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(Shasa)
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CHAPTER 1 ● Focus Group

- 8-12 interviewee dengan 1
The Fundamental Characteristics of
interviewer
Interviews
- focus on specific issue guided by a
● Two Parties set of carefully selected questions
- dyadic, involves two people - interaction between interviewees
- may involve more than 2 people, but generate range of info and opinion
not >2 parties different than single interview
- interviewee and interviewer - develop attitude & perception
● Purpose ● Selection Interviews
- ​predetermined, serious purpose - ​recruiter to select the best applicant
- have degree of planning and ● Performance Review
structure - ​appraisal interview
● Interactional - to continue that which is good and
- ​sharing and exchanging roles, to set goals for future performance
feelings, beliefs, motives, info ● Counseling
- ​Collaborative; ​mutual creation or - to solve interviewee prob
sharing of meanings that come from - ​ada kebutuhan lebih tinggi pada
words & nonverbal sign (express interviewee
interest, concern, willingness to take - data lebih ke possibility of solution
risks entailed in interview) - reflective question
- ​Process ​dynamic, continuing, ● Persuasion
ongoing, ever-changing interaction of - ​one party attempts to alter or
variables w/ degree of reinforce the thinking, feeling, or
system/structure acting of another party
● Questions
Non-Traditional Forms of Interviewing
- tools for interview to obtain info,
Parties no longer have to be in physical
provoke feelings/thought, verify,
presence of face-to-face encounter
checking info accuration
● Telephone
Interview​ : interactional communication
- ​prob : lack of ‘presence’ parties,
process between 2 parties, have
privacy
predetermined and serious purpose, that
● Videoconference
involve asking and answering questions
-​ >1 parties
Traditional Forms of Interviewing - nonverbal cues
- both parties must focus attention on
● Information-Giving the interaction
- salah satu party memiliki ● E-mail
pengetahuan tertentu - lacks of nonverbal cues critical in
- to exchange info interview
ex : supervisor kasih arahan ● Webinars
● Information-Gathering - more spontaneous and real time
- ​interviewer’s purpose : gather than e-mail
accurate, insightful, useful, info ● Virtual Interview
through the skillful use of questions. - cheaper, no need to travel
- probe carefully into interviewee
response, attitude, feeling
ex : jurnalis, investigasi
CHAPTER 2

1

Two Parties in the Interview
- each party from different background
communicates intra-personally with
collaborative
- parties connected interpersonally bcs each
has a stake in the outcome of interview
- each interview contribute to relational
history
- it can be intimate, casual, distant, formal,
functional
- acquire ​relational competence t​ o knw the
part to play in r-ship
Relational
● Similarity
- ​it is easier to communicate with
people who have same gender, view,
etc.
- r-ship fostered when both parties
share cultural norm and values.
- enable parties to understand one
another and establish common
ground.
● Inclusion
-​ ​join actions : ​their behaviors are no
longer individual action.
- iter & itee become interdependent;
will have an impact on the other; each
become aware
- both motivated to take part as
speaker and listener.
● Affection
-​ when there is “we” instead of
“me-you”
- we interact more freely with persons
we like
- ​relational memory : ​kejadian
sebelumnya yg affect negative feeling
- ​dialectical tension : ​conflict between
important but opposing needs or
desires
● Control
-​ interwiew involve organizational
hierarchies or chains of command
(director-vice)
- upward-downward comm
- what u look and value as a student
beda sama dosen
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- hierarchy may hinder the flow of
info and self-disclosure
● Trust
-​ single most important element of a
good-working r-ship
- ​safe :​ trust one another to be
honest, sincere, truthful, fair =
positive outcome
Global Relationship :​ ​relationship developed
differently in different cultures
Gender in Relationship
- ​gender differences have involved but not
disappeared
- men’s talk tend to be directive and goal
oriented, take critism strainght, remain silent
when others doing good.
- women’s talk more polite, expressive, less
words, qualifier (maybe), disclaimer; give
more praise and compliment, reluctant to
criticize directly.
Interchanging Roles During Interviews
● Directive Approach
- ​Interviewer maintain control
- close question; brief & direct
answer.
- survey, opinion polls.
- easy to learn, less time, enable to
control, easy to replicate
“did u vote?”
● Non-directive Approach
- ​interviewee has control.
- open-ended question, give itee max
opportunity and freedom to respond.
- allows flexibility, encourage probing,
invite itee volunteer info.
“what did u do” “what were ur
impression”
● Combination
-​ be flexible and adaptable when
selecting approaches.
- should guide but not dictate
approaches.
Perception of Iter & Itee
● Perception of self
- self concept : ​personal view of who

