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Abstract: Nowadays, the active filters represent a viable alternative for controlling
harmonic levels in industrial consumers’ electrical installations. It must be noted the
availability of many different types of filter configurations that can be used but there is
no standard method for rating the active filters. This paper focuses on describing the
shunt active filter structure and design. The theoretical concepts underlying the design
of shunt active filters are presented. To validate and highlight the performance of shunt
active filters a Matlab-Simulink model was developed. Simulation results are also
presented.
1. Introduction
After a brief analysis performed on evolution of electric power consumption
during the last two decades, it can be observed a change mainly on nature of
electric power consumption and profile of consumers. The main causes are
represented by introduction of new equipment and facilities to increase comfort
in civil construction, new appliances and equipment in order to raise efficiency
and diversification of production for industrial consumers, or coexistence in the
same building of both households and some industrial consumers. We must also
note the impact of the new sources of energy that can easily transform the
consumer into power supplier. However, all these changes have led to the
emergence of undesirable phenomena in all power system, accounting for the
53
54 A. Gligor
iF
Ouput
filter
The control circuit performs synthesis of the reference currents of the filter
in a manner to compensate the undesired mains current components.
Since currents synthesized by an active filter depend on the average voltage
of the storage element, this one should be kept constant. This voltage control
has to be provided by the filter control algorithm.
ir iF
PQ TUI
Nonlinear
Ouput
Load
filter
TI
iF m
Udc* Udc i u
RT SR RI BC Udc
CSP
TU
Figure 2: Block diagram of the system for control of harmonic current level based on
active shunt filter.
The voltage controller generates the signal Pdc based on the reference signal
Udc* and on the feedback signal Udc provided by the voltage sensor TU. SR
block, which generates the reference currents, based on signal Pdc and on
instantaneous powers determined by PQ block, provides the reference for the
current control loop. The PQ block has at its input the current and voltage
56 A. Gligor
signals provided by the TUI sensor from the circuit which supply the non-linear
load.
The RI controller from the current control loop synthesizes the control signal
u, which is generated from the error signal i. This error signal (i) is obtained
by comparing the signal provided by the SR block with the current measured at
the input of static power converter (CSP). The control signal u is applied to the
BC block, which generates the logic signal m needed to control the CSP block.
1 1
1
C
2 2 2 . (4)
3 3 3
0
2 2
In the case of the new two-phase coordinates, the instantaneous power is
given by:
p ur ir ur ir (5)
k
j
i
1
ir ur u r p 1 ur u r p
u q 2
ir r ur 2
ur ur ur ur q
(9)
1 ur ur p ur ur 0
2
ur ur2 ur ur 0 ur ur q
Considering that:
p p ~
p and q q q~ (10)
where:
– p represents the component of the instantaneous active power absorbed
by the nonlinear load associated to the fundamental of current ir, and voltage ur;
– ~ p represents the component of the instantaneous power absorbed by the
nonlinear load associated to the harmonics of current ir and voltage ur;
– q represents the component of the instantaneous imaginary power
corresponding to the reactive power associated to the fundamentals of current ir
and voltage ur;
– q~ represents the component of the instantaneous imaginary power
corresponding to the reactive power associated to the harmonics of the current ir
and voltage ur.
If irA represents the fundamental active component of the absorbed current:
1
irA u r u r p 1 u r u r p
0 2 (11)
irA u r u r 2
u r u r u r u r 0
then the reference system of currents in coordinates (-) can be obtained in the
following form:
i* i i 1 1
u ur p ur u r p
F r rA r q u 0
iF ir irA ur
* ur r ur
(12)
1 ur u r ~
p
2 2 u
ur ur r ur q q
~
iFa
* 1 0
*
* 2 1 3 iF
iFb (13)
* 3 2 2 iF*
1
iFc 3
2 2
u
on
-h/2 h/2 i
off
a)
b)
Figure 4: Input-output characteristic (a) and the operating principle of the hysteresis
controller.
The performance analysis of the system with active filtering was realized
based on the data obtained by simulation in Matlab-Simulink environment. Fig.
5 presents the Simulink model used for study.
60 A. Gligor
1 – power system, 2 – shunt active filter, 3 – power static converter, 4 – reference current signal generator, 5 –
nonlinear load
10
ia
[A] 0
-10
10
ib
[A] 0
-10
10
ic
[A] 0
-10
a) b)
10
5
ia
[A] 0
-5
-10
0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1 0.11
timpul [s]
10
5
ib
[A] 0
-5
-10
0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1 0.11
timpul [s]
10
5
ic
[A] 0
-5
-10
0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1 0.11
timpul [s]
a) b)
Figure 7: Compensated mains currents in case of load currents from Fig.6: waveforms
(a) and harmonic spectrum (b)
ia 1
h 0
[A] -1
-2
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12
timpul [s]
2
1
ib
h 0
[A] -1
-2
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12
timpul [s]
2
ich 1
[A] 0
-1
-2
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12
timpul [s]
a) b)
Figure 8: Current waveforms of a rectifier in case of control angle equal with 10° (a)
and the harmonic spectrum of these currents (b).
2
ia
[A]
0
-2
0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1 0.11
timpul [s]
2
ib
[A]
0
-2
0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1 0.11
timpul [s]
2
ic
[A]
0
-2
0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1 0.11
timpul [s]
a) b)
Figure 9: Compensated mains currents in case of load from Fig. 8: waveforms (a) and
harmonic spectrum (b).
62 A. Gligor
5. Conclusion
References
[1] Akagi, H., “Modern active filters and traditional passive filters”; Bulletin of The Polish
Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences; Vol. 54, No. 3, pp. 255-269; 2006.
[2] Akagi, H., ”New trends in active filters for improving power quality”, in Proc. of the
International Conference on Power Electronics, Drives and Energy Systems for Industrial
Growth, 1996,Vol. 1, Issue 8-11, Jan. 1996, pp. 417 - 425.
[3] Gligor, A., “Contribuţii privind sistemele avansate de conducere şi optimizare a proceselor
energetice în instalaţiile electrice la consumatori”, PhD Thesis, Universitatea Tehnică Cluj-
Napoca, 2007.
[4] Codoiu, R., “Selection of the representative non-active power theories for power
conditioning”, Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference Inter-Ing. 2007, Tg.
Mureş, 2007, pp.V-6-1 - V-6-14.
[5] Codoiu, R., Gligor, A., “Current and power components simulation using the most recent
power theories”, Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference Inter-Ing. 2007,
Tg. Mureş, 2007, pp.V-7-1 - V-7-8.