Building Material Construction 1

Building Material
3 Construction
1. IMPORTANT INDIAN STANDARD CODES
456 Plain and reinforced concrete
269 Specification of OPC 33 grade
8112 Specification of OPC 43 grade
12269 Specification of OPC 53 grade
8041 Rapid hardening Portland cement
8042 White Portland cement
8043 Hydrophobic Portland cement
IS:6452 High alumina cement
IS:1489 Part-I Portland Pozzolana cement (fly ash based)
IS:1489 Part-II Portland Pozzolana cement (Calcined clay based)
383 Coarse and fine aggregates from natural sources
516 Strength of concrete tests
650 Specification for standard sand for testing
2386 Test for Aggregate (1–8 Parts)
2430 Sampling of aggregate for concrete
5816 Splitting tensile strength of concrete
6461 Glossary of terms related to cement concrete (Part 1–12)
7320 Specification of concrete slum test apparatus
10262 Guidelines for concrete mixed design
13311    Part –1  Ultrasonic pulse velocity test  Non-Destructive 
              Part – 2  Rebound hammer testing of concrete
875 Design loads (other than earthquakes) for building and structures
Part 1 : Dead load. Part 2: Live load
Part 3 : Wind load, Part 4 : Snow load
Part 5 : Special loads and load combinations
1893 Earthquake resistant design for structures
 2 Civil Booster (Civil Ki Goli Publication 9255624029)

2. CEMENT
 Cement is a material which has cohesive and adhesive properties in the
presence of water
 Cement was invented by Joseph Aspdin of UK in 1824.
 John Smeaton is considered as the father of civil engineering.
Basic
Standard density = 1440 kg/m3
Weight of 1 bag of cement = 50 kg
1440
 Volume =
50
= 0.0347 m3
The tolerance in measurement of cement, is   2%
Material Unit weight (kN/m3)
Brick Masonary 19 – 20
Plain cement concrete 22–24
Reinforced cement concrete 24–25
Cement mortar 20–21
Steel 78–80
Cement 14.4
Types

Hydraulic Non-hydraulic
Sets & hardens in Derived from calcination
presence of water and of gypsum or limestone
results in water-resistant because their products of
product which is stable hydration are not water resistant
Ex:- Portland cement Ex:- Plaster of Paris

Raw materials in cement manufacture

Argillaceous Calcareous
Blast Furnace slag Lime stone
Cement Rock Chalk
Marl Marine Shells
Shale and Clay
 Building Material Construction 3

Chemical Composition of Raw materials

Oxide Composition Avg. Function

(%)
Lime, (CaO) 60–65 62 Deficiency reduces strength & setting
action
Silica, (SiO2) 17–25 22 Excess of it causes slow setting
Alumina, (Al2O3) 3–8 6 Responsible for quick setting, excess of
it lowers strength (No contribution in
strength)
Iron oxide (Fe2O3) 0.5–6 3 Gives colour and helps in fusion of
different ingredients of cement
Magnesia, (MgO) 0.5 –4 2 Colour and hardness
Soda and Potash (Na2O 0.5–1 1 If in excess causes efflorescence &
and K2O) cracking
Sulphur trioxide SO3 1–2 1.5 Makes cement sound

CIVIL Ki Goli
Silica Iron oxide

Loss  esa gSA    I     M    S
Sulphur Trioxide
Lime Alumina Magnesia

Cement Storage
 Floor area occupied by a cement bag in warehouse is 0.3 m2 and Height
is 0.18 m.
 The length of one bag of cement is 0.70m
 The width of one bag of cement is 0.42m
 Cement must be kept above from the ground level about 45 cm
 The distance of cement bags from the wall should be 30 cm
As per IS 4082 : 1996, the stacking & storage of cement shall be done as
follows:
 Cement shall be stored at the worksite in building or a shed which is dry,
leakproof & moisture proof as possible.
 Cement bags shall be staked off the floor on the wooden piles in sush a
way as to keep about 150 mm to 200 mm clear above the floor.
 A space of 600 mm minimum shall be left around between the exterior
walls & the stack.
 The  height  of  stack  shall  not  be  more  than  10  bags  to  prevent  the
possibility of lumping up under pressure.
 4 Civil Booster (Civil Ki Goli Publication 9255624029)

 The width of stack shall not be more than four bags length or 3 meters.
 In  stacks  more  than  8  bags  high  the  cement  bags  shall  be  arranged
alternately  lengthwise  &  crosswise  so  as  to  tie  the  stack  together  &
minimize the danger of toppling over.
 Cement bags shall be stacked in manner to facilitate their removal and
use in order in which they are received, a label showing date of receipt
of cement shall be put on each stack to know the age of cement.
Period of Storage % Strength at 28 days concrete
Fresh 100
3 Month 80
6 Month 70
12 Month 60
60 Month 50

Bogue’s Compound
When these raw materials are put in kiln. Then it fuses & following four
major Compounds are formed:-