we are and how we want to be seen
and taken
- ​self-identity : ​interpretation of self
- ​self-esteem : ​how we perceive our
self worth
- ​self-fulfilling prophecy : ​way we
conceive ourself
● Perception of the other party
-​ perceptions may be influenced by
the other’s age, gender, race, ethnic
group, size, and physical
attractiveness.
- perceptions are two way processes;
allow interaction to alter and
reinforce perceptions.
Communication Interaction
Levels of Interaction
● Level 1
- ​avoid judgements, attitudes, and
feeling;
- play safe and superficial
- relational distance
- pertanyaan : cari aman, topiknya ga
sensitive; jawabnya juga
seadanya—gak open
● Level 2
- require trust and risk-taking
- deal with personal-controversional
topics and probe (beliefs, attitudes,
values, and position);
- response half-safe, half-revealing,
half open-half closed,
● Level 3
- more personal and controversional
areas of inquiry
- fully disclose feelings, perception,
belief
- r-ship : trusting with sharing of
control
- sensitive, menyentil pilihan
mendasar, sometimes offended.
Self-Disclosure
- ​intinya menyingkap identitas diri, ada degree
of risknya,
- be aware of the nature of ur relationship w/
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other party
- be sensitive to the effect
● Gender
- women discose more freely than
men
- ​disclosure highes beween
woman-to-woman
- women : better listener and
responsive
● Culture
- ​culture may dictate what we disclose
and to whom
- ​politeness theory : a​ ll human want to
be appreciated and protected
​ ositive and negative face are
-​ p
universal motives
Verbal Interaction
- ​the greatest prob in comm is the assumption
of it
- multiple meanings, ambiguities, sound alike,
connotations, jargon, slang, euphemisms,
naming, power words, regional and role
differences.
- choose words with care, listen to the
context, recognize ur target, aware with
common jargon
Nonverbal Interaction
- ​send many different messages
- combination of nonverbal acts may enhance
the impact of the message
- any behavioral act or its absence can convey
a message
Verbal and Non-verbal Intertwined
- ​nonverbal complements the verbal
(complement words with tone of voice,
speaking rate, expression, aye contact)
- nonverbal can reinforce or substitute words.
Gender and Culture Differences
- ​women are more adept in nonverbal comm
- different non-verbal signal around the world
Feedback
- ​be receptive, sensitive, and perceptive
- 4 aspect of listening

Listening for Comprehension
- ​to understand content
- determining how to react when giving and
getting info and during first minutes of
interview
- ask question to clarify and verify
Listening for Empathy
- ​to understand the other party
- communicates genuine concern,
understanding, and involvement
- the ability to place oneself in another’s
situation
Listening for Evaluation
- ​critical listening​ ​to judge content and actions
- make judgements only after listening
carefully to content and observing nonverbal
cues
- don’t become devensive, ask for
clarifications and validation
Listening for Resolution
- ​dialogic listening to resolve problems
- for problem solving interviews
➔ How to become a more effective
listener
- Being as satisfied as a listener as
you are a talker
- Be an active listener
- Learn to ignore distractions
- Know which is the most
appropriate listening approach
The Interview Situation
Initiating the interview
who initiates an interview and how may affect
control, roles, and atmosphere.
Perceptions
- each party perceives the interview situation
in similar and different ways;
- settings are seldom neutral
- critical in moving beyond level 1
Time
- ​each people have optimum times for
interactions
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Place
- ​make it as comfortable and non-threatening
as possible
Surrounding
- ​objects and decorations can create
atmosphere for interview climate
- control noise to focus attention
Territorially
- ​relationship affects territorial comfort zones;
territorial markers, personal space
CHAPTER 3
OPEN QUESTIONS
- ​respondents have considerable freedom to
determine the amount and kind of info to give
Highly Open
- ​place virtually no restriction to the itee.
“ceritakan liburanmu ke UK!”
Moderately Open
- more restrictive but give respondents
considerable latitude in answers.
“ceritakan pengalamanmu yang paling
menakutkan saat berperang di Jepang!”
(+)
- ​encourage respondents to talk
- motivate itee to provide details and
description
- longer answers reveal a respondent’s level of
knowledge
- itee can volunteer and elaborate
(-)
- ​itee may give unimportant or irrelevant info
CLOSED QUESTIONS
- ​restrict itee’s freedom to determine the
amount and kind of info to provide
Moderately Closed
- ask for specific, limited pieces of info
“dimana tempat makan favoritmu?”
Highly Closed
- very restrictive and ask itee to pick an
 Zahara Muthia R. (Shasa)
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answer ● I​nformational Probes

