COVERAGE: MOMENTUM TRANSFER | HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER

1. 54 tonne/h (15 kg/s) of benzene is cooled by passing the stream through the shell side of a tubular heat exchanger, 1 m i.d., fitted
with 5 m tubes, 19 mm o.d. arranged on a 25 mm square pitch with 6 mm clearance. If the baffle spacing is 0.25 m (19 baffles), what
will be the pressure drop over the tube bundle?(µ, = 0.5 inN s/m2).

Cross – flow area:

1 𝑚 × 0.25 𝑚 × 0.006 𝑚
𝐴1 = = 0.06 𝑚2
0.025 𝑚
Mass flow:
15 𝑘𝑔/𝑠
𝐺′𝑠 = = 250 𝑘𝑔/𝑚2 𝑠
0.06 𝑚
Equivalent diameter:
𝜋
4[0.0252 − ( ) × 0.0192 ]
𝑑𝑒 = 4 = 0.0229 𝑚
𝜋 × 0.019
250 ×0.0229
Reynolds number through the tube bundle = = 11450
0.5 ×10−3

With Density of Benzene = 881 kg/m3 and f’ = 0.280

0.280 × 2502 × 20 × 1.0 𝑵
−∆𝑃𝑓 = = 𝟖𝟔𝟕𝟒 𝟐 𝒐𝒓 𝟏𝒎 𝒐𝒇 𝒃𝒆𝒏𝒛𝒆𝒏𝒆
2 × 881 × 0.0229 𝒎

2. A sphere having 10 cm in diameter is suspended inside a large evacuated chamber whose wall are kept at 300K. If the surface of
the sphere is black, and maintained at 500K, what would the the heat loss from the sphere to the walls of the chamber?
Solution:
𝐷
𝐴 = 4𝜋𝑟 2 = 4𝜋( )2 = 𝜋𝐷 2
2
𝑞 = ∈ 𝐴𝜎(𝑇𝑤 4 − 𝑇𝑠 4 )
𝑞 = 0.8𝜋 × (0.1)2 × (5.67 × 10−8 )(5004 − 3004 )
𝒒 = 𝟕𝟕. 𝟓𝟐 𝑾

3. A flat plate has one surface insulated and the other exposed to the sun. The exposed surface absorbs solar radiation at a rate of 800
W/m2 and dissipates heat to the surrounding air at 300K. If the emissivity of the surface is 0.9 and the surface heat transfer coefficient
is 12 W/m2.K, determine the surface temperature of the plate.

Given: Required: Ts
Q = 800 W/m2
Tw= 300K
ε = 0.9
h = 12 W/ m2.K
*assume black body: Tsky=280K

Solution:

𝑄 = ℎ(𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇𝑤 ) + 𝜀𝐴𝜎(𝑇𝑠 4 − 𝑇𝑠𝑘𝑦 4 )

𝑊 𝑊 𝑊
800 2
= 12 2. ∙ (𝑇𝑠 − 300𝐾) + 0.9 ∙ (5.67 × 10−8 2. 4 ) ∙ (𝑇𝑠 4 − 280𝐾 4 )
𝑚 𝑚 𝐾 𝑚 𝐾
Using Matlab or Maple 2016:

Sample computation:
Ts = 337.65K
4. The velocity of water flowing through a tube of 22 mm diameter is 2 m/s. The steam condenses at 150°C on the outside surface of
the tube and heats the water from 15°C to 60°C over the entire length of the tube. Ignore the tube and steam side film resistance.
Calculate the length of the tube.

Given: Required: L
D = 22mm
u = 2 m/s
Tw= 150°C
Tmi= 20°C
Tmo= 60°C

Solution:
𝑇𝑚𝑖 + 𝑇𝑚𝑜 20 + 60
𝑇𝑚 = = = 37.5°C
2 2

Properties of water @ 37.5°C: (PCH8)

ρ = 993.2829 kg/m3
µ = 0.6893x10-3 Pa.s
ν = 0.6938 x10-6 m2/s
k = 0.6265 W/m-K
Cp = 4.1789 J/kg-K
𝑢∙𝐷
𝑅𝑒 =
ν
22
2∗
𝑅𝑒 = 1000 = 63418.8527
0.6938 × 10−6

Since Re <2300, the flow is turbular.