Principal Mineral Compound Formula Avg. Symbol Function

Tri calcium Silicate (Alite) 3CaO.SiO2 C3S 40% 7-day  strength  &  Hardness,  best
cementing  material (Resistance  to
freezing, thawing)
Dicalcium silicate (Belite) 2CaO.SiO2 C2S 32% Ultimate strength (1 year strength)
(Resistance to chemical attack)
Tricalcium Aluminate (Celite) 3CaO.Al2O3 C 3A 10% Flash–set, initial setting
Tetra calcium Alumina 4CaO.Al2O3. C4AF 8% Poorest cementing value
Ferrite (Felite) Fe2O3

Trick
Belite Felite

A    B    C      fraud   vkneh gS

Alite Celite
Special Point:- It is found that OPC achieves 70% of its final strength in
28 days & about 90% in one year.
 Flash set is the stiffening of cement paste without strength development
with heat evolution (premature hardening). It is cause by (C3A), Gypsum,
Alkali etc.
 Building Material Construction 5

 Tri  calcium Aluminate  (C3A)  reacts  immediately  with  water  and  is

responsible for flash set.
 Gypsum is added to cement to reduce flash setting.
 After  flash  set,  mixing  is  not  allowed  because  no  gain  in  strength
development after mixing.
 Gypsum retards setting time of cement
 Gypsum is usually mixed with clinker before final grinding
 Excess gypusm makes cement unsound. So Gypsum added to clinker
should not be greater than 2.5-3%

False set
 Rapid stiffening/Hardening (with no appreciable evolution of heat) in
freshly mixed P.C. paste, mortar or concrete.
 Remixing the cement paste without addition of water, plasticity of paste
restores again. It is cause by Grinding to hot clinker low C3A + high
Gypsum
Water Requirement for hydration
Hydration of cement is exothermic reaction.
Bound water = 23% by weight of cement.
Gel water = 15% by weight of cement
Total minimum = 38%,
Note: Rate of hydration C4 AF > C3 A > C3S > C2S
Rate of Heat evolution C3A > C3S > C4AF > C2S

Food inlet
To air separator

Tube mill
 6 Civil Booster (Civil Ki Goli Publication 9255624029)

Outer casing

Curved steel
plate
Sieve
Hardened
steel balls

Outer funnel

Ball Mill

Property Dry Process Wet Process

Temperature range 1400-1500ºC 1500-1600ºC
Gypsum amount 2-3% 3%
Economically (in fuel) Less More
Material Dry state Slurry state

Types of Cement
1. Portland cement: Classified on the basis of manufacturing as 33 grade,
43 grade and 53 grade.
OPC
(i) OPC-33 (IS : 269-2015)
(ii) OPC-43 (IS : 8112-1989)
(iii) OPC-53 (IS : 12269-1987)
Initial Setting Time (IST) – 30 minute & final Setting Time (FST) – 600
minute
2. Rapid hardening cement (IS:8041):  More  C3S  and  less  C2S  as
compared to OPC
 Not-used in mass concrete & it produce Large Shrinkage
 RHC attains same strength in 1 day which an OPC attains in 3 days
with same w/c.
 It is suitable for repair of roads, bridges etc.
3. Extra Rapid hardening cement: Rapid hardening cement + 2% CaCl2
(also called calcium chloride cement)
 Especially used in cold weather but also give Excessive Shrinkages
 Building Material Construction 7

4. High alumina cement (IS:6452): Bauxite (40%), Lime stone (40%)

Iron Oxide (15%)
 IST – (3.5-4) hour & FST – (5-5.5) hour
 It is used for refractory conerete, industries & used widely in Pre-
casting.
 Particularly suitable to sea & under-water work
 Widely used in Pre-Casting, Expansion  5 mm
6. Portland Slag cement: Portland cement + Granulated blast furnace
slag + Gypsum
 High Sulphate resistance & it is Used in mass concretings
7. Super Sulphated Portland cement : 80–85% Granulated slag + 10–
15% calcium sulphate + 5% Portland cement clinker.
 It is resistant to chemical attacks particularly to sulphate & highly
resistant to sea water
 It should not be used with any admixture
8. Low heat Portland cement: Low C3S and C3A and more contents of
C2S
 It is use in mass concrete work
 Rate  of  development of  strength is  low but  ultimate  strength  is
same
9. Portland Pozzolana cement (IS:1489 Part-I) : OPC + 10– 30% of
fly ash by mass of PPC it is use in marine work.
 Free lime is removed, hence, resistant to chemical attack increases
 Pozzolana increase impermeability & water retaining capacity of
concrete
 Pozzolana has no cementing property in itself but when it combines
with lime, it produces a stable lime pozzolana compound which
has cementious property.
 The addition of pozzolanas to conncrete results in.
(a) Improvement in durability by reducing permeability
(b) Increase in workability of concrete.
(c) Reduction in shrinkage.
(d) Reduction in segregation & bleeding of concrete.
 The optimum amount of Pozzolana, as replacement for cement,
may normally range b/w (10-30)% & may be as low as (4-6) %
for Natural Pouzzolanas.
 8 Civil Booster (Civil Ki Goli Publication 9255624029)