“apa alamat emailmu?”
Bipolar Question
- limit respondents to two polar choices
​ alam?”
“kamu tipe yang belajar pagi ​atau m
- most common : yes-no question
“kamu dateng rapat ga siang ini?”
(+)
- ​iter bisa kontrol panjang jawaban dan guide
itee ke info spesifik yang dibutuhkan
- require little effort
- mudah direplikasi dan dianalisis
(-)
- ​informasi terlalu sedikit
- do not reveal why a person has particular
attitude
- iter bicara lebih banyak dari itee
- bisa menjawab yes-no tanpa tahu apapun
tentang topik
- data sedikit, kontrol banyak, waktu sdikit,
less skill.
PRIMARY AND PROBING QUESTIONS
Primary Question
- ​Pertanyaan utama tentang sebuah topik.
- Sifatnya independen
Types of Probing Question
● Silent Probes
- ​kalau jawaban itee belum lengkap
dan terlihat ragu untuk melanjutkan.
- silent probe : eye contact, a head
nod, gesture to encourage continue.
● Nudging Probes
- ​kalau silent probes ga mempan,
mendorong itee untuk melanjutkan.
I see, go on, yes?, and?, so?, uh-huh?
● Clearinghouse Probes
- ​untuk mencari tahu apakah
NEUTRAL AND LEADING QUESTIONS
pertanyaan yg telah ditanyakan telah
mencakup semua topik penting.
Mendorong itee u/ volunteer info yg
mungkin belum tanyakan.
“is there anything else you would like
for me to know?”
- ​u/ mendapatkan info atau
penjelasan tambahan
“what spsifically did he say?”
- dapat digunakan u/ memperjelas
info yg masih ambigu
“kamu bilang kamu berasal dari kota
kecil, berapa populasinya?”
● Restatement probes
- ​saat itee ga menjawab pertanyaan,
daripada nanya pertanyaan baru,
better buat tanya ulang
pertanyaanya. Bisa menggunakan
nada vokal penekanan.
“I know how you feel, but *restate
quest*”
-​ k​ alau itee terlihat ragu untuk jawab,
restate pertanyaan dengan bahasa
yang lebih mudah dimengerti.
- kalo pertanyaannya lebih dari satu
bagian, tanya ulang part pertanyaan
yang belum kejawab.
● Reflective probes
- ​to verify and clarify.
-​ k​ alo jawaban terlihat ga akurat, ask
reflective probes
“that was ​after ​the fire was
detected?”
-​ k​ alo ga yakin sama jawaban itee, ask
reflective probes to make it certain
“are you saying that …”
➔ Reflective : ​to clarify or verify answer
Restatement : ​obtain more info
following primary question
● Mirror Probes
- ​summarizes a series of answers or
interchanges to ensure accurate
understanding and reaction.
- rangkum jawaban itee buat make
sure kalo ga ada kesalah pahaman /
salah interpretasi.
● Neutral Question
- ​allow itee buat memilih jawaban
tanpa arahan maupun tekanan
- di open : itee menentukan panjang
jawaban dan detil jawaban

