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Procedia Technology 21 (2015) 271 – 278

SMART GRID Technologies, August 6-8, 2015

Incorporate of FB-MMCs Converter Topologies for Hybrid PV/FC

Based EV Applications
G. Satyanarayanaa*, K. Lakshmi Ganeshb
a
M.Tech, PGDBM, School of Management Studies,University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India.
b
M.Tech, Assistant Professor, Vishnu Institute of Technology, Bhimavaram, India.

Abstract

A precise method for evaluating a MMC topology getting from the full-bridge topology with a proposition of high gain DC-AC
converter is implmented for the contribution of the parasitized converter legs by FBC topology. By utilizing the proposed
methodology, a group of FB based MMC are developed for co-generation scheme based RES applications to electric vehicle
which have favorable merits like simple structure, reduced switched components, low cost, operating under high reliability
region. This paper describes a prenominal methodology as hybrid generation scheme to integrate the Induction Machine to drive
the vehicle by utilizing power semi-conductor technology. Adequate asymmetrical based 7-level, 11-level, 21-level, MMCs
topologies are developed with multi-carrier PD-PWM scheme with a fewer active devices & gate drive circuits, attains a low
THD values, possibility to minimize the filter size & low cost, evaluating the high performance of intended scenario by using
Matlab/Simulink tool.
© 2015
© 2015TheTheAuthors.
Authors.Published
Publishedby by Elsevier
Elsevier Ltd.Ltd.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Peer-review under responsibility of Amrita School of Engineering, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham University.
Peer-review under responsibility of Amrita School of Engineering, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham University
Keywords: Electric Vehicle (EV); Full Bridge Converter (FBC); Modern Multilevel Converter (MMC); Phase Disposed Pulse Width Modulation
(PD-PWM); Total Harmonic Distrotion (THD).

1. Introduction

The accumulation of energy consumption in world with aggravate of fuel costs, espouse by a fossil fuels are
depleted, which has acquirable impetus for using electric vehicles (EVs), rather than thermal vehicles are explored
by Yen-Shin Lai et.al in [1]. Thermal vehicles which have high emission of gases and low efficient with high noise,
but have some energetic self sufficiency in use. Conceiving the energetic self sufficiency problems and consociate of

* Corresponding author. Tel : +91 8985151141

E-mail address:gallasatya.eee@gmail.com

2212-0173 © 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Peer-review under responsibility of Amrita School of Engineering, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham University
doi:10.1016/j.protcy.2015.10.028
272 G. Satyanarayana and K. Lakshmi Ganesh / Procedia Technology 21 (2015) 271 – 278

FC/PV and ultra capacitors is proposed to solve energetic sufficiency problems, implementation of a hybrid energy
scheme to assist the overall propulsion system from high peak currents and therefore increases their lifetime are
described by P. Thouthong et al in [2] & Y. Wu et al in [3]. A hybrid energy management scheme proposed by L.
Xiong et al in [4] furnishes the impressive scalability & high flexibility for the attractive capability of energy
management scheme. In this proposed configuration, the FC/PV is interfaced to drive with the need of high power
converter topologies; the high power conversion range is an essential for interfacing the FC/PV are main inputs to
this proposed converter, ultra capacitors (UC’s) are supported to dc bus via a two way DC/DC bidirectional
converter proposed by P. Jose and N. Mohan et al in [5] & J. S. Lai et al in [6] as a back up operation, here Fig.1
depicts the block diagram of proposed HEMS application to EVs.

