Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
PROJECT
COMPARITIVE STUDY OF
COMMERCIAL ANTACIDS
A Project Report
Submitted by
DT
IN
CHEMISTRY
AT
2016-17
CERTIFICATE
I would like to sincerely thank our chemistry faculty Mr. Srikant Pradhan for
spending their precious time with us enhancing our knowledge regarding
project .. Their help is unforgettable as this project is built on the concepts
that they have taught us. They always motivated us and ensured that we
were on the right track.
I INTRODUCTION 1
II OBJECTIVE 8
III THEORY 9
MATERIALS
IV REQUIRED 14
V PROCEDURE 16
VI PRECAUTIONS 20
VII OBSERVATIONS 22
VIII RESULT 24
IX SUMMARY 25
X BIBLIOGRAPHY 26
INTRODUCTION
1
However, sometimes the stomach begins to secrete an excess of
HCl. This leads to a condition known as Gastric Hyperacidity. This
condition can also be triggered by the intake of to much food or
highly spiced food. This, in turn, makes the stomach lining cells to
secrete more acid resulting in Hyperacidity. It also leads to acute
discomfort due to indigestion.
H2CO3 H2O+CO2
The excess Na+ and HCO3-ions are absorbed by the walls of the small intestines
as the food passes through.
The H2CO3 formed during the reaction decomposes rapidly to form water and
carbon dioxide gas.
3
TYPES OF ANTACIDS
Sodium Antacids (Alka-Seltzer, Bromo-Seltzer and Others): Sodium
bicarbonate (commonly known as baking soda) is perhaps the best-known of the
sodium-containing antacids. It is potent and fast-acting. As its name suggests, it
is high in sodium. If you're on a salt-restricted diet, and especially if the diet is
intended to treat high blood pressure (hypertension), take a sodium-containing
antacid only under a doctor's orders.
Carbonate: Regular high doses may cause alkalosis, which in turn may result
in altered excretion of other drugs, and kidney stones. A chemical reaction
between the carbonate and hydrochloric acid may produce carbon dioxide
gas. This causes gastric distension which may not be well tolerated. Carbon
dioxide formation can also lead to headaches and decreased muscle
flexibility.
5
Heartburn, reflux, indigestion, and sour stomach are a few of the common
terms used to describe digestive upset. Self-diagnosis of indigestion does
carry some risk because the causes can vary from a minor dietary indiscretion
to a peptic ulcer.
The pain and symptoms of GERD or simply "reflux", may mimic those of a
heart attack. Misdiagnosis can be fatal. A bleeding ulcer can be life
threatening.
GERD and pre-ulcerative conditions in the stomach are treated much more
aggressively since both, if untreated, could lead to esophageal or stomach
cancer.
These drugs stop production of stomach acid and provide longer lasting relief
but they do not neutralize any stomach acid already present in the stomach.
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II.OBJECTIVE
During the process, hydrogen ions H+ from the acid (proton donor) or a hydronium
ion H3O+ and hydroxide ions OH Θ from the base (proton acceptor) react together
to form a water molecule H2O. In the process, a salt is also formed when the anion
from acid and the cation from base react together. Neutralization reactions are
Acids are proton donors which convert into conjugated bases. They are generally
pure substances which contain hydrogen ions (H+) or cause them to be produced in
solutions. Hydrochloric acid (HCl) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4) are common examples.
Bases are proton acceptors which convert into conjugated acids. They are generally
substances which contain hydroxide ion (OHΘ) or produce it in solution. Alkalis are
the soluble bases, i.e. a base which contains a metal from group 1 or 2 of the
periodic table. To produce hydroxide ions in water, the alkali breaks apart into ions
as below:
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NaOH→ Na+(aq) + OHΘ(aq)
generally bases.
conversely attributes the donation of electron pairs from bases and the acceptance
byacids.
In reactions between Lewis acids and bases, there is the formation of an adduct
when the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) of a molecule, such as NH3
with available lone electron pair(s) donates lone pairs of electrons to the electron-
molecules, such as boron trifluoride (BF3), the most electronegative element pulls
electrons towards its own orbitals, providing a more positive charge on the less-
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electronegative element and a difference in its electronic structure due to the axial
or equatorial orbiting positions of its electrons, causing repulsive effects from lone
NEUTRALISATION
The experimental method about neutralization is the acid-base titration. An acid- base
acid or base solution. It makes use of the neutralization reaction that occurs between acids
and bases, and that we know how acids and bases will react if we know their formula.
Before starting the titration a suitable pH indicator must be chosen. In this project,
phenolphthalein is chosen. The endpoint of the reaction, the point at which all the
reactants have reacted, will have a pH dependent on the relative strengths of the acid and
base used.
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The pH of the endpoint can be estimated using the following rules:
• A strong acid will react with a strong base to form a neutral (pH=7) solution.
• A strong acid will react with a weak base to form an acidic (pH<7) solution.
• A weak acid will react with a strong base to form a basic (pH>7) solution.