5

- di close : itee boleh memilih diantara
2 “lo mau lulus matkul ini ga?”
- encourage honest answers
● Leading Question
- suggest jawaban yang diharapkan
atau dinginkan iter
● Interviewer Bias
- ​saat responden memilih jawaban
yang mereka rasa di expect sama iter
● Loaded Question
- extremely leading questions
- untuk melihat bagaimana itee
merespon dibawah tekanan
COMMON QUESTIONS PITFALLS
● The Bipolar Trap
- ​nanya pertanyaan yang cuma ada
dua kemungkinan jawaban (yes-no)
disaat butuhnya jawaban detail dan
spesifik.
● Tell Me Everything
-​ menanyakan extremely open
question sehingga itee bingung harus
jawab mulai dari mana atau seberapa
batas yang ditanyakan iter.
● Open to Close Switch
-​ saat menanyakan open quest, tapi
sebelum iter respon itee rephrase
pertanyaan jadi bipolar atau closed
question.
“ceritakan perjalananmu ke seattle.
Apakah kamu melihat boeing
Dreamliner?”
● Double-Barreled Inquisition
- menanyakan dua atau lebih
peranyaan at the same time.
● Leading Push
- menanyakan pertanyaan yang
suggest bagaimana itee perlu
merespon.
“lo bakal ke rapat nanti sore, ​kan​?”
● Guessing game
- soktau nebak-nebak dibandingkan
bertanya
- ask rather than guess
● Yes (No) Response
- menanyakan pertanyaan yang have
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one obviouse answer—you don’t say
● Curious Probe
- menanyakan info yang tidak
dibutuhkan, none of ur business
● Quiz Shows
- liat sisi itee juga kalo ngasih
pertanyaan, background dll-nya
● Complexity vs simplicity
- terlalu ribet dan panjang
● Don’t ask don’t tell
- touchy, taboo.
CHAPTER 4
THE BODY OF THE INTERVIEW
1​st​ : ​menentukan ​tujuan yang jelas. ​Apa yang
benar-benar dibutuhkan dan mau dicapai
dalam interview
2​nd​ : ​menyiapkan ​interview guide; ​outline
terstruktur yang berisi topik & subtopic(s) yg
akan digali (bukan list pertanyaan)
Outline Sequences
● Topic​al Sequence
- natural division of a topic or issue
- biasanya memakai 5W + 1H
(journalist’s guide)
● Time Sequence
- topik yang disusun berdasarkan
kronologinya
● Space Sequence
- mengatur topik berdasarkan spasial
(ex : mau nyari data mulai dari Gd. H1,
H2, H3)
● Cause to Effect Sequence
- misal ada kejadian X, si iter mau cari
info dari si penyebab dulu, baru cari
narsum ttg si effect-nya
● Problem to Solution
- fasenya dibagi berdasarkan masalah
dan solusi
Interview Schedules
● Nonscheduled
- memberikan kebebasan unlimited u/