Fly Ash
 It  is  residue  from  the  combustion  of  pulverized  coal  collected  by
Mechanical or electrostatic separaters from the flue gases or power plants.
 It is about 75% of total ash produced.
 It descrease segregation & bleeding
 It also lowers the early strength of conerete mixture
 It reduces the permeability of concrete
Special Points:
 Main function of Surkhi is to give strength & Hydraulic properties to
morter
 Blast farnace slag is a by product obtained while smelting Iron - ore
in Blast furnance.
10. Quick setting cement: Fine grounded OPC with reduced Gypsum
content.
 IST = 5 minutes & FST = 30 minutes
 Used in under water concreting.
11. Air Entraining cement: OPC + Vinsol resin or vegetable fats of oils
or fatty acids.
 Small amount (0.1%) by weight of an air entraining agent.
12. White and Coloured Portland cement (IS: 8042) : From Pure white
chalk and china clay
 Nil Iron Oxide
 These are used for making Terrazzo flooring, ornamental works &
casting stones.
 Hunter scale is use for checking the whiteness of cements
 5–10% Colouring pigment before grinding
13. Water Repellent or Hydrophobic cement: OPC + fractions of olic
acid, Stearic acid or pentachlorophenol.
 Suitable for basement & making water tight structures.
Minimum Specified Strength in N/mm2
Type/days 1 day 3days 7 days 28 days
OPC (33 grade) – 16.0 22.0 33.0
Portland Pozzolana – – 22.0 33.0
Low heat Portland – 10.0 16.0 35.0
Testing of cement: It should be taken from 12 points from heap or from
12 different bags or packages. Weight of sample collected should be atleast
5 kg.
 Building Material Construction 9
Types of Cement Tests

Field tests Lab tests
Small quantity of cement thrown in water sinks.
If hand is inserted in cement, Physical tests Chemical
It should feel cool not warm test
Fineness
It should be grey in colour
Consistency
Thin paste of cement feels sticked between fingers Weight of Insoluble residue < 4%
IST & FST
Should be free from lumps Weight of Magnesia < 6% 
Soundness
Total loss on ignition < 5%
Strength determination
Heat of hydration
Specific gravity

1. Fineness Tests: It’s the measure of mean size of grain in it.

 With increase in fineness, the early development of strength is enchanced
but the ultimate strength is not affected.
 Setting time descrease with increase in the fineness.
Cement-Testing

Air permeability method
Sieve method Wagner turbidimeter
Measures Measures specific surface area
Measures specific surface area
grain size Nurse & Blaine’s apparatus

100 gm cement Manometer-to measure air
used pressure

90 Micron Flow meter to measure Quantity
(9 No.) sieve of air passing

Type of Cement % of residue by weight

Ordinary portland cement 10
Portland pozzolana cement 5
Rapid hardning cement 5
2. Consistency Test: Amount  of  water  used  to  make  paste  of  normally
consistency. It is about 30% genrally. It is the percentage of water reqired
for the cement paste, the viscosity of which will be such that Vicat’s plunger
penetrates  upto  5 to  7  mm  from  bottom (33  to  35  mm  from top)  of  the
Vicat’s mould.
Diameter length and shape of Vicat apparatus for different test:

S. Types of test Diameter or size Length Shape

No.

1. Initial setting time 1mm of square needle upto 50mm & 40 mm Square needle 

2. Final setting time 5mm upto 50mm & 40 mm Annular ring 

3. Consistency 10mm upto 50mm & 40 mm Solid circular 

 10 Civil Booster (Civil Ki Goli Publication 9255624029)

1 mm sq
50
Air
vent 6.4
0.3
5
10 
Plunger Enlarged view of needle

3. Initial and Final Setting time

Initial Setting Time Final Setting Time

 It is possible to remix cement paste  Annular collar replaces square needle
during this period
 300 gm cement + 0.85 P of water  Needle makes an impression but collar
fails to do so.
 1 mm2 square needle penetrates by 33–35
from top.
 IST for OPC, RHC is 30 minute,  FST for OPC, RHC, LHC – 10 Hour
for low Heat Cement - 1 hour, for High Alumina Cement – (5-5.5) Hour
for High Alumina Cement – (3.5-4) hour

4. Soundness Test: To detect change in volume after setting

Le  chatelier 'smethod Auto clave test
Measure unsooundness (free lime only) Sensitive to both lime & magnesia
100 gm of cement + 0.78 P Internal mould dimension = 25 × 25 × 282 mm
Result is given in "mm" Result is given in %
Note:
Test performed Amount of water required
Initial setting time test 0.85P
Soundness test 0.78P
Compressive strength test P/4 + 3
Tensile strength test P/5 +2.5
5. Strength determination
Compressive strength (CS) Tensile strength (TS)
Cube test (size 7.05cm) Briquette test
Cement (185 gm) + Ennore T.S = (10 – 15)% of compressive strength
sand (555 gm), ratio of 1 : 3 Generally used for RHC
Water =  P4 + 3.5  % Cement : sand = 1 : 3
Temp  27 ± 2ºC P
2 Water =  5 + 2.5  %
Cube area = 50 cm
2
2 Rate of loading:- 0.7 N/mm
Rate of loading:- 35 N/mm /min
in 12 seconds
 Building Material Construction 11

