1.

0 Introduction

Process Flow Diagram for Recovery of Starch from Turmeric Waste

1.1 Overview of the Process

Solid turmeric is added into water with a ratio of 1:6 that created a suspension. The
suspension is then send to a mixing chamber where the turmeric is allowed to homogenized with
water using a blender to stir the solution for 10 minutes. The turmeric solution is then transferred
to a filtration unit that uses plate and frame filter press.

The filter cake is recycled to the beginning of the reaction with solid turmeric while the
filtrate undergoes a centrifugal process at 1700 – 1800 g for 10 minutes. The isolated starch
recovered from the centrifugal process is washed using ethanol and the resulting suspension is
filtered for 10 minutes with the help of a vacuum pump.

Lastly, the isolated starch is send for drying using a spray dryer to remove excess water
and ethanol and to obtain starch granules which is the final product. The yield of the recovery of
starch from turmeric waste is 45.90%.
2.0 Description of Process and Equipments

2.1 Plate and Frame Filter Press

For the process of filtration, the plate and frame filter press is used to separate the solid
turmeric from the starch solution. Water was mixed with solid turmeric in order to remove the
starch from the turmeric to form starch solution and in order to separate the starch solution from
the solid turmeric, plate and frame filter press was used.

The reason why plate and frame filter press was used is because the filter cake that was
form from the filtration process needed to be recycle back into the system. Leaf filters is not chosen
because it is not economical to handle large quantities of sludge and it is not efficient in washing
using small amount of water.

2.2 Spray Dryer

For the process of drying, a spray dryer is chosen to dry starch and ethanol to form starch
granules. The slurry solution is sprayed into a hot gas stream in the form of a mist of fine droplets.
The ethanol is rapidly vaporized from the droplets, leaving particles of dry starch granules which
are separated from the gas stream.

The reason spray dryer was used rather than tray dryer, rotary dryer and drum dryer is
because the final product needs to be in crystal or small granule form instead of a cake.
3.0 Mass and Energy Balance

3.1 Mass Balance

3.1-1 Plate and Frame Filter Press

m3 Starch (l)

m1 Turmeric (S) m4 Water (l)

m2 Water (l)
m5 Turmeric (S)

Assumptions:

1. Turmeric is completely separated from water.

2. The flow rate is kept constant throughout the entire process.

3. The yield of starch from turmeric is 45.90%.

4. The inlet stream of turmeric is 20kg/hr.

5. The inlet stream of water is 120kg/hr.

The process is a reactive process, therefore

45.90
𝑚1 = 20 𝑘𝑔⁄ℎ 𝑚3 = 𝑚1 × 𝑚5 = 𝑚1 − 𝑚3
100

𝑚2 = 𝑚4 = 120 𝑘𝑔⁄ℎ 𝑚3 = 9.18 𝑘𝑔⁄ℎ 𝑚5 = 10.82 𝑘𝑔⁄ℎ

3.1-2 Spray Dryer

m6 Starch (S)
m9 Ethanol (g)
m7 Ethanol (l)
m10 Nitrogen (g)

m8 Nitrogen (g)
m11 Starch (S)

Assumptions:

1. Ethanol is completely separated from starch.

2. The inlet stream contains 100 kg/h starch and 100 kg/h ethanol

3. Nitrogen gas is inert in the heat exchange process.

The process is a non-reactive process, therefore

𝑚6 = 𝑚11 = 100 𝑘𝑔⁄ℎ

𝑚7 = 𝑚9 = 100 𝑘𝑔⁄ℎ
3.2 Energy Balance

3.2-1 Plate and Frame Filter Press

Since the process of filtration does not require any energy, therefore there is no energy
balance.

