Ekoloji 28(107): 4077-4084 (2019)

Poultry Waste Management Techniques in Urban

Agriculture and its Implications: A Case Study of Tripoli,
Libya
Serife Gündüz 1*, Fidan Aslanova 2, Kareemah S. H. Abdullah 3
1
Environmental Education and Management Department, Near East University, NORTH
CYPRUS
2
Environmental Engineering Department, Near East Unıversity, NORTH CYPRUS
3
Tripoli, LIBYA
*
Corresponding author: serife.gunduz@neu.edu.tr
Abstract
Though poultry farming have been a source of revenue generations both to individual farmers and the
government of Libya. These products however poses certain human and environmental risks as they
introduce certain compounds, elements as well as pathogenic microorganisms into the environment and the
food chain. The study adopted a quantitative analysis through the use of questionnaires which were
distributed to 350 poultry farmers within Tripoli district. From the data analysis result using SPSS software,
some of the key observation include: huge percentage (99.4%) of farmers have not gotten any training on
poultry production and poultry waste management. It was also observed that 57.1% of the farmers remove
their farm generated waste monthly which is not quite good for the environment as there will be generation
of awful smell as are sultofammonia accumulation. Lastly, from the results there is a serious environmental
concern in Libya due to inappropriate disposal of poultry waste as majority of farmers (57.1%) dump their
waste at dumping sites. Lastly, the study also discovered that burning of dead birds is largely the mode of
disposal of dead bird adopted by majority of farmers (57.1%).
Keywords: Libya, Poultry waste, environment, environmental sustainability, waste management

Gündüz S, Aslanova F, Abdullah KSH (2019) Poultry Waste Management Techniques in Urban Agriculture
and its Implications: A Case Study of Tripoli, Libya. Ekoloji 28(107): 4077-4084.

INTRODUCTION urban agriculture as a potential contributor to urban

Agriculture is among the largest contributor in the
economy of most countries. However, it involves also
large generation of waste materials. Urban poultry
farming producing meat or eggs, can be highly
specialized operations. To maximize profits and plan
future enterprise activities, a feasibility analysis prior to
investment and proper management during the
operation are required. Proper management ensures
efficient production and good quality products. This is
accompanied by controlling diseases, maintaining feed
efficiency, proper handling of waste and proper
sanitizing of poultry houses. Due to short turnover rates
of poultry flocks and strong market demand, the poultry
business could potentially be a profitable enterprise. In
majority of African countries, chicken meets, egg and
animal milk come either from farms or from the
suburbs. These animals pose as form of savings. Other
form of capitals can be realized from them in the form
of manure. Notwithstanding, majority of problems
among these developing countries is the negligence to
development (Jacobi et al. 2000).
Huge amount of waste water and solid waste are
generated from the poultry industry. The solid waste
comprises mostly of excreta, bedding materials,
feathers, feed, hatchery waste, abattoir waste, sludge and
bedding materials (Adedayo 2005). The high
phosphorus content of poultry waste can increase crop
production hen adopted as a sol nutrition augment
(Mokwunye 2000). Hatchery waste and dead birds
contains great amount of protein with substantial
amounts of phosphorus and calcium as a result of the
great amount of mineral in their diet. There are diverse
methods of getting rid of poultry waste ranging from
burial, incinerations, source of energy, rendering,
livestock feed, and composting. Other techniques that
can be used in disposing poultry waste include its use in
the treatment of heavy metal contaminated water and its
use as source of energy (Moreki 2013).