Special Point:- The size of concrete cube is 150 × 150 mm
6. Heat of hydration: Measured by Calorimeter.
7. Specific Gravity Test: Measured by Le-chatelier’s flask.
    Specific gravity of OPC = 3.15

3 . CONCRETE
 Concrete is a mixture of binding material such as lime or cement, well
graded coarse and fine aggregate, water and some admixture.
Physical properties of concrete
Elastic modulus of concrete:
It varies from 14× 103 N/mm2 to 40 × 103 N/mm2 and increases with density
and to some extent with age.

E c  5700 f ck N / mm 2 . , Min. grade = M15 (IS 456:1978)

E c  5000 f ck N / mm 2 . , Min. grade = M20 (IS 456:2000)

Poisson’s ratio: concrete = 0.1 to 0.3

 For dynamic tests its value is slightly high (0.24)
 The weight of the normal weight concrete, is 2300 kg/m3 to 2600 kg/m3
 The weight of plain cement concrete is 2400 kg/m3 and for RCC is 2500
kg/m3.

Based on Based on Based on Based on Based on place

cementing bulk density grade of Perspective of curing
material cement specification

Lime Extra light Low In Situ

strength 1 : 3 : 6 M10 concrete
concrete <500 kg/m3
<20 N/mm2 1 : 2 : 4 M15 Precast
Gypsum Light 500-
1 : 1.5 : 3 M20 concrete
concrete 1800 kg/m3 Medium
strength 1 : 1 : 2 M25
Cement Dense weight 20-40
concrete 1800-2500 N/mm2
kg/m3
.

Super heavy High
weight > 2500 strength
kg/m3 > 40 N/mm2
 As per IS : 456 - 1978, The concrete mix are designed into 7 Grades. (As
per IS : 456 - 2000 The concrete mix are designed into 8 Grades).
 18 Civil Booster (Civil Ki Goli Publication 9255624029)

1. Compressive strength test:

 Size of coarse aggregate upto 38 mm
 Size of concrete cube  150 × 150 ×150 mm and Size of cylinder 
150 mm dia, 300 mm height
 Cube mould filled in 3 layers, tempered 35 times per layer with tampering
rod of 16 mm dia and 600 mm length.
 Stored at temp of 27 ± 3ºC at 90% humidity for 24 ± 1/2 hour.
 Then immersed in water for 7 days or 28 days.
 Rate of loading in compression testing machine = 14 N/mm 2/ minute.
Cube strength = 1.25 × Cylinder strength
(Important facts)

Volume of concrete No. of sample

1-5 1
6 - 15 2
16 - 30 3
31 - 50 4
> 50 (4+1)No. for each
50 m3
(a) Flexural tensile strength: Tensile strength of concrete in flexure is
called flexural strength.
IS : 516-1959, Specifiies two point loading.
Flexural strength is used to determine the onset of cracking or the
loading at which cracking starts in a structure.
(b) Splitting tensile strength: It is measured by testing cylinders under
diametrical compression.
Because due to difficulty in applying uniaxial tension to a concrete
specimen  &  hence  the  tensile  strength  is  determined  by  indirect
method (by split tensile strength test).

crack
D

concrete cylinder
P 150mm(dia)×300mm length
 Building Material Construction 19

2P
Splitting tensile strength (fct) = 
DL
Special Point:- Since concrete does not take any tensile strength, it is
taken as zero. But, IS code recommends the tensile strength to be calculated
using fcr = 0.7 f ck  N/mm2

(c) Direct tensile strength: It is measured by testing rectangular speci-

mens under direct tension.
In the absence of test results, the code recommends to use an estimate
of the flexural tensile strength from the compressive strength by the
following equation–
fcr = 0.7 f ck
where,
fck = Characteristic compressive strength of cubes in N/mm2.
fcr = Flexural tensile strength is N/mm2
Special Points: fcr =  0.7 f ck
fct = 0.66 fcr
& Direct tensile strength = [0.5 – 0.625]fcr.
where, fcr = Flexural tensile strength
fct = Splitting tensile strength.
2P
Note: fcr = 0.7 fck ,fct = 0.66fcr =
π DL
fcr (flexure > splitting > Direct Tensile strength)
Factors affecting Strength of Concrete
1. Size of specimen: Size decreases then strength increases
2. Age of cement: Strength  reduces  as  it  absorbs  moisture  from
atmosphere.
S.No. Age of testing Compressive strength
1 1 month 1 × Strength at 28 days
2 2 month 1.10 × Strength at 28 days
3 3 month 1.2 × Strength at 28 days
4 6 month 1.4 × Strength at 28 days
5 12 month 1.5× Strength at 28 days
 Building Material Construction 29

