SEMINAR REPORT

ON
LIMIT FIT AND TOLERANCE
At
RAJKIYA ENGINEERING COLLEGE MAINPURI

Submitted By

ANKITA SRIVASTAVA
1784040009

In partial fulfillment of Requirement for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Rajkiya Engineering College Mainpuri

Rajkiya Engineering College Mainpuri

Agra Road, Mainpuri – 205001

NOVEMBER 2019
 CANDIDATE’S DECLARATION

I ANKITA SRIVASTAVA Roll no 1784040009 of Rajkiya Engineering College Mainpuri

hereby certify that I have completed my seminar report in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the award of Bachelor of Technology in mechanical engineering is a record of project report
carried out by me under the guidance of Mr Yogendra Singh rajpoot/Mr Vikrant Mishra
[assistant professor]. I further declare that the work reported in this report has not been submitted
either in part or in full, for the award of any other degree or diploma in this institute or any other
college or university under the APJ Abdul Kalam University

ANKITA SRIVASTAVA
1784040009
CONTENT:
*INTRODUCTION
*LIMIT
*TOLERANCE
*SYSTEM FOR DEFINING TOLERANCE
*RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TOLERANCE AND COST
*CONVENTIONAL DIAGRAM OF LIMIT
*TERMINOLOGY FOR LIMITS AND FITS
*FIT
*CLASSIFICATION OF FIT
*REFERENCE
INTRODUCTION
In nature two extremely similar things are difficult to obtain. If at all we come across exactly
similar things ,it must be only by chance. This fact holds good for production of component parts
in engineering also .No production process is good enough to produce all items of products
exactly alike.

Every production process involves a combination of three elements i.e men, machines and
materials. Each of these elements has some inherent or natural variation as well as some
unnatural variations. The natural variation are due to chance causes, which are difficult to trace
and control. The unnatural variations are due to assignable cause which can be easily traced
,controlled and reduced to economic minimum. These variables result in the variation of size of
components.

For Example, Suppose a drilling operation is to be performed on castings. The first source of
variation is the material itself(some castings may be harder than the others ,some of them may
have blow holes ,cracks etc.) .If the operation are done on a mass production by number of
workers on different machines ,the second source of variation is the machine .The condition of
machines may differ. The third source of variation , man, is the most variable of them all.
There may be differences in skill, experience of the workers doing the same job. The same
person may act in different ways in different psychological conditions and adds to variability
in the quality characteristics of the product.
LIMIT:
1.As already described every manufacturing process is a combination of three elements man ,
material and machine . A change in anyone or all of these will result in changes in sizes of
manufactured parts.
2. In mass production where large number of parts is to be made by different operators on
different machine, it is impossible to make all parts exactly alike and to exact dimension.

3- The difference in dimension does exist because of these variables. Also, perfect size is not
only difficult but a costly affair.

4-It is, therefore, obvious that some permissible variation in dimension has to be allowed to
account for variability. The dimension of the manufactured parts can thus only be made to lie
between two limits, maximum and minimum limits

5-The two extreme permissible sizes for any object is known as limit.

6- The minimum size is called lower limit and maximum size is called upper limit.
TOLERANCE:-

The term tolerance refers to the difference between the upper (maximum) limit and lower

(minimum) limit of a dimension. In other words, tolerance is the maximum permissible variation
in a dimension. The tolerance may be of two types i.e. unilateral or bilateral.

When the tolerance is allowed on one side of the nominal size, e.g., , then it is said to be

unilateral system of tolerance. ‘When the tolerance is allowed on both sides of the nominal size,

e.g., then it is said to be bilateral system of tolerance.

The unilateral system is widely used in practice as it permits changing the tolerance value while
still retaining the same allowance or type of fit. The two methods of providing tolerance are

12. Tolerance Zone:

The term tolerance zone refers to the zone between the maximum and minimum limit size.

The definition of tolerance zone is shown in Figure 1.54:

13. Zone Line:
The term zero line refers to the straight line corresponding to the basic size, to which deviations

and tolerances are referred. According to convention, the positive and negative deviations are
shown above and below the zero line respectively.

14. Deviation:
The term deviation referred to the algebraic difference between a size (actual size limits of size,
etc.) and the corresponding basic size.

15. Upper-Deviation:
The term upper deviation refers to the algebraic difference between the maximum limit and the

basic size. The upper deviation of a hole is demoted by a symbol ‘ES’ and of a shaft is denoted
by a symbioses’.

This is shown in Fig. 1.55:

16. Lower Deviation:
The term lower deviation refers to the algebraic difference between the minimum limit and basic

size. The lower deviation of a hole is denoted by a symbol ‘EI’ and of a shaft it is denoted by a
symbol ‘ei’. This is shown in Fig. 1.55.

17. Actual Deviation:

The term actual deviation refers to the algebraic difference between an actual size and the
corresponding basic size.

18. Mean Deviation:

The term mean deviation refers to the arithmetical mean between the upper and lower deviations.

19. Fundamental Deviation:

The term fundamental deviation refers to the deviation, either the upper or the lower deviation,

which is nearest one to the zero line for either a hole or a shaft. Fundamental deviation provides
the position of the tolerance zone with respect to the zero line.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TOLERANCE AND COST
The relationship between tolerance and cost of production is shown in figure given below. If the
tolerances are made closer and closer ,the cost of production goes on increasing ,because to
manufacture the component with closer tolerances,we need:

1. Precision machines, tools, materials

2. Trained and highly skilled operators:
3. Tight inspection and more precise testing and inspection devices.
4. It needs more concentration of the operators ,frequent checking and more time which
slows down the rate of production.
5. Close supervision and control is essential.
FIT:

The term fits refers to the degree of tightness or looseness between two mating parts.
Depending upon the actual limits of the hole and shaft.

