop. of �)
5. If a � b, then a � c � b � c. A E. Reflexive Property of Equality
2 2
3.9 � t (Simplify.)
6. a (b � c) � ab � ac I F. Symmetric Property of Equality t � 3.9 (Symmetric Prop. of �)
7. If a � b and b � c, then a � c. G G. Transitive Property of Equality 11–4 ft
3. The formula for the perimeter P of a rectangle with length � and width w is
8. If �P � �Q, then H. Substitution Property of Equality P = 2(� � w). Find the length of the rectangle shown here if the perimeter is 9 _1_ feet. �
�Q � �P. K I. Distributive Property Solve the equation for � and justify each step. Possible answer:
2

9. If �A � �B and �B � �C, P � 2(� � w) (Given) 7 � 2� (Simplify.)

J. Reflexive Property of Congruence
then �A � �C. L
K. Symmetric Property of 9 _1_ � 2(� � 1 _1_) (Subst. Prop. of �) 2�
_7_ � __
10. If a � b and c � 0, then _a_ _b_ D 2 4 (Div. Prop. of �)
c � c. Congruence 2 2
11. If a � b, then b can be substituted for a 9 _1_ � 2� � 2 _1_ (Distrib. Prop.) 3 _1_ � � (Simplify.)
L. Transitive Property of Congruence 2 2 2
in any expression. H
9 _1_ � 2 _1_ � 2� � 2 _1_ � 2 _1_ (Subtr. Prop. of �) � � 3 _1_ (Symmetric Prop. of �)
12. If a � b, then a � c � b � c. B 2 2 2 2 2

13. Cali measures her textbook and finds that it is 8 inches wide. She wants to know
Write a justification for each step.
how many centimeters wide her textbook is. The formula to convert inches to 7� � 3
4.
centimeters is 2.54i � c, where i is the length in inches and c is the length in 2� � 6
� � 3� � 3 �
centimeters. Fill in the blanks to find the answer. The justifications will guide you.
HJ � HI � IJ Seg. Add. Post.
2.54i � c Given equation
7x � 3 � (2x � 6) � (3x � 3) Subst. Prop. of �
2.54( 8 )�c Substitution Property of Equality
7x � 3 � 5x � 3 Simplify.
20.32 � c Simplify.
7x � 5x � 6 Add. Prop. of �
c � 20.32 Symmetric Property of Equality Subtr. Prop. of �
2x � 6
14. Write a justification for each step. Div. Prop. of �
x�3
11
� 1
–� �1 � 7 �
3
Identify the property that justifies each statement.
DE � EF � DF Seg. Add. Post.
5. m � n, so n � m. 6. �ABC � �ABC
� _13_ x � 1 � � 7 � 11 Subst.
Symmetric Prop. of � Reflexive Prop. of �
_1_ x � 8 � 11 Simplify. _ _
3 7. KL � LK 8. p � q and q � �1, so p � �1.
_1_ x � 3 Subtr. Prop. of �
3
Reflexive Prop. of � Transitive Prop. of � or Subst.
x�9 Mult. Prop. of �
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Name Date Class Name Date Class

LESSON Practice C LESSON Reteach

2-5 Algebraic Proof 2-5 Algebraic Proof
Solve Exercises 1 and 2. Write justifications for each step in your solutions. A proof is a logical argument that shows a conclusion is true. An algebraic proof uses
1. Solve for m�3 in terms of m�1. 2. Solve for m�ZYX in terms of m�CBD. algebraic properties, including the Distributive Property and the properties of equality.
Given: �1 and �2 are complementary. Given: __
�XYZ
›
� �ABC. Properties of Symbols Examples
�2 and �3 are supplementary. BD is the angle bisector of �ABC. Equality
m�1 � m�2 � 90� (Given) �XYZ � �ABC (Given)
m�2 � m�3 � 180� (Given) Addition If a � b, then a � c � b � c. If x � �4, then x � 4 � �4 � 4.
�ZYX � �XYZ (Reflexive Prop. of �)
m�2 � m�3 � (m�1 � m�2) Subtraction If a � b, then a � c � b � c. If r � 1 � 7, then r � 1 � 1 � 7 � 1.
�ZYX � �ABC (Trans. Prop. of �)
� 180� � 90� (Subtr. Prop. of �)
m�ZYX � m�ABC (Def. of �) Multiplication If a � b, then ac � bc. If _k_ � 8, then _k_ (2) � 8(2).
m�3 � m�1 � 90� (Simplify.) 2 2
�ABD � �CBD (Def. of � bisector)
m�3 � m�1 � 90� (Add. Prop. of �) m�ABD � m�CBD (Def. of �) Division If a � 2 and c � 0, then _a_ � _b_ .
c c If 6 � 3t, then _6_ � __ 3t .
3 3
m�ABC � m�ABD
Reflexive a�a 15 � 15
� m�CBD (� Add. Post.)
m�ABC � m�CBD Symmetric If a � b, then b � a. If n � 2, then 2 � n.
2 2
� m�CBD (Subst. Prop. of �) Transitive If a � b and b � c, then a � c. If y � 3 and 3 � 9, then y � 9.
m�ABC � 2m�CBD (Simplify.) Substitution If a � b, then b can be substituted
If x � 7, then 2x � 2(7).
m�ZYX � 2m�CBD (Subst. Prop. of �) for a in any expression.
3. Use the Distributive Property to find (x � y )(c � d ). Write out all the steps. When solving an algebraic equation, justify each step by using a definition,
(Hint: Let (x � y ) � a.) property, or piece of given information.
(x � y) � a ; a(c � d) � ac � ad; ac � ad � c(x � y) � d (x � y ); 2(a � 1) � �6 Given equation