Fig. 1. Sketch of HEMS Applications to Electric Vehicles

Multi device configuration with interleaved current controller is very imperative for the high voltage, high power
boost conversions so as to eliminate the ripple current with reduced rating of passive elements; make it attainable to
acquire the interleaved multi-leg boost converter topology. Among the various types of power semiconductors
devices, power diode is the first device to choose SiC technology; it is very commercial in some years ago. The
primary advantages while using SiC are very high breakdown voltage & high efficiency as well as high power
density, small reverse-recovery current, reduces the importance of cooling system of the converter system. In some
innovations has been proved that Schottky diodes SiC are superior performance to Si based diodes with respect to
device characteristics are proposed by C.N.M Ho et al in [7]-[9].
Most of the implementations for heavy duty electric vehicles need high rated drives controlled by using advanced
power electronic converters to engage the very high power demands. Multilevel converters are singularly selected
for this particular application due to high volt ampere rating is possible with these converters no need to use any
transformers by L. G. Franquelo et al in [10]. In general, a multi carrier based PWM or SVPWM is mostly used to
fired the switches, which are applicable to following applications such as motor drives, facts technology, grid
interfacing converter, where the dynamic things are more prominent & clearly proposed by Y. Hinago and H.
Koizumi et al in [11]-[12]. In this paper, adequate asymmetrical based 7-level, 11-level, 21-level, MMCs topologies
are developed with multi-carrier PD-PWM scheme with a low number of active devices have following advantages
such as low gate drive circuits, low THD values of output voltage, reduced filter size & cost, regulation of
unbalanced output voltge, evaluating the high performance of proposed scenario by using Matlab/Simulink tool.

2. Hybrid Energy Management Scheme with CICM Boost Converter

The proposed HEMS comprises of PV/FC/UC interfacing to IM drive for propulsion applications have specified
advantages like outstanding to clean, safe & eco-friendly. Moreover, the PV systems, Ultra Capacitor (UCs) & fuel
cells (FC) are extensively preferred as main power generation units. Nowadays, fuel cell (FC) technologies are
 G. Satyanarayana and K. Lakshmi Ganesh / Procedia Technology 21 (2015) 271 – 278 273

Fig. 2. Proposed 21-Level FB-MMC with HEMS Fed IM Drive System

demanded to become attractive power generation scheme & mostly preferred for automotive applications due to their
tidiness, reliability & efficiency is high in [13]. Nevertheless, there are several FC techniques available for use in
high propulsion automotive systems, the proposed polymer electrolytic membrane FC (PEMFC) has been accepted
to primary candidate, which have high power density when low range of operating temperatures are attained when
compared to other FC systems. Practically, PV devices are fabricated with power semiconductor material which is
able to acquire a solar spectrum, based on that effective spectrum photons fits the energy formation & the photons
will be form as electrons under illumination [14]-[16]. Fig.2 depicts the Unified Hybrid Energy Management
Scheme (HEMS) for two-leg interleaved CICM DC/AC boost converter topology, utilizes a PV/FC as the
combinational power source and the (ESS) energy storage systems (like ultra capacitors and batteries) are the
ancillary power source to contribute the energy to propulsion of the electric vehicle under high transients & also
recover the energy during regenerative braking. This proposed interleaved DC/AC boost converter comprises of only
two phases and are switched by 180 degrees apart of the phase, shifted the phase because due to provision it depends
on phase number given by 360/m, where m comes for the no. of phases. Mostly two phases have been used when
the ripple frequency to be twice which results to reduce the voltage ripple at output side and current ripple also
reduces at input side. Output current is alienated by the total number of phases; then the current stress in each switch
is also reduced and switched at the equal frequency with 180 deg phase displacement. Switching pulses for each
phase may coincide with the hang of duty ratio (D).
274 G. Satyanarayana and K. Lakshmi Ganesh / Procedia Technology 21 (2015) 271 – 278

In this proposed system the given input voltage to the CICM boost converter is 75V and the evaluated desired output
voltage is 200V.
‫ ͳߡܮ‬ൌ ‫ ͳܮ‬െ ‫݉ܮ‬ (1)
‫ ʹߡܮ‬ൌ ‫ ʹܮ‬െ ‫݉ܮ‬ (2)
‫ ݉ܮ‬ൌ ݇ξሺ‫) ʹܮ ͳܮ‬ (3)

Where
‫ ͳܮ‬ǡ ‫ = ʹܮ‬Inductances of two inductors
݇= Coupling coefficient;
‫ ͳߡܮ‬ǡ ‫ ʹߡܮ‬ൌ Leakage inductances of two windings
‫ ݉ܮ‬ൌ Mutual Inductance