 The timber whose thickness is less than 5cm and the width exceeds 12cm,
is called a board
 Screws for wood work are specified by length
 The best season for felling of trees for timber production in hilly area is
summer
Types of trees

Endogenous tree Exogeneous tree
Grow inward Grow outward
Bamboo, cane, palm Deodar, Sal, Teak

Conifers Deciduous
(soft wood) (hard wood)
Needle shape leaves  Broad shape leaves 
Evergreen tree  Open tree 
Pine, chir, Deodar Oak, Teak, Shishum

Comparison of softwood and Hardwood

Property Sotwood Hard-wood
Colour Lighter Darker
Growth Faster Slower
Strength Strong along grains Strong along and across grains
Density Low High
Annual rings Distinct Indistinct
Heart-wood Can not be distinguished Can be distinguished
Weight Lighter Heavier
Conversion Easy Difficult
Resinous Material Exist in pores Does not exist
Examples Chir, fir, deodar, kali, Pine, Teak, Sal, Shishum, Poplar and Maple

Special point: Softwood like Deodar are harder than hardwood like papita.

Structure of Timber

Heart Wood
Outer Bark

Pith

Sap Wood Inner Bark

Medullary Rays Cambium Layer
 30 Civil Booster (Civil Ki Goli Publication 9255624029)

Pith
Sapwood
PH    SCale
CIVIL Ki GOLI Cambium layer
Heartwood
1. Pith: Innermost central portion consists of cellular tissues & noutrishes
plant at young age.
2. Heart (True) wood: Dead portion of the tree, Dark in colour, Provides
rigidity & durability
3. Sap wood: Light in colour, shows recent growth, sap moves in upward
direction through it & it lie in between heart wood and cambium layer.
4. Cambium layer: Sap which has yet not converted into sap wood.
5. Inner bark: Protection of cambium from injury.
6. Outer bark (cortex): Consists of cells of wood fiber.
7. Medullary ray: Hold the annual rings of heart wood & sap wood.
Special Points: Wood added during early part is different from the wood
added during the late part. Because of this difference between the early
wood and late wood, Growth rings (Annual rings) becomes apparent &
use in age of tree.
Properties of Timber:
1. Specific gravity of wood = 1.54 & It is  orthotropic, shrinks least
along length and maximum along circuferance
2. Tensile strength along the grains is 2–4 times stronger than compressive
strength.
3. Fibre saturation point is % moisture content at which cell walls are
saturated and cell cavity contains no water.
4. Timber has high sound conductivity. nearly 2–17 times greater than
air.
5. Weight of timber should be noted at 12% moisture content
6. Resistance of wood to cutting across the fibers (shear strength) is 3 to
4 times greater than along the fibers
7. Modulus of elasticity is generally (0.5 – 1)× 104 N/mm2 and its ratio
of longitudinal to transverse direction is 1 –2 times.
 Building Material Construction 43

6. BRICKS
Dimensions of Brick
 Standard size = 19 cm × 9 cm × cm
 Nominal size (with mortar) = 20 cm × 10 cm ×10 cm
 Traditional bricks = 9" × 4.5" × 3" (23 cm × 11.4 cm× 7.6 cm)
Frog

 Frog (indent in the brick) = 10 cm × 4 cm × 1cm
 Weight of 1 m3 of brick = 1800 kg
 Avg. weight of the brick = 3 kg to 3.5 kg
 No. of bricks using 1m3 brick work = 500
 The minimum thickness of brick wall is 10cm
 The density of bricks should be1600 to 1900 kg/m3
Comparison between Bricks and Stone
1. Brick resist more fire than stones and also resist other atomspheric
effects in a better way.
2. In brick work mortar joint are thin, hence more durable.
3. Brick work is cheaper, requires less skilled labour and no complicated
lifting device.
4. Brick work is less water tight and absorbs more moisture.
5. Thickness of brick wall is 100 – 200 mm while stone wall has minimum
thickness of 300 mm.
6. Stone work is stronger, gives solid appearance, attractive in texture.
7. Stone work has higher compressive strength (adopted in piers, docks,
dams) and doesn’t requires any finishing.
Classification of bricks

Unburnt bricks Burnt bricks
Bricks are dried in sun after
moulding used in temporary
or cheap structures cannot be
used at places exposed to First Second Third
heavy rains
class class class
44 Civil Booster (Civil Ki Goli Publication 9255624029)

Property 1st class 2nd class 3rd class

Compressive  10.5  7.0 5.5
strength (N/mm2)
Water Absorption 20% 22% 25%
Appearance Smooth surface, Small cracks and Soft and reddish
rectangular in shape distortions permitted. yellow in colour.
with parallel, sharp &
straight edges with
square corners.
Making process Table moulded & Ground moulded Ground moulded
burnt in kiln & burnt in kiln & burnt in clamps
Uses Pointing & Important RB work & Hidden Unimportant
work masonry work temporary structure