© Foundation Environmental Protection & Research-FEPR Received: 4 May 2018 / Accepted: 13 Oct 2018
Gündüz et al.
Libya is among the list populous country in Africa
but still a huge market for poultry as chicken is among
the most consumed meet in Libya. The market demand
for poultry produce is increasing especially in Benghazi,
Tripoli and other notable cities in Libya (Davis 2014).
For the past 10 years, there has been a shift towards
production to industrial scale size among the small and
medium scale farmers who has gained the urban
market. A springing middle-class sector with massive
income and greater buying power has elevated the
demand for more poultry products hence, leading to
increase in demand among the urban and pre-urban
cities (Moreki 2013).
Previous studies on poultry production mostly focus
on rural poultry faming and its contribution to the rural
areas leaving the urban counterpart underestimated
with little to no attention by researchers,
notwithstanding it equally contributes to the socio-
economic development of the country. Hence, it is vital
to carry out a study on urban poultry faming and its
waste management techniques and consequences.
Hence, research on the existing small scale intensive
urban poultry farming will aid in providing solutions
and challenges facing urban poultry faming and its
waste management techniques. Also information from
this research will aid in abating some of the challenges
facing farmers and the government at large in the area
of solid waste management (Jones and Comfort 2018,
Som and Hossain 2018).
This study will examine the existing poultry waste
management and utilization techniques in urban
poultry farms. It will analyses the implications pattern
on yield and revenue and further determine the socio-
economic differentials of farmers on management
pattern.
RESEARCH PROBLEM
The initial aim of any waste management technique
to be adopted is to maximize profit from the generated
waste and to likewise maintain environmental safety
standards, hence there is need is an issue of both
profitability, affordability and sustainability. This afore
mentioned properties are very vital as in appropriate
handling of waste can result in the contamination of
both surface and ground water as well as contribute inn
air pollution.
Part of the problems the study intends to address
include
• Propose techniques that will reduce the level
of agricultural waste generation
4078
• How to reuse some of the agricultural waste
generated from firms either in the same farm or as raw
materials for production of other finished goods of for
production of energy.
• Propose effective techniques for recycling of
agricultural waste.
• The study will address the various challenges
in the proper management of poultry waste and how
this affects the economic and social warfare of farmers.
• There are problems in the area of support in
terms of trainings and government agricultural
extension programs and how these affects cultivation of
proper.
OBJECTIVES
The objectives of the study include:
• Examining poultry waste management and
utilization techniques and their determinants in Tripoli,
Libya.
• Analyzing the impact of poultry waste
utilization on yield and revenue.
• Determination of the socio-economic
differentials of poultry waste users on the management
pattern of poultry waste in the study area.
• Assessment of waste management practices of
small scale intensive urban poultry farming;
identification of the major constraints, opportunities
and socio-economic factors affecting flock size in small
scale intensive urban poultry farming.
HYPOTHESIS
Hypothesis I
• HI: Lack of government extension services
affects proper waste management.
• HO: Lack of government extension services
doesn’t affects proper waste management.
Hypothesis II
• HI: Poultry farmers with access to government
agricultural extension services have better waste
management pattern.
• HO: Poultry farmers with access to
government agricultural extension services doesn’t have
better waste management pattern.
Ekoloji 28(107): 4077-4084 (2019)
Poultry Waste Management Techniques in Urban Agriculture and its Implications: A Case Study of Tripoli, Libya
Hypothesis III
• HI: Lack of finance affects proper poultry
waste management.
• HO: Lack of finance doesn’t affects proper
poultry waste management.
METHOD
This study is a descriptive study in a screening
model that aims to determine the management
techniques accepted by Tripoli poultry farmers and
their possible consequences. In order to reveal the
current situation, the study was conducted on 350
poultry husbandry farmers (Adebayo et al. 2016).
This study is a descriptive study in a screening
model that aims to determine the management
techniques accepted by Tripoli poultry farmers and
their possible consequences. In order to reveal the
current situation, 350 farmers who are poultry breeders
were surveyed.
SAMPLE
This study adopted a random sampling method for
collection of Data. Over 350 questionnaires were
distributed to poultry farmers within Tripoli district. A
face-to-face method of questionnaire distribution was
adopted for this study. This method was chosen in other
to clarify any question that might be asked by the
respondents during the process of questionnaire filling
(Ahmed et al. 2017).
DATA COLLECTION
Data were sourced from poultry farmers within
Tripoli on 18th-21st January, 2018. The questionnaire
that was used for this study are divided into five section
(section, A, B, C, D, E). The first section (A) aimed at
deducting the demographic background of respondents
which included the gender status, Age bracket, marital
status, and residence location of respondents.
Section “B” of the questionnaire targets the socio-
economic background of respondents. Section “C”
targets the type of waste management practice Adopted
by the poultry farmers. Section “D” aims at extraditing
the institutional support and extension service to
poultry farmers while section “E” provides us with data
on the constrains and opportunities facing poultry
famers within Tripoli district.
For the purpose of easy response to the questions a
likert scale rating was adopted.
Ekoloji 28(107): 4077-4084 (2019)
DATA ANALYSIS
The study frame work relies on the very impact that
improper solid waste which in this case is poultry waste
has on the natural environment. Studies has proven that
appropriate waste poultry management can prompt its
use as raw materials for production of animal feeds,
generation of energy or its use as manure. However, this
has not been the norm in Libya mostly due to lack of
awareness on the best technique for poultry waste
management. Therefore, the study will investigate the
current waste management practices by Libyan poultry
farmers. This will give us a glimpse of the possible
impact of these waste management system. The study at
the end will suggest best waste management practices
for poultry waste.
Frequency and percentage analysis will be
performed on the data obtained within the scope of the
research and a table will be created for each question
(Adebayo et al. 2016). Frequency and percentage
analysis will be performed on the data obtained within
the scope of the research and a separate table for each
question will be created.
VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY
Validation of the data is very critical in quantitative
investigation. Results of Data validation shows the
quality of the data and its acceptance. Cronbach alpha
internal consistency statistical analysis was adopted for
the validation of sourced data. A Cronbach alpha of ≥
0.70 is generally acceptable (Cavalaglio et al. 2017).
Internal validity: In preparing the survey questions,
literature and expert opinion were taken. The survey
was finalized before the finalization of the questionnaire
and the final form of the survey was finalized. It was
ensured that the findings and findings of the findings
were analyzed by different researchers. Research
findings were evaluated separately by experts and
researchers and their compliance levels were examined.
FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION
Frequency distribution we analyzed the frequency
distribution of response from farmers in Tripoli who
participated in the study.
From Table 1, it can be deducted that majority of
the respondents are blue-collar workers comprising of
unskilled workers, followed by Engineers, and top
management officials respectively.
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Gündüz et al.