3.2-2 Spray Dryer

m6 Starch (S)
m9 Ethanol (g)
m7 Ethanol (l)
m10 Nitrogen (g)

m8 Nitrogen (g)
m11 Starch (S)

Assumptions:

1. No energy is lost to the surrounding.

2. The temperature of inlet stream of starch and ethanol mixture is 25oC.

3. The temperature of nitrogen gas inlet is 500oC.

3. The temperature of outlet streams are both 100oC.

References: Starch (C6H10O5 (s)), Ethanol (C2H5OH (l)), Nitrogen (N2 (g)) at 25°C and 1 atm

Substance min (kg/h) Hin(kJ/mol) mout (kg/h) Hout(kJ/mol)

Starch 100 H1 100 H4
Ethanol 100 H2 100 H5
Nitrogen m8 H3 m10 H6

Since H1, H2, and H3 are reference points, therefore it is considered as 0 kJ/mol.
𝐻4 = 𝑚𝐶𝑝 ∆𝑇

Kopp’s rule is used to estimate the heat capacity of Starch because the value is unknown.

Cp = 6(Cp)C + 10(Cp)H + 5(Cp)O

Cp = 6(7.5) + 10(9.6) + 5(17)

Cp = 226 J/g. °C

1ℎ𝑟
𝑄1 = 100 × 226 × (100 − 25) × ( )
3600𝑠

𝑄1 = 470.83 𝑘𝑊

𝐻5 = 𝐻𝑎 + 𝐻𝑣 + 𝐻𝑏

Values are taken from Table B.1 and Table B.2 of Felder’s Elementary Principles of Chemical
Processes.

78.5
𝐻5 = ∫ (103.1 × 10−3 )𝑑𝑡 + 38.58
25

100
+∫ (61.34 × 10−3 + 15.72 × 10−5 𝑡 − 8.749 × 10−8 𝑡 2 + 19.83 × 10−12 𝑡 3 )𝑑𝑡
78.5

𝐻5 = 45.70𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙

𝑄2 = 𝑛 × 𝐻4

100 1000 𝑚𝑜𝑙 1 ℎ𝑟

𝑄2 = × 45.70 × ( )×( )
46.07 1 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 3600 𝑠

𝑄2 = 27.55 𝑘𝑊
Total Energy required by the system, QT = 470.83 + 27.55

= 498.38 kW

100
𝐻6 = ∫ (29.00 × 10−3 + 0.2199 × 10−5 𝑡 + 0.5723 × 10−8 𝑡 2 − 2.817 × 10−12 𝑡 3 )𝑑𝑡
500

𝐻6 = −12.06 𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙

𝑄𝑇 = 𝑛 × 𝐻6

498.38 = 𝑛 × (12.06)

𝑛 = 41.33 𝑚𝑜𝑙 ⁄𝑠

Mass of nitrogen required, 𝑚8 = 41.33 × 28.02

𝑚8 = 1158.06 𝑔⁄𝑠

𝑚8 = 4169.02 𝑘𝑔⁄ℎ
4.0 Engineering Drawing

4.1 Sizing

4.1-1 Plate and Frame Filter Press

4.1-2 Spray Dryer
5.0 Cost

The cost of the plate and frame filter press quoted to me by Ms. Bessie Wang from
ZHENGZHOU TOPER INSUSTRIAL EQUIPMENT CO.,LTD is USD5,000 which is equivalent
to RM20,712.50, while the cost of the spray dryer quoted to me by Ms. Raisha Wang from
WANTONG MACHINERY is USD30,000 which is equivalent to RM124,275. The total of this
two machinery would cost up to RM144,987.50 excluding shipping fees.
6.0 References

1. Geankoplis, C. (2013). Transport Processes and Separation Process Principles (Includes Unit
Operations). Harlow: Pearson.

2. Felder, R., Rousseau, R., & Bullard, L. Felder's elementary principles of chemical processes.

3. Filter Press. (2019). Retrieved from http://www.lzzgchina.com/products/sand-processing-

equipment/filter-
press.html?gclid=EAIaIQobChMI3oGTvMyC4gIV1ROPCh0EvQc3EAAYASAAEgKCKPD_B
wE

4. (2019). Retrieved from http://www.lzzgchina.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/filter-press-

operation.pdf
 FACULTY OF CHEMICAL & NATURAL
RESOURCES ENGINEERING

INDIVIDUAL PROJECT

BKC 3492 SEPARATION PROCESS

NAME: PREETHPAL SINGH SANDHU

MATRIC NUMBER: KA17200

SECTION: 01G

LECTURER: DR. ZULKIFLY BIN JEMAAT