probing jawaban dan beradaptasi
dengan itee + situasi (the most
flexible)
- membutuhkan skill, sulit direplikasi,
kesulitan kontrol waktu
- sering terjadi unplanned question
● Moderately Scheduled
- membolehkan kebebasan untuk
probing dan adaptasi thdp itee
- greater degree of structure, aids in
recording, lebih mudah di conduct &
replicate.
- jurnalis, personel medis, lawyers,
petugas polisi
● Highly Scheduled
- pertanyaannya harus bener-bener
sama kayak yang udah dilist-schedule
- tidak mengizinkan probing yg
unplanned, perubahan kata. Kalo mau
probing harus di plan
- question may be close, jadi itee can
give brief & specific answer
● Highly scheduled standardized
- semua pertanyaan dan jawaban
dinyatakan dalam kata-kata yg sama
persis, itee memilih jawaban yang
telah disediakan, gaboleh skip sama
sekali.
- responden gabisa explain, qualify,
atau menanyakan opsi jawaban
- sudah ada jawaban pasti
● Combined scheduled
- enable iter to satisfy multiple needs
Question Sequence
● Tunnel Sequence ​(pipa)
- u/ survey, polling yg didesain u/
memperoleh info, sikap, reaksi, dan
intensi
- kalo close info lebih mudah direcord
dan di-quantify
● Funnel Sequence ​(corong)
- dimulai dengan open ended
question lalu dilanjutkan dengan
restricted questions
- mengurangi kemungkinan jawaban
bias
- works well with motivated itee
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● Inverted Funnel Sequence ​(corong
dibalik)
- dimulai dengan closed question lalu
open question
- provide warming-up terutama buat
yg agak susah buat ngomong
- best when itee don’t knw much abt
topic / dn’t want to talk
● Combination Sequence
- Hourglass Sequence ​(jam pasir)
open-close-open; memudahkan untuk
narrow focus lalu open lagi saat
itee/topiknya memungkinkan
- Diamond sequence ​(ketupat)
closed-open-closed; memudahkan
untuk approach specific interview
situation dan itee yg fleksibel dan
mudah adapt
● Quintamensional; ​assess attitude and
beliefs
1. Awareness : ​apa yg kamu ketahui
tentang …
2. Uninfluenced Attitudes :
bagaimanakah pelarangan ini
mempengaruhimu
3. Spesific Attitudes ​: kamu menolak
atau menerima …
4. Reasons Why ​: kenapa kamu
merasa seperti itu
5. Intensity of Attitude ​: how strongly
do u feel about this—
OPENING
- set mood wawancara dan mempengaruhi
kemampuan untuk mencapai > level 1
- u/ memotivasi kedua pihak u/ berpartisipasi
aktif dan terbuka
TWO-STEP PROCESS
● Rapport
- membangun r-ship antara itee &
inter dengan menciptakan trust &
goodwill.
- greeting, nonverbal actions (jangan
over)
● Orientation
- menjelaskan tujuan, durasi,
bagaimana informasi akan digunakan,

dan kenapa saya memilih kamu
sebagai itee
➔ Rapport & Orientation mengurangi
relational uncertainty; kedua belah
pihak perlu aware thdp similarities,
dan desire buat jadi bagian dari
intercuew.
VERBAL OPENING TECHNIQUES
● Jelasin Tujuan
● Summarize a Problem
- kalo itee ga sadar akan masalahnya,
summary perlu informative tapi ga
spoiler body wawancaranya
● Explain how a problem was
discovered
- jelasin gimana problem itu terdetect
dan oleh siapa. Be honest & specific,
jagan devensive ke itee​.
● Kasih insentif/reward
- u/ memotivasi itee
● Request advice atau assistance
- iter seringkali butuh bantuan; need
must be clear, precise, and one the
itee can satisfy
● Refer to known position of the itee
- identifies itee’s position on an issue
or problem
● Refer to the person who sent you
- salah satu cara untuk berhubungan
dengan positif thdp party lain
- jangan bawa nama orang tanpa izin
● Refer to your organization
- seringkali kamu harus sebutin kamu
perwakilan dari mana sebagai
identitas atau legitimacy as an iter.
● Meminta waktu
- realistis, jangan cuma “get a second”
at least 5-10 min
● Tanyakan pertanyaan
- hati-hati dengan closed question yg
bisa dengan cepat direject (dead end)
NONVERBAL COMM IN OPENINGS
● Territoriality
- “ketuk pintu sebelum masuk”
- eye contact tapi jangan staring to show
trust
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● Face, appearance, dress
- well dressed, appropriate, first
impressions
● Touch
- handshake, but jgn over
- touching biasanya kalo emang both of
parties udah close
CLOSING THE INTERVIEW
- natural kalo lebih relax pas interview mulai
agak akhir, jangan terburu-buru.
- nonverbal action kalo mau ngeakhirin, itee
should watch the signals dan jangan jadi
awkward
Guideline for Closing
1​st​ : ​libatkan itee take part develop
verbal-nonverbal signals
2​nd​ : ​tulus dan jujur, ga buat janji yg ga bisa
ditepatin
3​rd​ : d ​ rang
​ on’t be in rush. ​Law of recency, o
bakal inget hal yg terakhir terjadi di interview
4​th​ : ​aware kalo other party bakal observe &
interpret yg kita lakukan dan katakana
5​th​ : ​leave the door open, buat janjian
sebelum leave
6​th​ : ​jangan buka topik baru
7​th​ : avoid failed departure; kayak jadi
awkward pas udah bilang bye tapi kayak
masih mau ngomong(?)
CLOSING TECHNIQUES
● Offer to answer
“ada pertanyaan?”
● Clearinghouse
● Declare completion of intended
purpose
“well, I think that covers everything”,
“okay that’s all the questions I have”
● Make personal inquiries
“what’s ur plan for the summer?”
● Make professional inquiries
“gimana kabar riset tentang …”
● Signal that time is up
“Well our time is up for this session.”
“I see we’re out of time”
● Explain the reason for the closing
- play sounding
“Kayaknya ada murid prof yang