For turbular flow, Nusselt Number, Nu = 0.023ReD4/5Pr0.4;
0.4
4 0.6893 × 10−3 ∗ 4.1789
𝑁𝑢 = 0.023 ∗ (63418.8527)5 ∗ ( )
626.4875

𝑁𝑢 = 1.1709
Also,
ℎ∗𝐷
𝑁𝑢 =
𝑘
22
ℎ∙
1.1709 = 1000 ; ℎ = 33.3440 W/𝑚2 ∙ K
0.6265

𝑄 = 𝑚𝐶𝑝∆𝑇
But
22 2
𝑚 = 𝑢 ∙ ρ ∙ A = 0.6893x10 − 3 ∗ 993.2829 ∗ π ∗ ( )
1000
𝑘𝑔
𝑚 = 1.0411 × 10−3
𝑠
Then
𝑄 = 𝑚𝐶𝑝(𝑇𝑚𝑜 − 𝑇𝑚𝑖 )
𝑄 = 1.0411 × 10−3 ∗ 41789 ∗ (60 − 20) = 1740.2611 𝑊
Also
𝑄 = ℎ ∙ 𝐴 ∙ (𝑇𝑤 − 𝑇𝑚 )
22
1740.2611 = 33.3440 ∗ 𝜋 ∗ ∗ 𝐿 ∗ (150 − 37.5)
1000

𝑳 = 𝟔. 𝟕𝟏𝟐𝟑 𝒎
5. A metal clad heating element of 6 mm in diameter and emissivity equal to unity is horizontally immersed in a water bath. The surface
temperature of the metal is 255°C under steady state conditions. If the water is at atmospheric pressure, estimate the power dissipation
of the heater per unit length (W/m). The properties at mean film are: λ@372K = 2257 kJ/kg-K, Cpv = 2.56 x 103 J/kg-K, μv = 14.85 x 10-
6
Pa-s, kv = 0.0331 W/m-K, ρf = 957.9 kg/m3, ρv = 4.808 kg/m3

Given:
Tw = 255ºC
Tsat = 100ºC (saturation temperature of water at 1 atm)
∆Te = 255 – 100 = 155ºC

Properties of water at 100ºC are:

ρf = 957.9 kg/m3
λ@372K = 2257 kJ/kg-K = 2257 x 103 J/kg
ρv = 4.808 kg/m3
Cpv = 2.56 x 103 J/kg-K
kv = 0.0331 W/m-K = 0.0331 W/m-ºC
μv = 14.85 x 10-6 Pa-s = 14.85 x 10-6 kg/m-s

Required: Power dissipation of the heater per unit length (W/m)

Solution:

Since ∆Te > 120ºC, film boiling conditions will prevail.

v (  f  v ) g 14
3

ho  0.62[ k v
]
Dv Te
(0.0331)3 (4.808)(957.9  4.808){( 9.81)( 2257 x103 )  0.8x(2.56 x103 ) x155}
ho  0.62[ ]
(0.006)(14.85x106 )(155)
ho = 460 W/m2-K

1  {Tw  Tsat } 4 4
hr  x
1 1
[   1] {Tw  Tsat }
 
1 5.67 x10 8{5284  3734 }
 x
1 1
[   1] {528  373}
1 1
hr = 21.3 W/m2-K
h ≈ ho + 3/4 hr = 460+3/4x21.3 = 476 W/m2-K
Q = h·A·ΔTe = 476x(Πx0.006x1) x 155
Q = 1.39 x 103 W/m

6. Find the surface area required in a counter flow steam superheater in which the steam enters at 180°C in a dry, saturated state and
leaves at 250°C with an increase of enthalpy of 159 kJ/kg. The hot combustion gases (Cp = 1.05 kJ/kg-K) enter the superheater at
510°C. The steam flow rate is 1000 kg/h, the hot gas flow rate is 2000 kg/h, and the overall heat transfer coefficient is 26 W/m2-
K.

Given:

mh’ = 2000kg/h, mc’ = 1000kg/h

Cph = 1.05 kJ/kgK Tci = 180°C
Thi = 510°C T∞ = 250°C
Δh = 159 kJ/kg k =?
Fi =? Fo =?

Required: Surface area of heat exchanger

 Solution:

Assume Fi = Fo = 0

Q = (mc’)(Δh) = (1000/3600)(kg/s)(159 kJ/kg)

= 44.167 kW
Q = 44.167 x 103 W

Q = (m’Cp)h (Thi – Tho)

44.167 kW = (2000/3600)(kg/s)(1.05 kJ/kg-K)(510 - Tho)(K or °C)
Tho = 510 – 75.71
Tho = 434.28°C

ΔT1 = Tho - Tci = 434.28 – 180 = 254.28°C

ΔT2 = Thi - T∞ = 510 – 250 = 260°C
T1  T2 254.28  260
(T ) lm    257.13C
T1 254.28
ln ln
T2 260

Q = U ∙ A ∙ (ΔT)lm
44.167 x 103 W = (26 W/m2-K) ∙ A ∙ (257.13 K or °C)
A = 6.6 m2

7. A 1-2 heat exchanger containing one shell pass and two tube passes heats 2.52 kg/s of water from 21.1 to 54.4 C by using hot
water under pressure entering at 115.6 and leaving at 48.9 C. The outside surface area of the tubes in the exchanger is Ao = 9.30
m2. Calculate the mean temperature difference LMTD in the exchanger.