Phenolphthalein is used to determine the end point of the titration which indicates
solution is very dark pink, and a neutral solution is very pale pink. At this point the
solution is very slightly basic, with a negligible amount of excess NaOH. By keeping
track of exactly how much NaOH is needed to complete the neutralization process,
the amount of HCl originally neutralized by the antacid can be calculated. The
difference between the number of moles of HCl initially added to the antacid and the
number of moles of HCl neutralized by the NaOH during the titration is the number
of moles neutralized by the antacid. Several antacids will be tested and the relative
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NATURE OF PHENOLPTHALEIN :
Phenolphthalein is a chemical compound with the formula C20 H14 O4. It is insoluble
weak acid, which can lose H+ ions in solution. The phenolphthalein molecule is
colorless. However, the phenolphthalein ion is pink. When a base is added to the
Le Chatelier's principle.
HYPOTHESIS
Our hypothesis is that the greater proportion of the active ingredient with
stronger base in an antacid tablet will have the greater neutralizing power.
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IV.MATERIALS REQUIRED
The following were the materials required for the project:
Apparatus:
1. Burette(50ml)
2. Pipette(20ml)
3. Conical Flasks(250ml)
4. Measuring Cylinder(10ml)
5. Beakers(100ml)
6. Standard Flasks(100ml)
7. Filter Paper
8. Funnel
9. Bunsen Burner
10.Weighingmachine
11.Clean&glazedwhitetile
12.GlassRod
13.Water
14.Crusher
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Chemicals:
1. NaOH powder
2. Na2CO3 powder
3. 10 M conc. HCl acid
4. Four different brands of antacids
5. Phenolpthalein
6. Methyl Orange
Na2CO3 Powder
15
V.PROCEDURE
Approx.1L
H2O
4.0gNaOH
Approx.1L H2O
1L-0.1MHCl
16
4. Now ,standardize the HCl solution by titrating it against the
standard Na2CO3 solution using methyl orange as indicator.
Burette:0.1NHCl
Burette: 0.1NHCl
Flask:0.1NNaOH+
Phenolpthalien
17
6. Now , powder the four antacid samples and weigh 0.5 g of each.
1.0g
25ml 0.1NHCl
8.Addafewdropsofphenolpthaleinindicatorandwarmtheflaskoverabu
nsenburnertillmostofthepowderdissolves.
18
9. Filter the insoluble material.
tablet.
20
7. Burette readings should be recorded to the nearest 0.05
cm3.
21
VII.OBSERVATIONS
Standardisation of HCl solution:
N1 V1 = N2 V2
(acid) (base)
N1 x 17 = 0.1 x 20
Normality of HCl, N1= 2/17 = 0.11 ≈ 0.1
Standardization of NaOH Solution:
22
Volume of acid used = 16 ml
1.Eno Pineapple 29
2. Eno Lemon 24
3.Digene Lime 9
4.Omez 24
5. Pephyrous 40
6. Gelusil 22
23
VIII.RESULT
1g of Eno Pineapple required 29 ml of Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH)
to titrate it completely.
1 g of Eno Lemon required 24 ml of Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH)
solution to titrate it completely.
1 g of Digene lime required 9 ml of Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) to
titrate it.
1 g of Omez required 24 ml of Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) to
titrate it completely.
1 g of Pephyrous required 40 ml of Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) to
titrate it completely.
1 g of Gelusil required 22 ml of Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) to
titrate it completely.
Based on the hypothesis of the experiment, the antacid which requires
the least amount of Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) is the best antacid. From
the recorded observation, Digene© requires the least (5 ml), and is
therefore the best Antacid.
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IX.SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
Antacids play a very important role in relieving many patients suffering from
gastric hyperacidity, commonly referred to as gastritis. This project was
undertaken to analyze the best commercially available antacid according to the
amount of hydrochloric acid they could neutralize.
After exploring many books and websites to find out more about antacids, we
were clear of its role and its applications. We started our project by powdering
the various antacid samples and making sure that the apparatus were clean.
Later we standardized various solutions and prepared N/10 HCl solution and
N/10 NaOH solution. This was done by titrating various solutions and using the
respective indicators.
The powdered antacid samples weighing 1 gram each was each added to 30 ml
of the standardized solution of HCl in separate conical flasks. These solutions
were later titrated with the standardized NaOH and the readings were noted.
These readings were helpful in deciding the amount of HCl that each antacid
could neutralize.
Various antacids could neutralize a specific amount of the acid. pephyrous was
the poorest among all antacids. Eno pineapple had a slightly higher alkaline
nature while Eno lemon and Omez proved to neutralize to same amount .
Gelusil had a higher concentration of the base. Digene had the highest basic
character!
Thus, on the basis of the experiment conducted, it was adjudged that Digene
was the best commercially available antacid.
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X.BIBLIOGRAPHY
Websites
• http://www.reachoutmichigan.org/funexperiments/quick/csustan/antacid
• http://icn2.umeche.maine.edu/genchemlabs/Antacid/antacid2.htm
• http://www.chem.latech.edu/~deddy/chem104/104Antacid.htm
• http://www.images.google.com
• http://www.wikipedia.com
• http://www.pharmaceutical-drug-manufacturers.com
Books
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