3. Proposed Asymmetrical FB-MMC Topology

When the classical symmetrical converter is controlled by a method of modulation scheme, 12 switching devices
are required for generation of 7 levels and mostly 16 switching devices are needed for generation of 9 levels. Other
side, the asymmetrical modern multilevel converter requires 12 devices for 7-15 levels and 14 devices are required
for more than 15 levels; the proposed series/parallel FB-MMC topology requires 10/13 devices for production of 11/
21 levels. The proposed converter also maximizes the output voltage levels by adjusting the ratio of the sources &
switching components. Therefore, the proposed modern multilevel converter requires a low extent switching devices
in compare to formal converters. No need of any transformer structures, based on charge pump methodology the
proposed FB scheme is presented for generation of high voltage/power ranges. As proposed charge pump
accomplishes the larger voltages at output side with respect to proposed switching pattern selection scheme are
presented in [17]. But a charge pump requires many switching devices, for that system to be more complex. A MMC
topology is analogous to charge pump methodology with low number of semiconductor devices for getting high
voltage levels based on asymmetrical voltage levels, as shown in Fig.2.
ܸܾ‫ ݏݑ‬ൌ ܸ݀ܿ ൅ ʹܸ݀ܿ ൅ ͵ܸ݀ܿ ൅ Ͷܸ݀ܿ (4)

Table 1. Switching Pattern Scheme for Newly Proposed FB-MMC Topology producing 21 Level Switching States

Vo S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9
10Vs 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0
9Vs 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0
8Vs 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0
7Vs 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
6Vs 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0
5Vs 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0
4Vs 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1
3Vs 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0
2Vs 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0
Vs 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0

The proposed modern converter doesn’t need any inductors which make the system to be more complex, the
outcome distortions of proposed converter are minimized by the modulation scheme and attains multilevel output.
The newly proposed asymmetrical converter operates significantly can be divided into positive & negative mode of
operation with full bridge converter by controlling the switches (SA, SB, SC, SD) for zero level turn on any
consecutive switches and mainly eleven switching states (positive and zero levels), the required 21 levels of output
voltage with low THD values. The essential typical advantages of this proposed converter compares with
conventional converter (VSI) are more apprehensive in efficient operation, high power quality, lower switching
losses, better EMI, capability of high voltage, needless of transformer, overall cost to be reduced, high flexibility.
 G. Satyanarayana and K. Lakshmi Ganesh / Procedia Technology 21 (2015) 271 – 278 275

4. Characterization of Unified Switching Strategy

In order to ascertain the competence of proposed FB multilevel topology to synthesize with desired amplitude
with better harmonic profile, it has been established in order to enhance the output voltage with fundamental value
and minimizing the harmonics by using unified modulation control scheme. A practical modulation method is used
for high frequency switching operation is opted for low rated applications, this PD modulation scheme control for
high output power range such as nearly 25 KW explored by B. S. Jin et al in [18]. In this paper, the unique high
frequency switching strategy is used and the expanded Fourier series analysis of output voltage by proposed
switching scheme. Table I shows the switching pattern scheme for 21-level asymmetrical FB- MMC topology.
ͳͲܸ݀ܿ
ܸሺ߱‫ݐ‬ሻ ൌ ቀ ቁ σሾ…‘•ሺ݊ߠͳ ሻ ൅ …‘•ሺ݊ߠʹ ሻ ൅ ‫ ڮ‬൅ …‘•༌ ሺ݊ߠ‫ ݏ‬ሻሿ •‹ሺ݊߱‫ݐ‬ሻ (5)
ߨ
Where n=1, 3, 5, 7, for 21-level conventional multilevel need of 20 carriers, but in this topology 10 carriers are
sufficient to generate high voltage levels.

Fig. 3. Unified Switching Strategy

Therefore, the proposed modern multilevel converter requires reduced number of carriers, which is admirable
achievement for control strategies and there is no need for extra conversions for enhancing the negative voltage by
performing the reverse task of the full-bridge converter & the required level is generated by high switching
component. This FB topology is excessive and flexible to operate with attractive switching sequence. Various
switching modes for generation of the required voltage levels for a 21 level MMC structure as shown in Fig.3.There
are 10 attainable switching patterns to assure the converter compared to other topologies like flying capacitor,
cascaded, and neutral point clamped types. The operational parameters are presented for implementing the
simulation model as presented in Table 2.