c (x � y) � d (x � y ) � cx � cy � dx � dy ; (x � y )(c � d) � 2a � 2 � �6 Distributive Property

�2 �2 Subtraction Property of Equality
cx � cy � dx � dy
2a � �8 Simplify.
4. Explain logically how the Transitive Property of Equality can be derived from the 2a � ___
___ �8 Division Property of Equality
Substitution Property of Equality and the Symmetric Property of Equality. 2 2
a � �4 Simplify.
Possible answer: The Substitution Property states that if a � b, then b can
Solve each equation. Write a justification for each step.
be substituted for a in any expression. Applying the Symmetric Property to
1. _n_ � 3 � 10 Given equation 2. 5 � x � 2x Given equation
6
the Substitution Property shows that if b � a, then a can be substituted for
�3 �3 Add. Prop. of � � x � x Subtr. Prop. of �
b in any expression. So if a � b and b � c, then a � c by the Substitution _n_ � 13 Simplify. 5�x Simplify.
6
Property, and this is also the Transitive Property. _n_ (6) � 13(6) Mult. Prop. of � x�5 Sym. Prop. of �
6
5. Explain why there is no Substitution Property of Congruence. n � 78 Simplify.
y�4
Possible answer: Consider the points A(0, 1), B (1, 0), C (0, �1), and 3. _____ � 3 Given equation 4. 4(t � 3) � �20 Given equation
_ _ 7
D (�1, 0). For reflection across the x-axis, the image of AB is CB. y_____
�4 4t � 12 � �20 Distr. Prop.
_ _ _ _ (7) � 3(7) Mult. Prop. of � � 12 � 12 Add Prop. of �
7
AB � AD, but you cannot conclude that the image of AD is CB for y � 4 � 21 Simplify. 4t � �8 Simplify.
reflection across the x-axis. �4 �4 Subtr. Prop. of � 4t � ___
__ �8 Div. Prop. of �
y � 17 Simplify. 4 4
t � �2 Simplify.
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67 Holt Geometry
 Name Date Class Name Date Class

LESSON Reteach LESSON Challenge

2-5 Algebraic Proof continued 2-5 Have a Good Reason
When writing algebraic proofs in geometry, you can also use definitions, postulates, Mathematical induction is a type of proof that uses deductive reasoning to prove
n
properties, and pieces of given information to justify the steps. statements about positive integers. To prove that 13 � 11 is divisible by 12, for
k
example, you assume that there is a whole number r such that 13 � 11 � 12r.
m�JKM � m�MKL Definition of congruent angles �
It is important to be able to justify each step of these types of proofs.
(5x � 12)� � 4x � Substitution Property of Equality �
����������
1. Write a justification for each step of the mathematical induction proof.
x � 12 � 0 Subtraction Property of Equality k
�� � 13 � 11 � 12r Inductive hypothesis
x � 12 Addition Property of Equality �
Subtr. Prop. of �
�
13 k � 12r � 11 a.
Properties of
Congruence
Symbols Examples k
13(13 ) � 13(12r � 11) b. Mult. Prop. of �
Reflexive figure A � figure A �CDE � �CDE
13 k �1
� 13(12r � 11) c. Simplify.
If figure A � figure B, then figure B � _ _ _ _
Symmetric
figure A.
If JK � LM , then LM � JK . 13
k �1
� 156r � 143 d. Distributive Property