Speical Points:
1. Fourth class bricks: (Jhama)
 Over burnt badly distorted.
 Used as ballast in foundations and floots in lime concrete.
2. The most common colour of building bricks is red
3. Heavy duty bricks have compressive strength more than 40 N/mm2,
used instructures such as bridges, fondation of industrial buildings
etc. water absorption is limited to 5%.
4. Refractory bricks have following qualities :
 These bricks are capable of resisting very high temperature upto
1700ºC without melting or softening.
 The water absorption of refractory bricks varies from 4-1%.
 These bricks are whitish yellow or light brown in colour.
 The minimum average compressive strength of the brick should be
32.5 MPa.
 These bricks are used in furnace lining, hollow files and crucibles
etc.
CIVIL Ki Goli
Alumina Iron Oxide

S  A  L  I  M

Silica Lime Magnesia

Constitute Function
(i) Silica (50-60%) Provide strength, hardness
durbility to brick.
(ii) Alumina (20 –30%) Imparts plasticity to brick
 Building Material Construction 45

(iii) Lime (>5%) Causes silica to fuse
during burning & binding
particles together
(iv) Iron oxide (5-6%) Provide red colour and
improves imperme-ability
& durability.
(v) Magnesia (<1%) Imparts yellow tint

Properties of good brick

1. Bricks should have uniform size, parallel sides and sharp edges.
2. Brick earth should be free from stones grits organic matter etc.
3. Should not be too smooth to cause slipping mortar.
4. On scratching a brick by finger nail no impression should be made.
5. Metallic sound is produced when bricks are struck together.
6. Water absorption  20% of its dry weight.
7. Crushing strength 10 N/mm2
8. Uniform deep red or cherry colour as indicative of uniformity.
Harmful ingredients in brick earth
1. Lime: If in exces, colour of brick becomes yellow from red. Lumps
of lime absorb moisture, swell and cause disintegration of the bricks.
2. Alkalies: Brick may melt and loose shape. Results in Efflorescence.
3. Iron pyrites: Discolourises the bricks. If present in brick earth, it
gets oxidised and decompose during burning which may even split
the brick.
4. Pebbles, Gravels and Grits: Result  in  non-uniform mixing of
clay.Manufacturing of bricks
Preparation of Brick

Unsoiling Digging Cleaning     Weathering         Blending

          Tempering

Moulding

Drying

Burning

Brick
Flowchart: Preparation of Brick Earth
 Building Material Construction 61

 Commonly Width height relation used in India:
(i) Width = (0.4 – 0.6) Height
(ii) Height = (Width + 1.2) m
 Doors of residential Buildings:
(a)External Door – (1 × 2) to (1.1 × 2) m
(b) Internal Door – (0.9 × 2) to (1 × 2) m
(c) Doors for bathrooms and Water closets:
– (0.7 × 2) to (0.8 × 2) m
 Public Buildings (School, Hospital, library)
(a) (1.2 × 2) m
(b) (1.2 × 2.1) m
(c) 1.2 × 2.25) m
Designation of Door = Length × Type of Door × Height
8 DS 20 – A door opening Having width (8 × 100 mm) × Height (20 ×
100 mm) with S (Single Shutter) D (Door)
10 DT 2 I – A door opening Having width (10 × 100 mm) and Height (21
× 100 mm)
With T – (Double Shutter ) D(Door)
Types of door suitable for continuous heavy rush of traffic persists
revolving door
The vertical member, used in a door frame is called post
The projection of head or sill of a door or window frame are called
horns
List - I List - II

A. Revolving doors 1. For garage and

workshops

B. Sliding doors 2. For air conditioned

buildings

C. Swinging doors 3. For residential

D. Folding doors 4. For covering large

openings
 Ground floor is that floor which is constructed just above the ground
level and basement level
 62 Civil Booster (Civil Ki Goli Publication 9255624029)

 A floor constructed with the 4 to 6 mm marble chips, is known as terrazzo
floor
 For polishing mosaic floors we use oxalic acid
 The type of flooring suitable for use in churches, theatres, public libraries
& other places where noiseless floor covering is desired is cork flooring
 The joints provided in wooden floor are tongue and groove
 The common size of a floor tile is 200 × 200 × 20mm
 In multistoried government buildings, the floor height is usually restricted
to 3.4 metres
 The window in a room should be located on Northen side from point of
view of max-day light.
 The total area of window openings should normally vary from (10 –
20)% of the floor area of room.
 In Public Buildings, the minimum area of window should be 20% of
floor area.
 The area of window openings should be atleast 1 m2 for every (30 – 40)
m3 of Inside content (Volume) of room.
 For sufficient Natural light, the area of glazed planes should atleast be (8
– 10%) of the floor area.
 6 WS 10 – Single shutter window with Width (6 × 100) mm and height
(10 × 100) mm
 Windows where shutters open like doors are termed as casement window
 Generally in W.C., kitchens and bathrooms the type of door used is ledged
and braced type
 The window used with the object of providing light and air to the enclosed
space below the roof, is called dormer window
 As compared to the floor area of a room, the glass area in a window
should not be less than 15%
Types of Window
1. fixed 2. Pivoted 3. Sliding 4. Bay 5. Corner 6. Cable (7) Dormer (8)
Skylights (9) Louvered (10) Lantern (11) Gable