nunggu deh di luar” “Saya ada janji
abis ini”
● Express appreciation
“terima kasih telah berpartisipasi …”
● Arrange for the next meeting
“I have several more questions to ask;
could we meet later today?”
● Summarize the interview
- ulangi info yg penting
- make sure summary-nya akurat dan
lengkap
CHAPTER 5 – INFORMATIONAL INTERVIEW
Informational Interview ​: tipe interview yang
paling banyak dilakukan
→ tujuan : mendapatkan informasi yang
relevan dan tepat waktu, seakurat dan
sesingkat mungkin dalam waktu cepat.
PREPARING
● Menentukan tujuan
goal yang jelas akan mengontrol
lama-nya interview, siapa itee-nya,
waktu dan tempat;
mempermudah persiapan dan apa yg
akan dilakukan dalam wawancara.
● Pelajari situasinya
pikirkan situasi atau variable yang
mungkin mempengaruhi interview
→​ waktu-tempat, kejadian
sebelum-sesudah wawancara,
pengaruh lain yg perlu diwaspadai,
human suffering; (!) jangan sampe
wrong time & wrong place
● Cari tau tentang topik yang akan
dibicarakan
1. Memperkirakan info apa yang
bisa dicari sendiri, supaya ga
wasting time nanyain hal yg ga
penting ke narsum. Misalnya,
buat apa nanyain hal biografis
yang bisa dicari diinternet?
2. Research memudahkan kita buat
membuat pertanyaan yang
insightful dan mencegah asumsi
yang salah tentang kejadian,
cause-effect
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3. Dalam milih info harus cerdik dan
kritis. Make sure kalo info yang
didapat via browsing emang
akurat; jangan sampai being told
that u are wrong sama narsum
4. Pertanyaan perlu menyiratkan
kalau kita udah paham atau
cari-cari tau sedikit tentang
topiknya. Supaya ga dianggap
pemalas atau cuma mau disuapin
info aja; ​display what you have
learned.
5. Kalo udah research sebelumnya
menunjukkan kalau kita iter ga
mudah dibohongi; memotivasi
itee buat merespon lebih dalam
dan insightful.
✓ Structure of the Interview
➔ Interview Guide
bisa berupa outline, topik-topik
penting, keywords; 5W+1H;
meskipun kita bikin strukturnya,
tapi tetap boleh fleksibel
- chronological sequence (time)
- logical sequence (kausalitas)
- space sequence (saat interview
deal with places)
➔ Interview Schedule
- kalau moderat mengurangi
kebutuhan untuk menciptakan
setiap pertanyaan; pada saat
interview memungkinkan kita
untuk mengajukan pertanyaan
dengan cermat dan tepat.
- Wawancara moderat
memungkinkan fleksibilitas buat
hapus pertanyaan atau buat
pertanyaan baru disaat ada
kesempatan
SELECTING ITEE & ITER
✓ Memilih narasumber
1. Level of information
sejauh apa si narsum memiliki
informasi yang kita perlukan
Primary sources : ​orang yg
berhubungan langsung dengan
info yg kita butuhkan