Table 1. Extra occupation frequency distribution of Table 6. Frequency Distribution for access to
respondents extension services
Work Frequency Percent Frequency Percent
Business 29 8.4 Yes 202 57.7
Civil Work 202 57.7 No 148 42.3
Retired 4 1.1 Total 350 100.0
Poultry Worker 62 17.7
House Wife 53 15.1 Table 7. Frequency Distribution for regular visit to
Total 350 100
extension agent
Frequency Percent
Table 2. Source of income frequency distribution of Once in a week 128 36.5
respondents Once in two weeks 65 18.6
Frequency Percent once in a month 1 .3
Poultry Sales 64 18.2 Not Seen 156 44.6
Salary 44 12.6 Total 350 100.0
Business 206 58.9
Pension 36 10.3 consume their produce as well as sale it for income
Total 350 100
generation (Table 4).
Table 3. Years of experience frequency distribution of From Table 5, it can clearly observe the highest
respondents financial challenge confronting poultry farmers is the
Years Frequency Percent
1-3years 111 31.7 expenditure of poultry feed (58.3%) seconded by the
3-5years 118 33.7 “purchase of birds (24.2%) and removal of waste having
5years and above 121 34.6 the lowest percentage of expenditure (2.9%).
Total 350 100
From Table 6 though quite a huge number of the
Table 4. Frequency distribution for purpose of raising participant farmers 57.7 have access to government
poultry farm extension service, however a lot of farmers (42.3%) still
Frequency Percent
Income Generation Only 243 69.4 don’t have access to this services result to a percentage
Home Consumption Only 46 13.2 difference of 15.4%. this shows that is inefficiency in
Home And Income
61 17.4 poultry production as extension services educate
Consumption
farmers on the best ways to manage their farm produce.
Total 350 100
This will invariably affect farmer’s method for disposal
Table 5. Frequency Distribution for Area of farming of poultry waste as most of them are not up-to-date with
with huge expenditure resent method of waste management.
Frequency Percent
Purchase of Birds 85 24.2 There is an alarming response gotten from the
Purchase of Veterinary Products 51 14.6 response of the farmers on their regular visit to
Purchase of Feeds 204 58.3
government extension agent with issues related to their
Removal of Waste 10 2.9
Total 350 100 farms. A whopping 44.6% (Table 7) which is the
highest percent has not been to the government
From Table 2, it can be deducted that majority of extension office within their locality. This response
the respondents are blue-collar workers comprising of shows that farmers really don’t see the importance of
unskilled workers, followed by Engineers, and top extension service agent. Now the big question is, will
management officials respectively. this also reflect in their proper management of the waste
generated from their farms as any mismanagement of
From Table 3 the respondents are highly this generated waste will lead to environmental
experience in general in the field of poultry farming as pollution.
over 34.6% indicated to have been in the poultry
business for more than 5 years followed by 3-5 years’ Majority of respondents (58.3%) opted for non-
experience and lastly 1- years’ experience respectively. availability of institutional support for their poultry
farms (Table 8). This can affect their way of managing
Majority of the farmers engage into poultry farming the waste generated from these farms.
majorly as means of generating income only (69.4%)
followed by 13.2 % opting that engage into it in other to
feed their family while 17.4% of poultry farmers both

