Republic of the Philippines

State Universities and Colleges

GUIMARAS STATE COLLEGE
Buenavista, Guimaras
GRADUATE SCHOOL

ERICKA F. TORRES GENALYN L. MOSCAYA

Taga- ulat Propesora

FOUR ASPECTS OF RELATIONSHIP/ ASSOCIATION

BETWEEN VARIABLES

May be analyzed using crosstabulation: exsistence, strength, direction, pattern.

( Schutt, 1990 ).

EXSISTENCE - an assoiation/relationship between two variables exsistence

when the percentages among categories of the dependent variable vary.

STRENGTH - the association/relationship between two variables is strong if

there are big variations in the percentages between or among categories of the
dependent variables.

DIRECTION - for quantitative variables ( interval and ratio), when the values of
the independent variables tend to increase when the increase in the values of
the dependent variable, the direction of association is positive,but whene the
values of the independent variable tend to increase with the decrease in the
value of the dependent variable, the relationship is negative.

PATTERN-changes in the percentage distribution of the dependent variable may

be fairly regular (simply increasing or decreasing), or not regular (perhaps
increasing, then decreasing, or perhaps gradually increasing, then rapidly
increasing). These charges are called patterns.

Table 4. Distribution of Respondents by voting behavior and age.

 Republic of the Philippines
State Universities and Colleges
GUIMARAS STATE COLLEGE
Buenavista, Guimaras
GRADUATE SCHOOL

Voting Below 25 years old 25 and above Total

Behavior

No. % No. % No. %

Voted 35 70 15 30 50 50

Did not 15 30 35 70 50 50
vote

Total 50 100 50 100 100 100

Example:

In Table 4, it is clear that an association exists between age and voting

behavior of young adults. The data show that there is higher percentage of
voters among respondents who were below 25 years old (70 percent) than
among those who were older (30 percent).

It is also obvious that the association between age and voting behaviour is
strong because there is a big difference between the percentage of respondents
who voted among the younger group (70%) than among the older group.

The direction of the association between the likelihood of voting and age is
negative. This means that younger respondents are more likely to vote than
their older counterparts.
The pattern is monotonic, because as the value of one variable deacreases the
value of the other decreases.
 Republic of the Philippines
State Universities and Colleges
GUIMARAS STATE COLLEGE
Buenavista, Guimaras
GRADUATE SCHOOL

Statistical Measures of Relationship

Other than crosstabulation, there are several statistical

measures of relationship which re commonly used in education, health,
economics and other social science research. The choice of this measures as
mentioned earlier, depends largely on the level of measurement of the
variables.

Summarized below are some of the most commonly used measures

of relationships. ( Refer to a statistics book for details )

Scale by Type of Variable Statistical Measure of

Relationship

Independent Dependent

Nominal Nominal Chi- Square Phi (2x2) Cramer’s V

Nominal Ordinal Yules Q, Theta, Chi- square

Nominal Interval/Ratio Eta

Ordinal Nominal Chi- square, Phi Coefficient

Ordinal Ordinal Gamma (G), Spearman’s Rho (Rank)

Ordinal Interval/ Ratio Eta

Interval/Ratio Ordinal Multiserial

Interval/Ratio Interval/ Ratio Person’s Product Moment

 Republic of the Philippines
State Universities and Colleges
GUIMARAS STATE COLLEGE
Buenavista, Guimaras
GRADUATE SCHOOL

D. Multivariate Analysis

Permits the researcher to study further the effect of one

variable on another, when one or more variables are held constant. It allows for
the determination of the effect variables on the relationship between two
variables controlling for one or more variables.

A chi- square test may show that' “ exposure to anti smoking Tv ads”
significantly related to “ smoking habits”of young professionals. One may argue
however, that the relationship between the two variables is not direct or casual,
since this is possible that the person who has been exposed to anti smoking ads
may still smoke, because there are other factors which may also affect a
person's descision to smoke, such attitude towards cancer, for example.

Even if one has seen anti- smoking ads, if he/she not really care whether he/she
gets cancer or not, he will still smoke. In such a case, a mutivariate analysis can
be done by controlling or holding constant attitudes toward cancer.

If after controlling for anti- smoking variables, the extent of relationship

between exposure to anti- smoking Tv ads and smoking habits remains
unchanged, it can be concluded that the variables controlled have no influence
on the relationship, or that the relationship between the two variables is stable.

If the extent of the relationship between exposure to anti smoking TV ads and
smoking habits- decreases or disappears when certain variables are controlled,
it can be concluded that the relationship betwwen the two variable is spurious.
 Republic of the Philippines
State Universities and Colleges
GUIMARAS STATE COLLEGE
Buenavista, Guimaras
GRADUATE SCHOOL