Support sources : ​orang yg
memiliki hubungan penting
dengan sumber primer
Expert sources : ​orang yang
memiliki keahlian berdasarkan
info yg kita butuhkan
→​ ​key informant : ​menyediakan
informasi tentang situasi lokal,
membantu dalam memilih dan
menghubungi orang yang
diwawancarai, dan membantu
dalam mengamankan kerja sama
mereka
2. Availability (ketersediaan)
→​ ​jangan berasumsi​ kalo narsum
unavailable; tanya!!
pertimbangkan telepon, email,
→​ pertimbangkan kemungkinan
lain juga; kayak coba datang ke
kantornya/rumah
3. Willingness (kemauan)
→​ narsum potensial mungkin
enggan untuk dihubungi karena
alasan seperti ​ketidakpercayaan
atau khawatir​ kalau info yang
narsum berikan justru akan
mengancam mereka.
→​ kita bisa berusaha meyakinkan
itee kalo kita bisa
dipercaya—menjaga kerahasiaan,
dll.
→​ ​arm twisting, ​kalo misalnya
itee enggan sok jual mahal(?)
kayak “kalau anda tidak mau, kita
dapat mengandalkan sumber
lainnya” tapi jangan sampai
bersifat mengancam,
4. Ability
→​ apakah si itee mampu
meng-share info yang mereka
miliki dengan bebas & akurat?
e.g. udah pikun, bias, prasangka
✓ Memilih pewawancara
Rasa ingin tahu tinggi, friendly, sopan,
observant, sabar, skillful,
bersemangat untuk mempelajari
orang-orang yg ditemui, persistent
10
Zahara Muthia R. (Shasa)
1606831722
✓ Hubungan antara itee-iter
pikirkan tentang
persamaan-perbedaan dari 2 parties
tsb
status difference
1. Kalo iter subordinatnya itee
(dosen-mahasiswa)
iter bukan expert, itee jangan
merasa terancam, itee merasa
lebih bebas bicara, itee mungkin
ingin menolong iter
2. Kalo iter superior dibanding itee
(CEO ke kepala divisi)
iter bisa mengontrol wawancara,
iter bisa mereward itee, itee
dapat merasa termotivasi
3. Kalo iter equal sama itee
kesesuaian mudah dicapai,
penghalang lebih sedikit, low
pressure, higher degree empathy
✓ Memilih lokasi dan setting
→​ Biasanya itee bakal lebih terbuka
dan nyaman saat mereka ada di
tempat yg familiar atau yg mereka
rasakan ‘their territory’
OPENING THE INTERVIEW
✓ Opening bisa jadi ​kunci​ dalam
membangun kepercayaan itee-iter
✓ Pembukaan yang baik penting dalam
memotivasi​ si narsum kedepannya.
✓ Jangan langsung sok akrab;
perkenalkan diri dahulu, posisi dan
organisasi asal; jelasin apa yg ingin
didiskusikan dan mengapa
✓ Jangan langsung menyodorkan
notebook atau recorder, bisa biking a
nyaman—merasa terancam
✓ Make sure kalo itee-iter udah paham
aturan dasar yang mengatur interaksi
di wawancara sebelum melanjutkan;
e.g. orangnya mau namanya
disebut/anonim
CONDUCTING THE INTERVIEW
❖ Memotivasi iter/narsum
 Zahara Muthia R. (Shasa)
1606831722