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Poultry Waste Management Techniques in Urban Agriculture and its Implications: A Case Study of Tripoli, Libya

Table 8. Frequency distribution for availability of Table 13. Frequency Distribution for type of floor used
institutional support to poultry farming in poultry house
Frequency Percent Frequency Percent
Yes 146 41.7 Cemented 310 88.6
No 204 58.3 Non-cemented 40 11.4
Total 350 100.0 Total 350 100.0

Table 9. Frequency Distribution for benefits from Table 14. Frequency Distribution for type of floor used
Agricultural extension services in poultry
Frequency Percent Frequency Percent
Inputs 26 7.4 Teff straw 254 72.6
Training 4 1.2 Wood shavings 96 27.4
Veterinary Service 315 90.0 Total 350 100.0
Input Supply 5 1.4
Total 350 100.0 Table 15. Frequency distribution for interval for waste
removal from poultry farm
Table 10. Frequency Distribution for training on Frequency Percent
poultry production Every day 42 12
Frequency Percent Every week 69 19.71
No 348 99.4 Every month 199 56.86
Yes 2 .6 Every year 40 11.43
Total 350 100.0 Total 350 100

Table 11. Feed liter as common waste in the farm Table 16. Frequency Distribution for method of
frequency distribution poultry farm waste removal
Frequency Percent Frequency Percent
Yes 113 32.3 Using hand 6 1.7
No 237 67.7 Wheel barrow 260 74.3
Total 350 100.0 others 84 24.0
Total 350 100.0
Table 12. Frequency Distribution for manure as the
common waste in the farm of manure waste generated, are their value well utilized
Frequency Percent or are they causing environmental menace.
Yes 231 66
No 119 34 Most of the floors of the poultry farms are cement
Total 350 100 (88.6%) while 11.4% are not cemented (Table 13).
From the responds gotten on benefits from Type of materials used for the non-floor cemented
agricultural extension services, Veterinary service was poultry materials comprises of 72.6% teff straw, and
the highest (90%) with training having the least (1.1%) 27.4% wood shavings (Table 14). This helps absorb the
(Table 9) this is alarming as this inferably means that poultry excretes hence controlling odor pollution both
the farmers are not consistently trained on both how to in the farm and in the farm surroundings.
manage their farm produce as well as ho to effectively
managed the waste generated form this farms. From Table 15, it can be deducted that majority of
the respondents (56.86%) remove their waste monthly
From Table 10 majority of the respondents (99.4%) this can be regarded as not good for the environment as
have not received adequate training on poultry long stay of poultry waste will result in generation of
production as well as training on poultry waste ammonia alongside other awful smell from the
management. environment thereby resulting in air pollution which
can be detrimental to people living in and around the
From the frequency distribution in Table 11, 67.7%
farm premises.
of respondents responded “No” to feed litters being the
common waste in their poultry farm. Use of wheel barrow for the disposal of waste had
the highest percentage Frequency (74.3%) and relatively
Majority of the respondents (66 %) agreed that
“orders” (24.0 %) (Table 16) which could be the use of
manure is the common waste generated in the farm as
advance machineries for waste removal.
contrary to the response to feed liters as major source of
waste (Table 12). the question is how is the quantum Table 17 formed the basis of this study. From the
table there is a serious environmental concern in Libya

Ekoloji 28(107): 4077-4084 (2019) 4081

Gündüz et al.