Table 2. Operational Parameters of Proposed FB Converter Fed Induction Drive System

S. No Block Name Parameters Values
PV Voltage 75 V-100 V
Fuel Cell 75 V-100 V
1 Input Energy Sources Ultra Capacitors 35 V-50 V
Capacitor Values 440 µF
Inductor (L1 & L2) 0.3 mH
DC Link Capacitor 1550 µF
2 CICM Interleaved Converter Input Voltage 75 V-300 V
Output Voltage 200 V-600 V
Input Voltage 300-1000 V
3 FB-MMC Topology Power Range 25 KW
Switching Frequency 3050 Hz
Power Range 0.13658
4 Induction Drive Stator Resistance 2.2 Ω
System Stator Inductance 0.75 mH
Machine Inertia 0.0131
276 G. Satyanarayana and K. Lakshmi Ganesh / Procedia Technology 21 (2015) 271 – 278

5. Evaluation of Matlab/Simulink Results

Fig. 4(a) 7-Level Output Voltage Fig. 4(b) FFT Analysis of 7-Level Output Voltage

Fig. 5(a) 11-Level Output Voltage Fig. 5(b) FFT Analysis of 11-Level Output Voltage

Fig. 6 (a) 21-Level output voltage Fig 6 (b) FFT Analysis of 21-Level output voltage

Fig. 4 depicts the 7-Level Output Voltage of Proposed A-Symmetrical FB- MMC Topology using 7 active switches
with Filtered Voltage and FFT Analysis of Output Voltage of Proposed 7-Level A-Symmetrical FB-MMC
Topology, attains 18.22 %. Fig.5. depicts the 11-Level Output Voltage of Proposed A-Symmetrical FB- MMC
Topology using 10 active switches with Filtered Voltage and FFT Analysis of Output Voltage of Proposed 11-Level
A-Symmetrical FB-MMC Topology, attains 12.49%. Fig. 6. depicts 21-Level Output Voltage of Proposed A-
Symmetrical FB- MMC Topology using 13 active switches with Filtered Voltage and FFT Analysis of Output
Voltage of Proposed 21-Level A-Symmetrical FB-MMC Topology, attains 5.33%.
THD evaluation of several proposed asymmetrical FB-MMC topologies, attains better voltage profile with
respect to maximized number of levels and drastically THD goes to reduces. Table 3 shows the number of main
switches, supporting diodes, balancing capacitor, dc buses are required for several multilevel converter configuration
in comparison of proposed 21 level asymmetrical FB-MMC topology, mainly decrement of switching devices in
 G. Satyanarayana and K. Lakshmi Ganesh / Procedia Technology 21 (2015) 271 – 278 277

comparison of asymmetrical cascaded H-Bridge topology with equal number of sources, in that no need of any
balancing capacitors, clamping diodes, to achieve very high quality of voltage with low harmonic profile.

Table 3. A Comparative Analysis of Various Multilevel Topologies with Respect to Proposed Asymmetrical FB-MMC Topology
Configuration Switching Clamping Diodes Balancing DC Sources
Devices Capacitor
Diode Clamped
40 380 -- 20
Flying Capacitor
40 -- 190 20
CHB (Symmetrical)
40 -- -- 10
CHB (A-Symmetrical)
16 -- -- 4
Proposed PB-MMC
13 -- -- 4

6. Conclusion

Here orientation is very simply to contribute best voltage/current quality, low THD value within standards by
expansion of newly proposed Asymmetrical FB-MMC topology fed IM drive for electric vehicle (EV) applications.
Importance of analytic resolution for PWM of asymmetrical MLI, it has been recognised that PD-PWM has a
excellent spectral behaviour in comparison of several techniques due to turn off the expressive harmonic energy into
a major carrier element & may relies the compensation in between these phase legs when the formation of line-to-
line voltages. This paper evaluates the implementation of HEMS with an alliance of PV/FC and UCs to insulate the
power train from high peak currents & in consequence attenuate the lifetime with ascertain the bidirectional DC/DC
converter working under CICM has been contrive to interface the UCs. The proposed 21L converter with unified
modulation scheme is amenable for procreate the switching states and accomplishes the control stage with
importance to quantifying the peak currents & minimize the torque ripples.

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