0(ESSAY – 35 Items)

1. Discuss the types of social norms and give examples

Folkways – sometimes known as conventions or customs; are standards of behavior that are
socially approved but not morally significant
Mores – are norms of morality
Taboo – prohibited or restricted by social custom
Laws – formal body of rules enacted by the state and backed by the power of the state

2. How is human behavior influenced? Expound.

Human behavior is mainly influenced by both heredity and environment

3. Is a prisoner an autonomous being? Explain

Autonomous being is one who is able to determine the “shape” of their life through reasoned
free choices

4. Can a hearsay be a theory? How is a theory made? What is the importance of theories?

Through a scientific process, based on verified social facts or readily observed phenomena that
can be constantly calculated and measured. Theories serve as models or framework for
understanding human behavior and the forces that form it. Theories allow us to explain what we
see and to figure out how to bring about change. Theory is a tool that enables us to identify a
problem and to plan a means for altering the situation.

5. What is the significance of theory in your future profession?

6. Explain and give examples of the three kinds of reasoning

Inductive reasoning
Deductive reasoning
Deductive reasoning

7. Differentiate felony, offense, and misdemeanor

Felony – punishable by the revised penal code
Offense – punishable by special law
Misdemeanor – violated an ordinance

8. Why is crime considered as normal?

Crime is found in all societies. A society exempt from it is utterly impossible. Crime is not due to
any imperfection of human nature or society any more than birth or death may be considered
abnormal or pathological. It is all a part of the totality of society. A society exempt from it would
 necessitate a standardization of the moral concepts of all individuals which is neither possible
nor desirable.

9. Using a school of thought, explain the causation of a crime

Classical school
Neo-classical school
Italian or positivist school

10. Explain “crime is not a violation of law but a violation of nature”

An act was a crime if it violated human nature in either of two forms: probity, which is honesty
and integrity, or pity, which is compassion for others

11. Do you agree that criminality or anti-social behavior can be inherited? Why or why not?

12. Do you agree that body physique is connected to criminality? Explain

(MULTIPLE CHOICE – 40 Items)

1. What is Aristotle’s key idea in ethics?

Human individual’s own personal happiness and well-being

2. Science of morals

Ethics

3. An example of construct

Human ability
Person’s mind
Environment
All of the above

3. Refers to a person’s sense of who he is

Moi

For numbers 4-9, choose from the answers below:

Classical Perspective
Biological Perspective
Process Perspective
Conflict Perspective
 Biosocial Perspective
Psychological Perspective

4. Regarded crime as the product of internal forces

Biological

5. Expressed that criminal behavior was the product of “unconscious” forces operating within a person’s
mind.

Psychological

6. Perspective that views crime as a product of situational forces; that crime is function of freewill and
personal choice

Classical

7. Stresses the causes of crime based on economic and political forces

Conflict

8. Claimed that crime is a product of socialization or interaction of one person to another, that crime is a
function of upbringing, learning, and control
Process

9. Seeked to explain the onset of antisocial behavior such as aggression and violence by focusing on the
physical qualities of the offenders

Biosocial

10. Father of Criminology

Raffaele Garofalo
Sheldon Glueck
Cesare Lombroso
Enrico Ferri
Jeremy Bentham

For numbers 11-19, choose from the answers below:

Biosocial Theory
Evolutionary Theory
Arousal Theory
 Life Course Theory
Latent Trait Theory
Somatotyping Theory
Physiognomy
Phrenology
Nature Theory

11. Suggests that criminal behavior is a dynamic process, influenced by individual characteristics as well
as social experiences, and that the factors that cause anti-social behaviors change dramatically over a
person’s life span

Life-Course Theory

12. This explains the existence of aggression and violent behavior as positive adaptive behaviors in human
evolution; these traits allowed their bearers to reproduce disproportionately, which has had an effect on
the human gene pool.

Evolutionary Theory

13. It deals with the study of facial features and their relation to human behavior

Physiognomy

14. Defined as a stable feature, characteristic, property, or condition, such as defective, intelligence,
impulsive personality, genetic abnormalities, the physical-chemical functioning of the brain and
environmental influences on brain function such as drugs, chemical and injuries that make some people
delinquency-prone over the life course.

Latent Trait Theory

15. This theory viewed that both thought and behavior have biological and social bases. This theory
believes that it is the interaction between predisposition and environment that produces criminality.

Biosocial Theory

16. The study of the conformation of the skull as indicative of mental faculties and traits of character.

Phrenology

17. This theory suggests that environmental factors influence the brain’s level of arousal. It explains that
aggression is a function of the level of individuals’ needs for stimulation or arousal from the
environment.

Arousal Theory
18. Holds that low intelligence is genetically determined and inherited

Nature Theory

19. Theory which associates body physique to behavior and criminality; it began with the work of a
German psychiatrist neurologist, psychopathologist who constituted three principal types of body
physiques

Somatotyping Theory

20. These theories state that the person’s decision to commit crime is a matter of choice; those who
violated the law were motivated by personal needs such as greed, revenge, survival, and hedonism.

Biological Theories
Classical Theories
Psychological Theories
Sociological Theories

For numbers 21-26, choose from the answers below:

Rational Choice Theory

Routine Activity Theory
Lifestyle Theory
General Deterrence and Specific Deterrence Theory
Victim Precipitation Theory
Incapacitation Theory