Fits may be classified into the following three types:

(i) Clearance fit.

(ii) Interference fit.

(iii) Transition fit.

1. CLEARANCE FIT:

A fit that always provides a clearance (gap) between the hole and shaft when assembled is

known as clearance fit.In clearance fit, the minimum size of the hole is either greater than or,

equal to (in extreme case) the maximum size of the shaft, so that the shaft can rotate or slide as
per the purpose of the assembled members.

In clearance fit, the difference between the maximum size of the hole and minimum size of the

shaft is called maximum clearance, whereas the minimum size of the hole and maximum size of
the shaft is known as minimum clearance.

Clearance fit is shown in Fig. 1.56 (a):

The clearance fit may be of different types, e.g., slide fit, easy sliding fit, running fit, slack
running fit and loose running fit, etc.

2. Interference Fit:
A fit that everywhere provides interference between the hole and shaft when assembled, is

known as interference fit. In interference fit, the maximum size of the hole is either smaller or
equal to (in extreme case) the minimum size of the shaft.

In this fit, the shaft and the hole members are intended to be attached permanently, so that they

can be used as a solid component, but according to the purpose and function of this combination,
this type of fit can be varied.

It may be noted from the figure that in interference fit, the tolerance zone of the hole is entirely
below the tolerance zone of the shaft.

In interference fit, the difference between the minimum size of the hole and the maximum size of

the shaft is called maximum interference. Whereas difference between the maximum size of the

hole and the minimum size of the shaft is known as minimum interference, Interference fit is
shown in Fig. 1.56 (b).

The interference fit may be of different types, e.g., shrink fit, light drive fit, heavy drive fit.

Example of this type of fit are bearing bushes which are in an interference fit in their housing of
a small end of the connecting rod of an engine.

3. Transition Fit:
A fit which may provide either a clearance or interference between the shaft and hole when

assembled, depending on the actual sizes of the shaft and hole, is known as Transition fit. It may

be noted that in a transition fit, the tolerance zone of shaft and hole overlap completely or
partially. Transition fit is shown in Fig. 1.56 (c).
The transition fit may be of different types, e.g. Push fit, force fit, tight fit etc.
Basic terminology for understanding the limits by conventional diagram

There are various terms are there to understand the limits given to certain objects. These terms
are explained by using simple shaft and hole assembly. The following are the terms related to
limits.

Basic size: It is a standard size of hole or shaft which is decided during the designing process
with which limits are to be decided.

Actual size: It is a final dimension of hole or shaft which is measured after manufacturing
process.

Zero line: It is straight line which is drawn to represent the basic size. All limits and fits are
explained with the reference of the zero line.

Tolerance: It is defined as permissible variation that is to be given onto the dimensions of the
product.
It can be also defined as difference between the maximum size of the object and minimum size of the
object.

Generally the tolerance is given in terms of Upper limit and Lower limit in between which final
dimension of the object should be.

Upper limit: It is a limit which is given to the dimension of any object to determine the upper
limit size or maximum size of that object.
Lower limit: It is a limit which is given to the dimension of any object to determine the lower
limit size or minimum size of that object.

Tolerance zone: It defined as an area formed by the difference between maximum dimension
and minimum dimension of the object.
 Deviation: It is defined as the algebraic difference between limit of shaft or hole and basic
size of the shaft or hole.
There are two types of deviations. They are i) Upper deviation ii) Lower deviaton

Upper deviation: It is defined as the difference between upper limit size and the
corresponding basic size. It is represented by ES for hole and es for shaft. It is positive when the
upper limit size is greater than the basic size. It is negative when the upper limit size is less than
the basic size.
Upper deviation = Upper limit size - Basic size

Lower deviation: It is defIned as the difference between lower limit size and the corresponding
basic size. It is represented by EI for hole and ei for shaft. It is positive when the lower limit size
is greater than the basic size. It is negative when the lower limit size is less than the basic size.
Lower deviation = Lower limit size - Basic size

The tolerance is also defined in terms of upper deviation and lower deviation. It is given as

For shaft
IT = es - ei ( upper deviation - lower deviation)

For hole
IT = ES - EI

Fundamental deviation: It is a deviation either upper deviation or lower deviation which is

closer to the zero line either for shaft or hole.

Basic shaft: A shaft is called as basic shaft when its upper limit size becomes equal to the
basic size. It can be also defined as when upper deviation becomes equal to zero then that shaft is
known as basic shaft.

Basic hole: A hole is called as basic hole when its lower limit size becomes equal to the
basic size. It can also be defined as when lower deviation becomes equal to zero then that hole is
known as basic hole.

Tolerance zone: It is the zone formed by the two limits of size of the part in the graphical
representation of tolerance.

Tolerance grade: The tolerance grade is an indication of the degree of accuracy of

manufacture and it is designated by the letters IT followed by a number, where "IT stands for
International Tolerance grade".
Ex: IT01, IT0, IT1

Standard tolerance unit: It is a unit which is a function of basic size and it is used to find the
tolerance value by different tolerance grades. It is denoted by 'i' and expressed in microns.

REFERENCES:
1.GOOGLE WIKIPEDIA

2.NPTEL VIDEOS

3.TEXTBOOK OF METROLOGY BY M. MAHAJAN

4.YOU TUBE LECTURE VIDEOS

5.NOTES BY KUSHAL SIR