-Untuk membuka belief, sikap, HANDLING SPECIAL SITUATIONS

perasaan agar lebih mudah untuk
▪ Press conference
mencapai level 2 dan 3
- Narasumber mengontrol
- Perlakukan narasumber dengan
- Aware tentang topik apa yang
baik
kira-kira dibicarakan—buat siapin
- Bangun kepercayaan, perlihatkan
pertanyaan sebelumnya.
ketertarikan-rasa ingin
- Get the truth; karena press-conf
tahu-antusiasme terhadap
bisa buat self-promotion.
narsum, topik, dan jawabannya.
▪ Broadcast interview ​(wawancara yg
Jangan lupa nonverbal cues-nya.
disiarkan)
❖ Menanyakan pertanyaan
- Cari cara untuk kurangi nervous;
- Mendengarkan sama penting
usaha untuk familiar dengan
dengan menanyakan; jadi
setting tempat
pendengar aktif
- Perlu effort lebih dalam mencari
- Buat narsum seakan jadi star of
tau info terkait dengan yg akan
the show
diwawancarakan
- Ask open-ended questions ​:
- Pertanyaan spontan
untuk encourage narsum buat
menghasilkan jawaban spontan
berkomunikasi; iter bisa observasi
▪ Videoconference
manner dan nonverbal
- Ada sedikit delay dalam
communication.
menerima audio-gambar
- Ask probing questions ​: harus
- Lihat tepat ke monitor
sabar dan persisten (tapi tau
- Fokus kepada iter/itee supaya
batas—jangan annoy), jangan
merasa nyaman dengan interview
memotong pembicaraan, know
- Kurangi gerakan atau terlalu kaku
when enough is enough; gunakan
supaya telihat rileks dan
tipe2 probing yg di ch.3
menikmati percakapan
- Phrasing questions ​: ungkapkan
- Bicara senaturalnya jangan terlalu
pertanyaan secara hati-hati
berteriak
terutama soal pitfalls! Kadang
- Tunjukan antusias melalui suara
boleh break the rules asal tahu
dan ekspresi, soalnya di monitor
kapan dan bagaimana; berpikir
terlihat seperti talking head
sebelum bertanya.
- Note taking ​: (+) meningkatkan COMMON TYPES OF ITEE
attention thdp apa yg sedang
dibicarakan, organized notes, 1. Emotional
mempermudah pekerjaan; (-) misal tiba-tiba nangis, reaksi tulus atau
menyulitkan konsentrasi dan diam sampai itee tenang. “it’s okay to
kontak mata, narsum bisa merasa cry”, “take your time”, “do u need a few
terancam. (?) Izin ke narsum, tulis minutes?”
kerword/info penting aja. 2. Hostile
- Recording ​: memudahkan iter misal si itee terlihat abis having a bad day,
untuk mendengarkan ulang hasil bisa ajak interaksi “you seem very upset”,
interview, jadi bisa probing lebih “I detect hostility, would u like to talk
efektif; jangan lupa izin karena about it?”
khawatir narsum merasa ga avoid hostility ​: substitute better sounding
nyaman. Hati-hati sama hal teknis di pertayaan, pertanyaan netral-open
kayak rusak atau habis baterai ended, silence agar si itee bisa explain

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 Zahara Muthia R. (Shasa)
1606831722

3. Reticent ​(malu-malu) - Do your homework

bisa dicoba basa-basi tentang Pelajari pertanyaan yg kira-kira akan
lukisan-pajangan-furnitur di ruangan, dilontarkan, cari tahu juga
memulai dengan pertanyaan yg mudah background si interviewer
dijawab dan non-threatening. Kalo dia - Understand the relationship
kurang ngejawab open quest, coba close (iter-itee)
quest; silent-nudging probes cari tahu relational history, seberapa
4. Talkative similar, seberapa jauh eager to take
“I’m glad you mentioned that. Tell me part, seberapa kontrol yg akan kamu
about …”, “That’s really interesting. Now, miliki dalam interview, apakah saling
what about …” percaya satu sama lain
avoid awkward interruption kayak “that’s - Be aware of the situation
enough” perhitungkan variable-variabel dalam
5. Evasive ​(mengelak) –be patient and interview yang akan memiliki impact
persistent pada interview
ulangi atau rephrase pertanyaan, laugh - Anticipate questions
and continue question, ke pertanyaan “be as prepared to answer as the iter
selanjutnya nanti balik lagi ke pertanyaan is prepared to ask”
yg di skip. - Listens to question
6. Confused →​ ​dengarkan dan pikirkan sebelum
7. Dissimilar menjawab
adaptasikan pertanyaan dan perhatikan →​ sabar
perbedaan gender dan kultur agar mereka →​ fokuskan perhatian pada
feel motivated buat jawab pertanyaan. pertanyaan
→​ konsentrasi pada inter
CLOSING THE INTERVIEW
→​ jangan dismiss pertanyaan terlalu
- Tutup wawancara saat iter sudah cepat
mendapatkan informasi yg - Jawab dengan strategis
dibutuhkan atau waktu telah habis
- Orang yg diwawancara dapat
memberikan tambahan menit ketika
 
iter memberi isyarat bahwa waktu
habis atau iter benar-benar hanya
 
membutuhkan beberapa menit lagi
- Orang yang diwawancarai harus
 
menjadi pihak yang aktif untuk
membuka melalui penutupan
 
Membuat laporan

➔ Pastikan mengecek lagi

sumber-sumbernya
➔ Jujur, akurat, dan fair dalam
membuat report

The Interviewee in The Probing Interview

(kayaknya ini dari sudut pandang si
narasumber)

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