Table 17. Frequency distribution for method of Table 21. Frequency Distribution for lack of capital as
removal of manure generated from the farm one of the challenges of urban farming
Frequency Percent Frequency Percent
Giving it to other farmers 44 12.57 Yes 232 66.7
Used in fertilize your own garden No 118 33.3
74 21.14
farm Total 350 100
Disposed it in the dumping site 193 55.14
Marketing for use as a fertilizer 39 11.15 Table 22. Frequency distribution for high price of feed
Total 350 100
as a problem to urban farming
Frequency Percent
Table 18. Frequency Distribution for method of Yes 216 61.71
removal of dead birds from the farm No 134 38.29
Frequency Percent Total 350 100
Burial 47 13.4
Composting 73 20.9 Table 23. Frequency Distribution for shortage of land
Burning 200 57.1
disposal 30 8.6
as a treat to urban poultry farming
Total 350 100.0 Frequency Percent
Yes 237 67.71
No 113 32.29
Table 19. Frequency Distribution for challenges faced Total 350 100
in urban poultry farming
Frequency Percent Table 24. Frequency Distribution for housing
Yes 228 65.1
No 122 34.9
construction regulations as a threat to urban poultry
Total 350 100.0 farming
Frequency Percent
Yes 256 73.14
Table 20. Frequency Distribution for inadequate No 94 26.86
supply of pullets as a treat to urban farming Total 350 100
Frequency Percent
Yes 261 74.57
No 89 25.43
Table 25. Frequency Distribution for intent to expand
Total 350 100 poultry production
Frequency Percent
Yes 248 70.86
as a result of inappropriate disposal of poultry waste as No 102 29.14
the farmers opted that this waste are dumped in the Total 350 100
dumping site. Leaching of this products can result in
algae bloom thereby resulting in the death of aquatic From Table 21 majority of the respondents (66.7
lives. Also they can get into the food chain resulting in %) agreed that lack of capital is a treat to urban poultry
food poisoning of both man and animals. There are farming.
better alternatives to this as this generated waste can be
From Table 22 majority of the respondents (61.71
adopted as manure for enrichment of soil nutrient
%) agreed that high price of feed is a treat to urban
leading to proper crop yield. Hence these farmers need
poultry farming.
to be educated on mix farming and also how to
processes this generated manure from poultry farm and From Table 23 majority of the respondents (67.71
then resell them to crop farmers hence, reducing the %) agreed that shortage of land is a treat to urban poultry
possibility of polluting the environment. farming.
Burning of dead birds is mode of disposal adopted From Table 24 majority of the respondents (73.14
by majority of farmers (57.1%) (Table 18) is very bad %) agreed that housing construction regulations is a
at is directly related to air pollution leading increase treat to urban poultry farming.
amount of carbon dioxide in the environment.
From Table 25 majority of the respondents (70.86
From Table 19 majority of the respondents (65.1%) %) agreed they intend to expand poultry production in
faces challenges in urban poultry waste farming. Libya.
From the Table 20 majority of the respondents From Table 26 majority of the respondents (64 %)
(74.57 %) opted that inadequate supply of pullets is a agreed that there should be regulations for raising of
treat to urban farming. poultry in residential areas.

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Poultry Waste Management Techniques in Urban Agriculture and its Implications: A Case Study of Tripoli, Libya

Table 26. Frequency distribution for regulation for Table 31. Do you think the current urban agricultural
raising of poultry in the residential area extension programs needs more improvement?
Frequency Percent Frequency Percent
Yes 224 64 Yes 225 64.3
No 126 36 No 125 35.7
Total 350 100 Total 350 100.0

Table 27. Distribution for support for improvement in best way to manage their waste generated in their farms
agricultural extension program this is backed up by the respondents huge opining
Frequency Percent (64.3%) which agreed that the system needs lots of
Yes 222 63.4
No 128 36.6
reforms.
Total 350 100.0