Dormer Windows
A dormer window is a vertical window provided on the sloping roof . Such
a window provides ventilation & lighting to the enclosed space below the
 Building Material Construction 63

roof & at the same time, very much improve the appearance of the building.
Main
stoping
rool

Dormer
window

G
ab
le
an
d

Gable
window

DORMER WINDOW AND CABLE WINDOW

Gable Windows
Gable Window is a vertical window provided in the global end of a pitched
roof.
1. The window, which projects outside the external wall of the room, is
called bay window
2. A dormer window is a vertical window provided on sloping roof.
3. Bay window project outside the external wall of the room.
4. Louvered windows are provided for the aim of Ventilation and They
do not permit Any outside vision.
5. Casement  windows  are  common  types  of  windows  provided  in
Buildings.
6. Windows which open like shutter doors are called casement win-
72 Civil Booster (Civil Ki Goli Publication 9255624029)

over the surface to be painted.
 Linseed oil, poppy oil, tung oil, animal oils are examples of vehicle.
(d) Solvents: These are oils used to thin the paints, increase the psread.

Name of pigment Colour

Zinc oxide White
Copper sulphate Green
Indigo Blue
Ivory black Black
Burnt siena Brown
Red lead Red
Special Points:
 Gypsum is an insulating material
 Gypsum is composed of calcium sulphate and dihydrate
 Gypsum is used us sound proof material
 Density of gypsum is 2960 kg/cum
 Galvanized iron pipe is used for making drinking water pipes
 Blast furnace slag has approximately 45% calcium oxide and about
35% silica.
 Sewer pipes are made of stoneware

15. BUILDING MAINTENANCE ENGINEERING

1. In  a  three  coat  plastering,  the  third  coat  known  as  setting  coat  or
finishing coat
2. The process of making the back ground rough, before plastering, is
hacking
3. Cornice is defined as a horizontal moulded projection provided near
the top of a building
4. The most important tool in brick laying for lifting and spreading mortar
and for forming joints is trowel
5. Throating.......  Groove  provided  on  the  underside  of  projecting
elements like sills.
Gable........triangle shaped masonry work provided at the ends of sloped
roof.
6. The  surface  to  which  the  first  coat  of  plaster  is  applied  is  called
background surface
7. Complete dislocation of plastered surface, resulting in formation of a
patch is known as peeling
 DETAILED INFORMATION OF TOPICS
(CIVIL Booster Book with Civil Capsule & Rocket Chart)
1. SOIL MECHANICS
1. Soil origin & its properties
2. Index Properties of Soil
3. Classification of Soil
4. Clay Mineral & Soil Structure
5. Compaction of Soil
6. Compressibility & Consolidation

V I L Ki G
7. Effective stress & Capillary, Permeability
8. Seepage Through Soil
C I
9. Shear Strength of Soil
9

OL
10. Earth Pressure & Retaining Wall
62402

11. Shallow Foundation

CIVIL

I PUB
12. Deep Foundation
ADVANCE TOPICS
13. Vertical Stress BOOSTER
5

14. Stability of Slopes

5

15. Soil Exploration

L
2

I
16. Expansive Soil
CA
TION, 9
2. ESTIMATION-COSTING
1. Basic Measurement & Work
2. Valuation
3. Estimation & Area Types
4. Material Calculaltion & Other Miscellaneous Topics (Tender, Earthwork)

3. BUILDING MATERIAL CONSTRUCTION

1. Important Indian Standard Codes
2. Cement
3. Concrete
4. Aggregates
 5. Bricks
6. Brick Masonry
7. Mortar
8. Lime
9. Timber
10. Stone
11. Door and Window
12. Glass
13. Floors
14. Steel and Iron
15. Stairs
16. Paint and Varnish
17. Building Maintenance Engineering

4. SOLID MECHANICS
IV I L Ki
1. C
Properties of Material
G
9

OL
2. Shear force & Bending Moment
62402

3. Principal Stress - Strain

4. Theories of Failure CIVIL I PUB
5. Deflection of Beam
6.
7.
Bending Stress
Shear Stress
BOOSTER
5
25

8. Combined Stress
L I

9. Column CA
10. Springs TION, 9
11. Torsion of Circular Shaft

ADVANCE TOPICS
12. Thick & Thin Cylinder / Sphere

5. STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
1. Determinacy, Indeter-minancy & Stability of Structure
2. Force Methods of Structure Analysis
3. Slope Deflection Method
4. Moment Distribution Method
5. Arches
6. Truss
ADVANCE TOPICS
7. Influence Line Diagram
8. Matrix Method of Analysis