Given:
Thi= 115.6 0C Tho= 48.9 0C
Tco = 54.4 0C Tci = 21.2 0C
Ao = 9.30m2
Reqd: TLMTD
Soln:
(115.6−54.4)−(48.9−21.1)
TLMTD = 115.6−54.4 = 42.3261C
𝑙𝑛
48.9−21.1

But TLMTD = FT TLMTD (FT is the correction factor; p11-6 HB)

𝑇ℎ𝑖−𝑇ℎ𝑜
R= = 2.0030
𝑇𝑐𝑜−𝑇𝑐𝑖

𝑇𝑐𝑜−𝑇𝑐𝑖
S= = 0.3524
𝑇ℎ𝑖−𝑇𝑐𝑖

FT(R,S) = 0.74

TLMTD = 0.74(42.3261)

TLMTD = 31.32 𝐂

8. Two parallel gray planes which have very large emissivities of Ɛ 1 = 0.8 and Ɛ2 = 0.7 and surface 1 is at 593.5oC and surface 2 at
315.8oC. What is the net radiation from 1 and 2 in kW/m2?
Given:
Ɛ1 = 0.8
T1 = 593.5oC = 866.65 K
Ɛ2 = 0.7
T2 = 315.8oC = 588.95K
Required: Qrad
 Solution:
𝜎(𝑇14 − 𝑇24 )
𝑄𝑟𝑎𝑑 =
1 1
+ −1
𝜀1 𝜀2

5.67 𝑥 10−8 𝑊/𝑚2 𝐾 4 (866.65𝐾 4 − 588.95𝐾 4 ) 1𝑘𝑊

𝑄𝑟𝑎𝑑 = 𝑥
1 1 1000𝑊
+ −1
0.8 0.7

𝑸𝒓𝒂𝒅 = 14.9914 kW/m2

9. An iceberg has a specific weight of 9000 N/m3 in ocean water, which has a specific weight of 10,000 N/m3. Above water surface,
it was observed that a volume of 2800 m3 of the iceberg protruded. Determine the volume of the iceberg below the free surface of the
ocean.
Given:
𝑁
𝜌𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑔 = 9000
𝑚3

𝑁
𝜌𝑠𝑒𝑎 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 10,000
𝑚3
𝑉𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 = 2800 𝑚3

Solution:

𝜌𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑔
𝑉𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 = (V) = V - 2800
𝜌𝑠𝑒𝑎 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
9000
(V) = V – 2800
10000
𝑉𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑔 = 28000 𝑚3

𝑉𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 = 28,000𝑚3 -2800𝑚3

𝑽𝒃𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒘 𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒆 = 25,200 𝒎𝟑

10. A cylindrical bucket, open at the top, 0.200 m high and 0.100 m in diameter. A circular hole with cross-sectional area 1 cm2 is
cut in the center of the bottom of the bucket. Water flows into the bucket from a tube above it at the rate of 1.30 x 10-4 m3/s. How
high will the water in the bucket rise?

Given:

ℎ𝑏𝑢𝑐𝑘𝑒𝑡 = 0.2𝑚

𝐷𝑡𝑜𝑝 = 0.1𝑚

A = 1𝑐𝑚2 = 1x10-4 𝑚2
𝑚3
Q = 1.30 x 10-4
𝑠

Solution:

𝑉 = √2𝑔ℎ

Q=A√2𝑔ℎ
 𝑚3 𝑚
1.30 x 10-4 = 1x10-4 𝑚2 √2(9.8 2 )ℎ
𝑠 𝑠

1.32
ℎ= = 0.0862 𝑚
2(9.8)

h = 8.62 cm

11. Water is flowing in a pipe of varying cross-sectional area and at all points the water completely fills the pipe. The cross-sectional
area at point 1 is 0.80 m2, and the velocity is 3.5 m/s. Compute the fluid’s velocity at point 2 where the cross-sectional area is 0.60
m2.

Pt. 1 Pt. 2
A1= 0.80 m2 A2= 0.60 m2
u= 3.5 m/s u= ? m/s

1 𝐴1 𝑢1 = 2 𝐴2 𝑢2

1 = 2
𝑚
0.8𝑚2 (3.5 ) = 0.60 𝑚2 (𝑢2 )
𝑠
𝒎
𝒖𝟐 = 𝟒. 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟕
𝒔

12. A pipe has a diameter of 4 inch at section AA and a diameter of 2 inch at section BB. For an ideal fluid flow, the velocity is given
as 1 ft/s at section AA. What is the flow velocity at section BB?

Pt. AA Pt. BB
D1= 4 in D2= 2 in
u= 1 ft/s u= ? ft/s

1 𝐴1 𝑢1 = 2 𝐴2 𝑢2

1 = 2
𝜋 𝜋
( )(𝐷1 2 )(𝑢1 ) = ( )(𝐷2 2 )(𝑢2 )
4 4
𝑓𝑡
(42 𝑖𝑛2 ) (1 ) = (22 𝑖𝑛2 )(𝑢2 )
𝑠
𝒇𝒕
𝒖𝟐 = 𝟒
𝒔