Table 28. Frequency distribution for reason for rutting CONCLUSION

for improvement in agricultural extension program Agricultural poultry farming poses as one of the
Frequency Percent important subsectors in Libya and considerably
Have not heard of them 18 5.2 regarded as a large part of animal farming constituting
Cannot easily reach them 188 53.7
of over 3 million birds mostly of Turkey, chicken as well
There is no need 144 41.1
Total 350 100.0 as ducks. Though poultry farming have been a source of
revenue generations both to individual farmers and the
Table 29. Frequency distribution for barriers to future government of Libya. These products however poses
expansion of poultry production certain human and environmental risks as they
Frequency Percent introduce certain compounds, elements as well as
Lack of capital 28 8.0
High price of feed 40 11.4
pathogenic microorganisms into the environment and
Shortage of land 71 20.3 the food chain. Poultry products leads to waste
housing construction regulation 159 45.4 generation, hatchery, manure (Excrete from birds) dead
Inadequate supply of pullets 52 14.9 birds as well as bedding materials ranging from wood
Total 350 100.0
shavings, peanut or rice husk and saw dust. Other waste
Table 30. Frequency distribution for government generated in poultry farms is made-up of biosolids, offal
intervention loans will improve poultry farming and poultry waste water. Some of these generated waste
Frequency Percent can be sourced from rich inorganic and organic nutrient
Yes 219 62.6 when properly managed.
No 131 37.4
Total 350 100.0 Considerably, the waste management techniques
adopted by urban poultry farmers in Libya formed the
From Table 27 majority of the respondents (63.4%)
bases of this study. Tripoli farmers were adopted as a
agreed that there should be improvement by the
case study in order to analyze the management
government on the agricultural extension programs.
techniques. Poultry farmers adopted and their possible
From Table 28, it can be deducted that majority of implications.
the respondents (53.7) replied that their reason for
The study adopted a quantitative analysis through
suggesting improvement in government extension
the use of questionnaires which were distributed to 350
service is because they are hard to reach.
poultry farmers within Tripoli district. From the data
From Table 29, it can be deducted that majority of analysis result using SPSS software, some of the key
the respondents (45.4) agreed that housing construction observation include: the highest financial challenges
regulations is one of the major barrier to future confronting poultry farmers in Libya is purchase of feed
expansion of poultry farming. (58.3%). From the study, it was discovered that poultry
farming is more with women than the male counterpart
From Table 30 majority of the respondents (62.6%) and as well more with teenagers in Tripoli, Libya. The
agreed that government intervention loads will improve study further revealed that the majority of the have extra
poultry farming and management of poultry waste. occupation with 57.7 as civil workers. 58.9% of the
farmers largely depend on farming businesses as their
From results show in Table 31 it is clear that lots of
major source of income. It was also discovered in the
improvement is needed in the current government
study that increased cost of feeds as well as the poor sales
extension programs in educating the poultry farmers on

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Gündüz et al.

of poultry produce is part of the challenges of urban
poultry farming with regards to the type of waste
generated from the farms, it was discovered that manure
waste is the major poultry waste generated in the farms.
However, further findings revealed that farmers has no
in-depth knowledge of resulting this manure waste or
how to practice integrated farming where this generated
manures waste can be reused for crop farming.. Further
analysis revealed that this farmers dump their generated
waste in dump sites. This is environmentally hazardous
as the waste can get into water bodies and hence,
become toxic to aquatic life by increasing the nitrogen
content in water bodies, resulting to algae bloom.
Nuisance odor emanating from this farms as well as lack
of appropriate waste disposal techniques are part of the
identified challenges confronting urban agricultural
farming as well as environmental health and
sustainability in Tripoli, Libya.
It was also discover that majority of the farmers (58.3
have no government institutional support in
management of generated poultry waste. also, huge
percentage (99.4%) of farmers have not gotten any
training on poultry production and poultry waste
management. It was also observed that 57.1% of the
farmers remove their farm generated waste monthly
which is not quite good for the environment as there
will be generation of awful smell as a result of ammonia
accumulation. Lastly, from the results there is a serious
environmental concern in Libya due to inappropriate
disposal of poultry waste as majority of farmers (57.1%)
dump their waste at dumping sites. This puts the health
of Libyans and the environment at risk as leaching of
this products into water bodies can result in algae bloom
which will invariably lead to poisoning of both man and
animals. Lastly, the study also discovered that burning
of dead birds is largely the mode of disposal of dead bird
adopted by majority of farmers (57.1%) which is very
bad as this is directly related to air pollution leading to
high level of carbon dioxide in the environment. Hopes
are beckoned on the fact that precautionary measures
will be put in place by the Libyan government to curtail
the menace of poultry waste on the environment.

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