Transitive
If figure A � figure B and figure B � If �N � �P and �P � �Q, 13
k �1
� 11 � 156r � 132 e. Add. Prop. of �
figure C, then figure A � figure C. then �N � �Q.
13 k �1
� 11 � 12(13r � 11) f. Distributive Property
Write a justification for each step.
2. Write a justification for each step of the mathematical induction proof,
5. CE � CD � DE Segment Addition Postulate 6� n
which proves that 10 � 1 is divisible by 9.
� 8 � 3� � 7 �
6x � 8 � (3x � 7) Substitution Property of Equality k
10 � 1 � 9r Inductive hypothesis
6x � 15 � 3x Simplify. 10 k � 9r � 1 a. Add. Prop. of �
3x � 15 Subtraction Property of Equality k
10(10 ) � 10(9r � 1) b. Mult. Prop. of �
x�5 Division Property of Equality
10
k �1
� 10(9r � 1) c. Simplify.
6. m�PQR � m�PQS � m�SQR Angle Addition Postulate �
k �1 Distributive Property
� 10 � 90r � 10 d.
90� � 2x� � (4x � 12)� Substitution Property of Equality �� �

10 k �1
� 1 � 90r � 9 e. Subtr. Prop. of �
90 � 6x � 12 Simplify. ����������
Distributive Property
�
k �1
102 � 6x Addition Property of Equality �
10 � 1 � 9(10r � 1) f.

17 � x Division Property of Equality 3. In the figure, �1 � �3, �3 � �2, and m�1 � 65�.
Find m�ABC. Justify each step.
�
Identify the property that justifies each statement. �1 � �2 Trans. Prop. of �
7. If �ABC � �DEF, then �DEF � �ABC. 8. �1 � �2 and �2 � �3, so �1 � �3.
m�1 � m�2 Def. of � � 1
2

Symmetric Property of Congruence Transitive Property of Congruence 65� � m�2 Subst. Prop. of � � �

_ _
9. If FG � HJ, then HJ � FG. 10. WX � WX
m�1 � m�2 � m�ABC � Add. Post.
Symmetric Property of Equality Reflexive Property of Congruence 65� � 65� � m�ABC Subst. Prop. of �
130� � m�ABC Simplify. 3

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LESSON Problem Solving LESSON Reading Strategies

2-5 Algebraic Proof 2-5 Building Vocabulary
1. Because of a recent computer glitch, an airline mistakenly sold tickets for round-trip When you look into a mirror, you see your reflect ion. You see your exact,
flights at a discounted price. The equation n (p � t) � 3298.75 relates the number identical self. Similarly, when you use the Reflex ive Property of Equality,
of discounted tickets sold n, the price of each ticket p, and the tax per ticket t. a quantity is equal to its exact, identical self.
What was the discounted price of each ticket if 1015 tickets were sold and the
5�5
tax per ticket was $1.39? Solve the equation for p. Justify each step.
2x � 3 � 2x � 3
n(p � t ) � 3298.75 Given equation m�C � m�C
1015(p � 1.39) � 3298.75 Subst. Prop. of �
The two halves of a football field are symmetric al to each other. When
p � 1.39 � 3.25 Div. Prop. of � two football teams change sides, the second side of the field is the same
p � $1.86 Subtr. Prop. of � as the first side. In the same way, the Symmetric Property of Equality
allows equal quantities to be written on either side of the equal sign.
If x � 2, then 2 � x.
If m�A � 40°, then 40° � m�A.

2. The equation C � 7.25s � 15.95a describes the total s � number of student tickets Just as the cars on a train link the engine to the caboose, the Transitive
cost of admission C to the aquarium. How many student
a � number of adult tickets Property of Equality links equal quantities to each other. If two
tickets were sold if the total cost for the entire class and
C � total cost of admission expressions are equal to the same thing, they are equal to each other.
6 adults was $298.70? Solve the equation for s. Justify
each step.
If AB � 8 and 8 � CD,
C � 7.25s � 15.95a Given equation
then AB � CD. 8
298.70 � 7.25s � 15.95(6) Subst. Prop. of � �� ��

298.70 � 7.25s � 95.7 Simplify. AB � CD

203 � 7.25s Subtr. Prop. of �
28 � s Div. Prop. of � Sometimes, at school, a substitute teacher may replace your teacher
s � 28 students Sym. Prop. of � for a day. Similarly, the Substitution Property of Equality allows equal
expressions to be used interchangeably.

If b � 5 and a � b � 9, then a � 5 � 9.

Refer to the figure. Choose the best answer. Which properties do the following situations describe?
3. Which could be used to find the value of x? � 1. butterfly wings Symmetric Property of Equality
A Segment Addition Postulate �
2. removing the quarterback of the football team
B Angle Addition Postulate
and replacing him with another quarterback Substitution Property of Equality
C Transitive Property of Congruence
3. the reflection of clouds on a still pond Reflexive Property of Equality
D Definition of supplementary angles ��������

��������� 4. There are four quarters in one dollar and ten

4. What is m�SQR?
� dimes in one dollar, so four quarters have the
F 28� H 61� �
same value as ten dimes. Transitive Property of Equality
G 29� J 62�

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68 Holt Geometry