6. REINFORCEMENT CEMENT CONCRETE

1. Basic of RCC
2. Limit State Method of Design & Beam
3. Codal Provisions for Beam & Slab
4. Shear
5. Bond & Anchorage
6. Torsion
7. Column
8. Wall & Footing
IV I L Ki G
9. Pre-stress Concrete Basic C
9

OL
10. IS Code Recommendations
62402

11. Analysis of Pre-stress and Bending Stress

CIVIL

I PUB
12. Losses & Deflection in Pre-stress Concrete

7. BOOSTER
DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURE
5

1. Basic of DSS & Rivets

5

2. Limit State Method of Design

L
2

I
3. Welded Connections
CA
4. Bolts
TION, 9
5. Tension Member
6. Compression Member
7. Column Bases & Caps
8. Beams (WSM)
9. Plate Girders
10. Industrial Buildings
11. Plastic Analysis
8. FLUID MECHANICS
1. Basic Fluid Properties
2. Pressure & Measurement
3. Hydrostatic Force, Buoyance & Flotation
4. Liquid in Relative Equillibrium
5. Fluid Kinematics
6. Fluid Dynamics
7. Momentum Equation & Application
8. Weir and Notches
9. Laminar Flow
10. Turbulent Flow
11. Boundary Layer Theory, Drag & Lift
12.
IV I L Ki
Dimensional & Model Analysis
13. Flow Through PipesC G
9

OL
62402

9. HYDRAULIC MECHINE
1. Pump CIVIL I PUB
2. Turbine
BOOSTER
5

10. OPEN CHANNEL FLOW

25

1. Introduction
I

CA
2. Uniform-Flow TION, 9
3. Energy-Depth Relationship
4. Gradually Varied Flow
5. Hydraulic Jump

11. SURVEYING
1. Fundamentals of Survey
2. Linear Measurement
3. Compass Surveying
4. Theodolite
5. Traversing
6. Levelling
 7. Tacheometry & Trignometric Levelling
8. Plane Table Survey
9. Contouring
10. Curve
ADVANCE TOPICS
11. Photogrammetry
12. Theory of Errors
13. Field Astronomy
14. Measurement of Area and Volume

12. HYDROLOGY
1. Introduction
IV I L Ki
2.
C
Precipitation & Measurement G
3. Abstractions from Precipitation
9

OL
62402

4. Stream Flow Measurement

5. Run off & Drought
CIVIL

I PUB
6. Hydrology
7. Floods & Flood Routing
BOOSTER
5

13. IRRIGATION
5

L
2

I
1. Irrigation Techniques CA
2. TION, 9
Soil Moisture Plants Relationship
2. Water Requirement of Crops
2. Canal Design
3. Canal Irrigation
4. Water Logging
5. Gravity Dam
4. Dams & Spillways

14. ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

1. Water Demand, its Source & Conveyance
2. Quality Parameter of Water
3. Treatment of Water
4. Distribution System
 5. Waste Water Characteristics
6. Disposal of Sewage Effluent
7. Design of Sewerage System & Sewer Appurtenances
8. Sewage Treatment
9. Solid Waste Treatment
10. Air & Noise Pollution

15. HIGHWAY ENGINEERING

1. Introduction
2. Highway Geometric Design
3. Horizontal & Vertical Alignment
4. Traffic Engineering
5. Traffic Control Regulation
6. Highway Material
IV I L Ki
7.
8. C G
Pavement Design (Flexible & Rigid Pavement)
Highway Construction & Maintenance
9

OL
62402

16. AIRPORT, DOCK & HARBOUR

1.
CIVIL
Airport & Planning I PUB
2. Runway Design
3. BOOSTER
Airport Capacity
5

4. Taxiway Design
25

5. Water-Transportation
I

6. CA
Tides and Shore Protection Works
7. Dock TION, 9
17. TUNNEL ENGLINEERING

18. BRIDGE ENGINEERING

19. RAILWAY ENGINEERING

1. Railway & Rail Joints
2. Sleepers & Track fasteners
3. Ballast & Track Alignment
4. Track Stresses & Creep
5. Geometric Design of Track
6. Points & Crossing
 7. Track Junctions
8. Railway Station & Station Yard
9. Signalling & Control System
10. Traction & Tractive Resistance

20. CPM & PERT

1. Project Management
2. Network Tenchnique
3. PERT
4. CPM
5. Crashing, Updating & Resource Allocation
6. Engineering Economy

V I L Ki G
7. Fundamental of Equipments
8. Earthwork Equipments
C I
9

OL
21. EARTH QUAKE
62402

CIVIL

I PUB
22. APPLIED MECHANICS
1. Basic Fundamental
2.
3. Friction
BOOSTER
Velocity & Projectile Motion
55

4. Force L
2

I
5. Work, Power & Energy CA
TION, 9
CIVIL Ki CAPSULE IS A POCKET TYPE
DICTIONARY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, WHICH
CONTAIN KEY POINTS AND FORMULAE ONLY.

CIVIL ENGINEERING ROCKET CHART IS A WALL

CHART
(SIZE 2 × 3 FT.)